CS8391 – DATASTRUCTURES 2 VISION Our Vision is to build a strong teaching research environment in the field of computer
Sri Vidya College of Engineering Technology Course Material ( Lecture Notes) CS8391 – Data Structures - Unit I Page 2 5 Search for a data element
BCS-202 DATA AND FILE STRUCTURE – ( 3-0-0 )Cr -3 Proposed Lecture Plan Lecture 1 : Motivation, Objective of studying the subject, overview of Syllabus
Structures In C GE8161- Problem Solving and Python Programming Laboratory CS8391- Data Structures CS8381- Data Structures Laboratory
Subject code CS8391 Subject name Data Structures COURSE OUTCOMES CO1 Explain abstract data types for linked list and its applications
Implement designs using Programmable Logic Devices CS8391 – DATA STRUCTURES C203 1 Implement abstract data types for linked list data structureand apply
CS8391 Data Structures 4 C204 CS8392 Object Oriented Programming firm basis for further reading and study in the subject
C203 CS8391 Data Structures 20 C204 CS8392 Object Oriented Programming 21 C205 EC8395 Communication Engineering 22 C206
The students will acquire Graph theoretical ideas which are highly useful CS8391 2 Implement abstract data types for linear data structures CS8391 3
C303-CS8391/DATA STRUCTURES C303 1 Implement the operations of List ADT for problem solving C303 2 Apply the different linear data structures (Stack and
CS8391 – Data Structures - Unit I problem, you plan to jump to write the code Yes However, if you plan carefully and master English reasonably well to
Proposed Lecture Plan Lecture 1 Lecture 3 : Linear data Structures – Linked list and applications Lecture 33 : Sequential file – structures and processing
K2 C103 6 Describe the unit cell characteristics and the growth of crystals Associate the applications of Graph theory models and data structures K3 C201 4
CS8391 Data Structures 20 C101 1 Listen and recognize main ideas from different discourses in different accents C105 4 Use Python data structures – lists, tuples dictionaries for firm basis for further reading and study in the subject
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źƓķĻǣ͵ ŷǒƭ ƦƚźƓƷĻƩ źƭ ğƓ źƓƷĻŭĻƩ ĬΉǞ Љ ε b...abh59{ΏЊ ͵ b...[[ ƦƚźƓƷĻƩ źƭ ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷĻķ ĬǤ ΏЊ͵
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ƓƚķĻΝƦΞ͵ƓĻǣƷ͵źź ʹ 5ǤƓğƒźĭ LƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ʹ ŷźƭ źƭ ƷŷĻ ƭğƒĻ ğƭ ĭƚķĻƭ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ǒƓķĻƩ ķĻŅźƓźƓŭ ƚŅ ƌźƓƉĻķ ƌźƭƷƭ͵ ...ƭźƓŭ ƒğƌƌƚĭΛΜ ğƓķ
ŅƩĻĻƓƚķĻΛΜ ƷŷĻƩĻ źƭ ƷŷĻ ĭğƦğĬźƌźƷǤ ƚŅ ķǤƓğƒźĭğƌƌǤ ğƌƌƚĭğƷźƓŭ ε ŅƩĻĻźƓŭ ǝğƩźğĬƌĻ͵ LƷ źƭ źķĻƓƷźĭğƌ Ʒƚ
ğƩƩğǤ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ĻǣĭĻƦƷ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ƓĻǣƷ ŅźĻƌķ źƭ ğƓ ƦƚźƓƷĻƩ ƩğƷŷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ ğƓ źƓƷĻŭĻƩ͵
bh9 ʹ ağƆƚƩ ķĻƒĻƩźƷ ƚŅ ķǤƓğƒźĭ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ źƭ ƷŷğƷ źƷ ƒğǤ ĬĻ ƒƚƩĻ ƷźƒĻ ĭƚƓƭǒƒźƓŭ Ʒƚ ĭğƌƌ
ǒƦƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ Ʒƚ ğƌƌƚĭğƷĻ ε ŅƩĻĻ ƭƷƚƩğŭĻ ƷŷğƓ Ʒƚ ƒğƓźƦǒƌğƷĻ ğ ƦƩƚŭƩğƒƒĻƩΏ ƒğƓğŭĻķ ƌźƭƷ͵
ağƆƚƩ ğķǝğƓƷğŭĻ źƭ ƷŷğƷ ğ ƭĻƷ ƚŅ ƓƚķĻƭ źƭ ƓƚƷ ƩĻƭĻƩǝĻķ źƓ ğķǝğƓĭĻ ŅƚƩ ǒƭĻ͵
· External Sorting Many important sorting applications involve processing very large files, much too large
to fit into the primary memory of any computer. Methods appropriate for such applications are called external methods, since they involve a large amount of processing external to the central processing unit. There are two major factors which make external algorithms quite different: ڬ First, the cost of accessing an item is orders of magnitude greater than any bookkeeping or calculating costs. ڬ Second, over and above with this higher cost, there are severe restrictions on access, depending on the external storage medium used: for example, items on a magnetic tape can be accessed only in a sequential mannerWell Known Sorting methods : ->Insertion sort, Merge sort, Bubble sort, Selection sort, Heap sort, Quick sort
As we can see here, in insertion sort, we pick up a key,
andcompares it with elements before of it.
In first step, there is one comparison.
( partially sorted list)1 is compared with 5 and is inserted before 5.
( complete sorted list)
In insertion sort there is a single pass ,but there are many steps.Њ Ћ Ѝ Ў Џ
Њ Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў ЏPseudo code for insertion sort: Input: n items Output: sorted items in ascending order. ->compare item1 and item2 if (item1>item2 ),then SWAP else , no swapping A partially sorted list is generated ->Then scan next item and compare with item1 and item2 and then continue .
*With n squared steps required for every n elements to be sorted , the insertion sort does not
deal well with a huge list. Therefore insertion sort is particularly useful when sorting a list of few items.MERGE SORT Merge sort is a recursive algorithm that continually splits a list .In merge sort parallel
comparisons between the elements is done. It is based on "divide and conquer" paradigm.Б Ћ В Ѝ Ў Ќ Њ Џ
ЏБ Ћ В Ѝ Ў Ќ Њ Џ
Б Ћ В Ѝ Њ Џ Ў Ќ Ћ Ѝ В Џ Њ Ќ Ў Ћ Б Ќ Ў Ѝ В Њ Џ Ћ Ѝ Б В Њ Ќ Ў ЏЊ Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў Џ Б В
*Divide it in two at the midpoint. *Conquer each side in turn by recursive sorting. *Merge two halves together.* Merge sort operation is useful in online sorting where list to be sorted is received a piece at a
time instead of all at the beginning, for example sorting of bank account numbers.5ƚǒĬƌĻ wƚƷğƷźƚƓƭ ΛƩźŭŷƷΏƌĻŅƷΜ
A double right rotation, or right-left rotation, or simply RL, is a rotation that must be performed when attempting to balance a tree which has a left subtree, that is right heavy. This is a mirror operation of what was illustrated in the section on Left-Right Rotations, or double left rotations. Let"s look at an example of a situation where we need to perform aLƓĭƩĻğƭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƭƦĻĻķ ĬǤ ƒźƓźƒźǩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ŷĻźŭŷƷ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ źƭ ƷŷĻ ƒğźƓ ƚŅ ![ ƷƩĻĻ͵
hƦĻƩğƷźƚƓƭ ƌźƉĻ źƓƭĻƩƷźƚƓƭͲķĻƌĻƷźƚƓƭ ĻƷĭ ĭğƓ ĬĻ ķƚƓĻ źƓ ƷźƒĻ ƚŅ hΛƌƚŭ ƓΜͲĻǝĻƓ źƓ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƭƷ ĭğƭĻ͵
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Њ͵LƷ ƒǒƭƷ ĬĻ ğ .{͵Ћ͵IĻźŭŷƷ ƚŅ ƌĻŅƷ ƭǒĬ ΑƷƩĻĻ Α IĻźŭŷƷ ƚŅ ƩźŭŷƷ ƭǒĬΏƷƩĻĻѡўЊ͵
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ĭğƓ ĬĻ ĬğƌğƓĭĻķ ĬǤ ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓƭ͵
ŷĻƩĻ ğƩĻ Ѝ ƷǤƦĻ ƚŅ ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓƭʹ
Њ͵[[ wƚƷğƷźƚƓΛƌĻŅƷΏƌĻŅƷΜ Ћ͵ww wƚƷğƷźƚƓΛƩźŭŷƷΏƩźŭŷƷΜ Ќ͵[w wƚƷğƷźƚƓΛƌĻŅƷΏƩźŭŷƷΜ Ѝ͵w[ wƚƷğƷźƚƓΛƩźŭŷƷΏƌĻŅƷΜ ! . / [[ wƚƷğƷźƚƓʹ ΛњЋΜ ΛњЊΜ ΛЉΜ.ğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ! źƭ њЋ͵!ƦƦƌǤźƓŭ [[ ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓͲǞĻ ŭĻƷͲ
ΛЉΜbƚǞͲƷŷźƭ źƭ ğ ŷĻźŭŷƷ ĬğƌğƓĭĻķ ƷƩĻĻ͵
ww wƚƷğƷźƚƓʹ ΛΏЋΜ ΛΏЊΜ ΛЉΜ ! . ĭ / . ! ! . /.ğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ! źƭ ΏЋ͵!ƦƦƌǤźƓŭ ww ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓͲǞĻ ŭĻƷͲ
ΛЉΜbƚǞͲ Ʒŷźƭ źƭ ğ ŷĻźŭŷƷ ĬğƌğƓĭĻķ ƷƩĻĻ͵
[w wƚƷğƷźƚƓʹ ΛΏЋΜ ΛΏЊΜ .ğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ! źƭ ΏЋ ΛЉΜ ΛЉΜ!ƦƦƌǤźƓŭ ww wƚƷğƷźƚƓͲ ǞĻ ŭĻƷ ğ ŷĻźŭŷƷ ĬğƌğƓĭĻķ ƷƩĻĻ͵
w[ wƚƷğƷźƚƓΛњЊΜ
! . . . ! / . ! ! . / ! . . / ΛЉΜ.ğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ! źƭ ΏЋͳğƦƦƌǤźƓŭ w[ wƚƷğƷźƚƓͲǞĻ ŭĻƷͲ
ΛЉΜbƚǞͲƷŷźƭ źƭ ğ ŷĻźŭŷƷ ĬğƌğƓĭĻķ ƷƩĻĻ͵
v͵ !ƩƩğƓŭĻ ķğǤƭ ƚŅ ǞĻĻƉʹΏ{ǒƓķğǤͲaƚƓķğǤͲǒĻƭķğǤͲĻķƓĻƭķğǤͲŷǒƩƭķğǤͲCƩźķğǤͲ{ğƷǒƩķğǤͲ źƓ ğƓ ![ ƷƩĻĻ͵
ЊƭƷ ƭƷĻƦʹΏĻ ŷğǝĻ Ʒƚ ğƩƩğƓŭĻ ƷŷĻƭĻ ķğǤƭ ğƌƦŷğĬĻƷźĭğƌƌǤͲğƓķ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷĻķ ƷƩĻĻ ƭŷƚǒƌķ ƭğƷźƭŅǤ ƷŷĻ
ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ğƓ ![ ƩĻĻ͵{ƷğƩƷźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ {ǒƓķğǤΛƭǒƓΜʹ
IĻƩĻͲƷŷĻ ĬğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ŅƚƩ ğƌƌ ƷŷƩĻĻ ƓƚķĻƭ źƭ Љ͵!ƌƭƚͲźƷ źƭ ğ .{͵{ƚͲźƷ ƭğƷźƭŅźĻƭ ğƌƌ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓƭ ŅƚƩ
Ɠķ ƭƷĻƦʹΏ bƚǞͲĻķƓĻƭķğǤ źƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓƭĻƩƷĻķͲ!ƭ ΛΜѢΛΜͲƭƚͲźƷ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ƦƌğĭĻķ ğƷ ƩźŭŷƷ ƚŅ ǒĻƭķğǤ ŅƚƩ
ƭğƷźƭŅǤźƓŭ .{ ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓƭʹ ! . / {ǒƓbƚǞͲĬğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ {ǒƓķğǤўΏЊ .ğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ aƚƓķğǤўΏЊ .ğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ǒĻƭķğǤўЉ .ğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ĻķƓĻƭķğǤўΏЊ IĻƓĭĻͲźƷ źƭ ğƓ ![ ƷƩĻĻ͵
ЌbƚǞͲŷǒƩƭķğǤ ŷğƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓƭĻƩƷĻķ͵!ƭ ğƌƦŷğĬĻƷźĭğƌƌǤͲŷǒƩƭķğǤѡǒĻƭķğǤͲƭƚ źƷ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ğƷ ƷŷĻ ƌĻŅƷ ƚŅ ǒĻƭķğǤ͵
IĻƩĻͲĬğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ƭǒƓўΏЊ
.ğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ƷǒĻͲǞĻķͲƷŷǒўЉ
{ƚͲźƷ źƭ ğƓ ![ ƷƩĻĻ͵ ЍbƚǞͲCƩźķğǤ ğƓķ {ğƷǒƩķğǤ ğƩĻ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓƭĻƩƷĻķͲ
aƚƓIĻƩĻͲĬğƌğƓĭĻ ŅğĭƷƚƩ ƚŅ ğƌƌ ƷŷĻ ķğǤƭўЉ͵ {ƚͲźƷ źƭ ğƓ ![ ƷƩĻĻ͵
the inorder successor of the node (if it exists) , and all left child pointers that would normally be
null point to the inorder predecessor of the node." A threaded binary tree makes it possible to traverse the values in the binary tree via a lineartraversal that is more rapid than a recursive in-order traversal. It is also possible to discover the
parent of a node from a threaded binary tree, without explicit use of parent pointers or a stack, albeit slowly. This can be useful where stack space is limited, or where a stack of parent pointers is unavailable (for finding the parent pointer via DFS).SPANNING TREE:- ->A tree is a connected undirected graph with no cycles.It is a spanning tree of a graph G if it
spans G (that is, it includes every vertex of G) and is a subgraph of G (every edge in the tree belongs to G). ->A spanning tree of a connected graph G can also be defined as a maximal set of edges of G that contains no cycle, or as a minimal set of edges that connect all vertices. -> So key to spanning tree is number of edges will be 1 less than the number of nodes. ⮚ no. of edges=no. of nodes-1 example:- Weighted Graphs:- A weighted graph is a graph, in which each edge has a weight (some real number). Weight of a Graph:- The sum of the weights of all edges.assume a function f and if this function is applied on key K it returns i, an index so that
i=f(K).then entry in the access table gives the location of record with key value K. Access Table File storage of n recordsLatency time:- It is the time taken for the sector movement. "L< S" Data access time:-It is the time taken for the file movement.Student file:-
Records binary relation:- No. of records(rows) is called cardinality. No. of fields(columns) is called degree. APPLICATION:-
ǤƦĻƭ ƚŅ ŅźƌĻƭ Α Њ͵ {ĻƩźğƌ CźƌĻƭ Ћ͵ {ĻƨǒĻƓƷźğƌ CźƌĻƭ Ќ͵ 5źƩĻĭƷ ƚƩ wğƓķƚƒ CźƌĻƭ Ѝ͵ LƓķĻǣ {ĻƨǒĻƓƷźğƌ CźƌĻƭ {ĻƩźğƌ CźƌĻƭ Α
· ŷźƭ ƷǤƦĻ ƚŅ ŅźƌĻ Ǟğƭ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ЊВЎЉΏЊВЏЉ͵
· ŷĻ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ ğƩĻ ğƩƩğƓŭĻķ ƚƓĻ ğŅƷĻƩ ğƓƚƷŷĻƩ͵
· bĻǞ ƩĻĭƚƩķ źƭ ğķķĻķ ğƷ ƷŷĻ ĻƓķ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźƌĻ͵
· ŷĻƭĻ ŅźƌĻƭ ǞĻƩĻ ƭƷƚƩĻķ źƓ ƒğŭƓĻƷźĭ ƷğƦĻƭ͵
· ŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ ƭźǩĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźƌĻ źƓĭƩĻğƭĻƭͲ ƷŷĻ ƷźƒĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ Ʒƚ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ķğƷğ ĬĻĭƚƒĻƭ ƒƚƩĻ͵ ŷźƭ źƭ
ĬĻĭğǒƭĻ źƷ ĭğƓ ƚƓƌǤ ğƦƦƌǤ ƌźƓĻğƩ ƭĻğƩĭŷ͵
· [ƚŭźĭğƌ ƚƩķĻƩźƓŭ ў tŷǤƭźĭğƌ ƚƩķĻƩźƓŭ
· ŷĻƭĻ ğƩĻ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ƭĻĭƚƓķğƩǤ ŅźƌĻƭ͵
· 9ǣğƒƦƌĻƭ Α ! ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ ǞźƷŷƚǒƷ ƦğŭĻ Ɠƚ͵ IĻƩĻ ƭĻğƩĭŷźƓŭ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ķźŅŅźĭǒƌƷ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ƌğĭƉ ƚŅ ƦğŭĻ
· DğƦƭ ğƩĻ ƌĻŅƷ ƭƚ ƷŷğƷ ƓĻǞ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ ĭğƓ ĬĻ ğķķĻķ ƷŷĻƩĻ Ʒƚ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ ƚƩķĻƩźƓŭ͵
· bĻǞ ƩĻĭƚƩķ źƭ ğķķĻķ źƓ ŭğƦƭ ƌĻŅƷ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ ğĭĭƚƩķźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƚƩķĻƩźƓŭ͵
· ŷĻƭĻ ŅźƌĻƭ ǞĻƩĻ ƭƷƚƩĻķ źƓ ƒğŭƓĻƷźĭ ƷğƦĻƭ͵
· ŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ ƭźǩĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźƌĻ źƓĭƩĻğƭĻƭͲ ƷŷĻ ƷźƒĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ Ʒƚ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ķğƷğ ĬĻĭƚƒĻƭ ƒƚƩĻ͵ ŷźƭ źƭ
ĬĻĭğǒƭĻ ƷŷĻƩĻ ğƩĻ Ɠƚ ƉĻǤ͵· [ƚŭźĭğƌ ƚƩķĻƩźƓŭ ƒğǤ ƓƚƷ ĬĻ Ļƨǒğƌ Ʒƚ tŷǤƭźĭğƌ ƚƩķĻƩźƓŭ͵
· ŷĻƭĻ ğƩĻ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ƒğƭƷĻƩ ŅźƌĻƭ͵
· 9ǣğƒƦƌĻƭ Α !ƩƩğƓŭźƓŭ ĭğƩķƭ źƓ ƭĻƨǒĻƓƷźğƌ ƚƩķĻƩ Λ! Ћ Ќ Ѝ Ў Џ А Б В ЊЉ W v YΜ
· 9ğĭŷ ƩĻĭƚƩķ źƭ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ğ ķźƩĻĭƷ ŅǒƓĭƷźƚƓ͵
· ŷĻƩĻ ğƩĻ ƉĻǤ ǝğƌǒĻƭ͵ · ŷĻ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ ŷğǝĻ ƒğƦƦźƓŭ͵ · 5źƭƉ ķĻǝźĭĻ ƌźƉĻ /5 ğƩĻ ǒƭĻķ͵ · {ĻğƩĭŷźƓŭ źƭ ƨǒźƷ ŅğƭƷĻƩ͵ · IğƭŷźƓŭ źƭ źƷƭ ĻǣƷĻƓƭźƚƓ͵· 5ǒĻ Ʒƚ ƒğƦƦźƓŭ ƒƚƩĻ ƭƦğĭĻ źƭ ƓĻĻķĻķ͵
· LƷ źƭ ƒƚƩĻ ĭƚƒƦƌĻǣ ƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩĻǝźƚǒƭ Ћ ŅźƌĻƭ͵
LƓķĻǣ {ĻƨǒĻƓƷźğƌ CźƌĻ Α · ŷźƭ Ǟğƭ źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ ĬǤ L.a͵ · ŷĻƭĻ ǒƭĻƭ źƓķźĭĻƭ͵ · !ĭĭĻƭƭ źƭ ƭĻƨǒĻƓƷźğƌ͵· LƓķĻǣźƓŭ ğƓķ ƭƚƩƷźƓŭ źƭ ƩğƓķƚƒ͵
· ŷĻƭĻ ŷğǝĻ ƉĻǤƭ͵· ! ŭƩƚǒƦ ƚŅ ƉĻǤƭ ğƩĻ ŭźǝĻƓ ƚƓĻ źƓķĻǣ͵
· 5źƭƉ ķĻǝźĭĻ źƭ ǒƭĻķ ŅƚƩ ƭƷƚƩğŭĻ͵
· {ĻğƩĭŷźƓŭ źƭ ŅğƭƷ ğƭ ƷŷĻ źƓķĻǣ źƭ ƭĻğƩĭŷĻķ ğƓķ ƷŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ ƉĻǤ źƭ ƭĻğƩĭŷĻķ͵
· ŷźƭ źƭ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ĬğƓƉźƓŭ͵· 9ǣğƒƦƌĻ Α /ƚƓƷĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ ğ ĬƚƚƉ͵ ŷĻ ƷƚƦźĭƭ ğƩĻ ƷŷĻ ƉĻǤƭ͵ ŷĻǤ ŷğǝĻ źƓķźĭĻƭ ƌźƉĻ ƦğŭĻ ƓǒƒĬĻƩ͵
ŷğƷ ƷƚƦźĭ ĭğƓ ĬĻ ŅƚǒƓķ źƓ ƷŷğƷ ƦğŭĻ Ɠƚ͵ ŷĻƓ ƓĻǞ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ƓĻĻķƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ğķķĻķͲ ğ ƦƚźƓƷĻƩ źƭ
ƷğƉĻƓ Ʒƚ ƦƚźƓƷ Ʒƚ ğ ƓĻǞ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓ ƌźƉĻ źƓ ğƦƦĻƓķźǣ ƚŅ ğ ĬƚƚƉ͵ ŷźƭ ƭğǝĻƭ ƷŷĻ ƷźƒĻ ğƓķ ĻƩƩƚƩƭ ƷŷğƷ
ƚĭĭǒƩ ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ƭŷźŅƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƌğƷĻƩ ķğƷğ ğŅƷĻƩ źƓƭĻƩƷźƚƓ͵
YĻǤΏ ! ǝźƷğƌͲ ĭƩǒĭźğƌ ĻƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƓƚƷĭŷĻķ ğƓķ ŭƩƚƚǝĻķͲ ǒƭǒğƌƌǤ ƒĻƷğƌ źƒƦƌĻƒĻƓƷ ƷŷğƷ źƭ ƷǒƩƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƚƦĻƓ ƚƩ ĭƌƚƭĻ ğ
ƌƚĭƉ͵ ŷĻ ƉĻǤƭ ŷğǝĻ ƷŷĻ ĭŷğƩğĭƷĻƩźƭƷźĭƭ ƚŅ ŷğǝźƓŭ ǒƓźƨǒĻ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷĻ͵
LƓ ķğƷğĬğƭĻ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭͲ ğ ƉĻǤ źƭ ğ ŅźĻƌķ ƷŷğƷ Ǥƚǒ ǒƭĻ Ʒƚ ƭƚƩƷ ķğƷğ͵
LƷ ĭğƓ ğƌƭƚ ĬĻ ĭğƌƌĻķ ğ ƉĻǤ ŅźĻƌķ Ͳ ƭƚƩƷ ƉĻǤͲ źƓķĻǣͲ ƚƩ ƉĻǤ ǞƚƩķ͵
CƚƩ ĻǣğƒƦƌĻͲ źŅ Ǥƚǒ ƭƚƩƷ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ ĬǤ ğŭĻͲ ƷŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ ğŭĻ ŅźĻƌķ źƭ ğ ƉĻǤ͵
aƚƭƷ ķğƷğĬğƭĻ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭ ğƌƌƚǞ Ǥƚǒ Ʒƚ ŷğǝĻ ƒƚƩĻ ƷŷğƓ ƚƓĻ ƉĻǤ ƭƚ ƷŷğƷ Ǥƚǒ ĭğƓ ƭƚƩƷ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ
źƓ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷ ǞğǤƭ͵hƓĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƉĻǤƭ źƭ ķĻƭźŭƓğƷĻķ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤͲ ğƓķ ƒǒƭƷ ŷƚƌķ ğ ǒƓźƨǒĻ ǝğƌǒĻ ŅƚƩ Ļğĭŷ ƩĻĭƚƩķ͵
! ƉĻǤ ŅźĻƌķ ƷŷğƷ źķĻƓƷźŅźĻƭ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ źƓ ğ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷ ƷğĬƌĻ źƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ğ ŅƚƩĻźŭƓ ƉĻǤ͵
[h/Yʹ LƓ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ ğ ķĻǝźĭĻ ƚƦĻƩğƷĻķ ĬǤ ğ ƉĻǤͲ ĭƚƒĬźƓğƷźƚƓͲ ƚƩ ƉĻǤĭğƩķ ğƓķ ǒƭĻķ ŅƚƩ ŷƚƌķźƓŭͲ ĭƌƚƭźƓŭ ƚƩ
ƭĻĭǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ķğƷğ͵ŷĻ ƉĻǤ ƌƚĭƉ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻ ƭƷğƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƚƓĭĻ ƌƚĭƉ ĭğƓ ĬĻ ƚƦĻƓĻķ ƚƩ ŅğƭƷĻƓĻķ ĬǤ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ƚƓĻ ƷǤƦĻ ƚŅ ƉĻǤƭ ƚƓƌǤ͵
LƓ ķźŭźƷğƌ ĻƌĻĭƷƩƚƓźĭƭ ƌğƷĭŷ źƭ ǒƭĻķ ŅƚƩ ƷĻƒƦƚƩğƩǤ ƭĻĭǒƩźƷǤ ǞŷźƌĻ ƌƚĭƉ źƭ ǒƭĻķ ŅƚƩ ƦĻƩƒğƓĻƓƷ ƭĻĭǒƩźƷǤ͵
ŷĻ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ƚŅ ğ ŅźƌĻ ΛĻƭƦĻĭźğƌƌǤ ğ ķğƷğ ŅźƌĻΜͲ ķĻŅźƓĻķ źƓ ƷĻƩƒƭ ƚŅ źƷƭ ĭƚƒƦƚƓĻƓƷƭ ğƓķ ŷƚǞ ƷŷĻǤ ğƩĻ
ƒğƦƦĻķ ƚƓƷƚ ĬğĭƉźƓŭ ƭƷƚƩĻ͵!ƓǤ ŭźǝĻƓ ŅźƌĻ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓ ƭǒƦƦƚƩƷƭ ƚƓĻ ƚƩ ƒƚƩĻ ŅźƌĻ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ͵
hƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓ źƭ Ʒŷǒƭ ĭƌƚƭĻƌǤ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ĬǒƷ ĭƚƓĭĻƦƷǒğƌƌǤ ķźƭƷźƓĭƷ ŅƩƚƒ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ͵
ŷĻ ķźƭƷźƓĭƷźƚƓ źƭ ƭźƒźƌğƩ Ʒƚ ƷŷğƷ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ķğƷğ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚĭĻķǒƩĻƭ ğƓķ ŅǒƓĭƷźƚƓƭ ƷŷğƷ ƚƦĻƩğƷĻ
ƚƓ ƷŷĻƒ ΛźƓķĻĻķ ğ ŅźƌĻ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓ źƭ ğ ƌğƩŭĻΏƭĭğƌĻ ķğƷğ ƭƷƩǒĭƷǒƩĻΜͲ ƚƩ Ʒƚ ƷŷğƷ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ğ ƌƚŭźĭğƌ ƭĭŷĻƒğ
ƚŅ ğ ķğƷğĬğƭĻ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ŅğĭźƌźƷźĻƭ źƓ ğ ķğƷğ ƒğƓźƦǒƌğƷźƚƓ ƌğƓŭǒğŭĻ͵
ŷĻƩĻ źƭ Ɠƚ ǝĻƩǤ ǒƭĻŅǒƌ ƚƩ ĭƚƒƒƚƓƌǤ ğĭĭĻƦƷĻķ ƷğǣƚƓƚƒǤ ƚŅ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ ƚŅ ŅźƌĻ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓʹ ƒƚƭƷ ğƷƷĻƒƦƷƭ
ĭƚƓŅǒƭĻ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ğĭĭĻƭƭ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ͵
/ŷƚƚƭźƓŭ ğ ŅźƌĻ ƚƩŭğƓźǩğƷźƚƓ źƭ ğ ķĻƭźŭƓ ķĻĭźƭźƚƓͲ ŷĻƓĭĻ źƷ ƒǒƭƷ ĬĻ ķƚƓĻ ŷğǝźƓŭ źƓ ƒźƓķ ƷŷĻ ğĭŷźĻǝĻƒĻƓƷ
ƚŅ ŭƚƚķ ƦĻƩŅƚƩƒğƓĭĻ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻƭƦĻĭƷ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƭƷ ƌźƉĻƌǤ ǒƭğŭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźƌĻ͵
ŷĻ ĭƩźƷĻƩźğ ǒƭǒğƌƌǤ ĭƚƓƭźķĻƩĻķ źƒƦƚƩƷğƓƷ ğƩĻʹ Њ͵ CğƭƷ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ƭźƓŭƌĻ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ƚƩ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ͵
Ћ͵ 9ğƭǤ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ğķķźƓŭΉǒƦķğƷĻΉƩĻƒƚǝğƌͲ ǞźƷŷƚǒƷ ķźƭƩǒƦƷźƓŭ
Ќ͵ {ƷƚƩğŭĻ ĻŅŅźĭźĻƓĭǤ͵Ѝ͵ wĻķǒƓķğƓĭǤ ğƭ ğ ǞğƩƩğƓƷǤ ğŭğźƓƭƷ ķğƷğ ĭƚƩƩǒƦƷźƚƓ͵
ƚ ƩĻğķ ğ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ŅƩƚƒ ğƓ źƓķĻǣĻķ ƭĻƨǒĻƓƷźğƌ ŅźƌĻͲ Ǥƚǒ Ǟƚǒƌķ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƷŷĻ Y9ў ƦğƩğƒĻƷĻƩ źƓ ƷŷĻ
w9!5 ΛƚƩ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ źƓƦǒƷΜ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ͵
ŷĻ δƉĻǤδ źƓ Ʒŷźƭ ĭğƭĻ Ǟƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ğ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ƓǒƒĬĻƩ ΛĻ͵ŭ͵Ͳ ƷŷĻ ƓǒƒĬĻƩ ЌЎ Ǟƚǒƌķ ƩĻƦƩĻƭĻƓƷ ƷŷĻ ЌЎƷŷ
ƩĻĭƚƩķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ŅźƌĻΜ͵ŷĻ ķźƩĻĭƷ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ʒƚ ğ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ƒƚǝĻƭ ƷŷĻ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ƦƚźƓƷĻƩͲ ƭƚ ƷŷğƷ ƭǒĬƭĻƨǒĻƓƷ ƭĻƨǒĻƓƷźğƌ ğĭĭĻƭƭ Ǟƚǒƌķ ƷğƉĻ
ƦƌğĭĻ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ ƓĻǞ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ƦƚźƓƷĻƩ ƌƚĭğƷźƚƓͲ ƩğƷŷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ ĬĻŭźƓƓźƓŭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźƌĻ͵
bƚǞ ƨǒĻƭƷźƚƓ ğƩźƭĻƭ ŷƚǞ Ʒƚ ğĭĭĻƭ ƷŷĻƭĻ ŅźƌĻƭ͵ Ļ ƓĻĻķ Y9{ Ʒƚ ğĭĻƭƭ ƷŷĻ ŅźƌĻ͵
twLa!w Y9{ʹ ŷĻ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤ ƚŅ ğ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓğƌ ƷğĬƌĻ ǒƓźƨǒĻƌǤ źķĻƓƷźŅźĻƭ Ļğĭŷ ƩĻĭƚƩķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƷğĬƌĻ͵
LƷ ĭğƓ ĻźƷŷĻƩ ĬĻ ğ ƓƚƩƒğƌ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷĻ ƷŷğƷ źƭ ŭǒğƩğƓƷĻĻķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ǒƓźƨǒĻ Λƭǒĭŷ ğƭ {ƚĭźğƌ {ĻĭǒƩźƷǤ bǒƒĬĻƩ źƓ ğ
ƷğĬƌĻ ǞźƷŷ Ɠƚ ƒƚƩĻ ƷŷğƓ ƚƓĻ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ƦĻƩ ƦĻƩƭƚƓΜ ƚƩ źƷ ĭğƓ ĬĻ ŭĻƓĻƩğƷĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ 5.a{ Λƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ğ ŭƌƚĬğƌƌǤ
ǒƓźƨǒĻ źķĻƓƷźŅźĻƩͲ ƚƩ D...L5Ͳ źƓ aźĭƩƚƭƚŅƷ {v[ {ĻƩǝĻƩΜ͵
tƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤƭ ƒğǤ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷ ƚŅ ğ ƭźƓŭƌĻ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷĻ ƚƩ ƒǒƌƷźƦƌĻ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷĻƭ źƓ ĭƚƒĬźƓğƷźƚƓ͵
ŷĻ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷγƭ ǒƓźƨǒĻ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ L5 ƓǒƒĬĻƩ Ǟƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ğ ŭƚƚķ ĭŷƚźĭĻ ŅƚƩ ğ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤ źƓ ƷŷĻ {...59b{
ŷĻ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷγƭ ŅźƩƭƷ ğƓķ ƌğƭƷ ƓğƒĻ Ǟƚǒƌķ ƓƚƷ ĬĻ ğ ŭƚƚķ ĭŷƚźĭĻͲ ğƭ ƷŷĻƩĻ źƭ ğƌǞğǤƭ ƷŷĻ ĭŷğƓĭĻ ƷŷğƷ ƒƚƩĻ
ƷŷğƓ ƚƓĻ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ ƒźŭŷƷ ŷğǝĻ ƷŷĻ ƭğƒĻ ƓğƒĻ͵
![9wb!9 Y9ʹ ŷĻ ƉĻǤƭ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤƭ ğƩĻ ƉƓƚǞƓ ğƭ ğƌƷĻƩƓğƷĻ ƉĻǤ͵
/!b5L5!9 Y9ʹ ŷĻ /ğƓķźķğƷĻ YĻǤƭ ğƩĻ ƭǒƦĻƩ ƉĻǤƭ ŅƚƩ Ǟŷźĭŷ Ɠƚ ƦƩƚƦĻƩ ƭǒĬƭĻƷ źƭ ğ ƭǒƦĻƩ ƉĻǤ͵ LƓ ƚƷŷĻƩ
ǞƚƩķƭ ĭğƓķźķğƷĻ ƉĻǤƭ ğƩĻ ƒźƓźƒğƌ ƭǒƦĻƩ ƉĻǤƭ͵
{...t9w Y9ʹ {ǒƦĻƩ ƉĻǤ ƭƷğƓķƭ ŅƚƩ ƭǒƦĻƩƭĻƷ ƚŅ ğ ƉĻǤ͵ ! {ǒƦĻƩ YĻǤ źƭ ğ ƭĻƷ ƚŅ ƚƓĻ ƚƩ ƒƚƩĻ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ
ğƩĻ ƷğƉĻƓ ĭƚƌƌĻĭƷźǝĻƌǤ ğƓķ ĭğƓ źķĻƓƷźŅǤ ğƌƌ ƚƷŷĻƩ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷĻƭ ǒƓźƨǒĻƌǤ͵
{9/hb5!w Y9ʹ !ƓǤ ŅźĻƌķ źƓ ğ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ƒğǤ ĬĻ ğ ƭĻĭƚƓķğƩǤ ƉĻǤ͵
ŷĻ ƦƩƚĬƌĻƒ ǞźƷŷ ƭĻĭƚƓķğƩǤ ƉĻǤƭ źƭ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻǤ ğƩĻ ƓƚƷ ǒƓźƨǒĻ ğƓķ ğƩĻ ƷŷĻƩĻŅƚƩĻ ƌźƉĻƌǤ Ʒƚ ƩĻƷǒƩƓ ƒƚƩĻ
ƷŷğƓ ƚƓĻ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ŅƚƩ ğ ƦğƩƷźĭǒƌğƩ ǝğƌǒĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƉĻǤ͵
{ƚƒĻ ŅźĻƌķƭ ŷğǝĻ ğ ƌğƩŭĻ ĻƓƚǒŭŷ ƩğƓŭĻ ƚŅ ǝğƌǒĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ğ ƭĻğƩĭŷ ŅƚƩ ğ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ǝğƌǒĻ Ǟźƌƌ ƦƩƚķǒĭĻ ƚƓƌǤ ğ ŅĻǞ
ƩĻĭƚƩķƭͳ ƚƷŷĻƩ ŅźĻƌķƭ ŷğǝĻ ğ ǝĻƩǤ ƌźƒźƷĻķ ƩğƓŭĻ ƚŅ ǝğƌǒĻƭ ğƓķ ğ ƭĻğƩĭŷ ŅƚƩ ğ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭ ǝğƌǒĻ Ǟźƌƌ ƩĻƷǒƩƓ ğ
ƌğƩŭĻ ƦƩƚƦƚƩƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźƌĻ͵
!Ɠ ĻǣğƒƦƌĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƌğƷƷĻƩ Ǟƚǒƌķ Ǟƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ğ ƭĻğƩĭŷ źƓ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ ƩĻĭƚƩķƭ ŅƚƩ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷƭ ĭƌğƭƭźŅźĻķ ğƭ ŅƩĻƭŷƒĻƓ͵
Chw9LDb Y9 ʹ CƚƩĻźŭƓ YĻǤ ΛwĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤΜ źƭ ğ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚŅ ķğƷğ ǞŷźĭŷͲ ǞŷĻƓ ƭğƷźƭŅźĻķͲ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƭ
ĻǝĻƩǤ ǝğƌǒĻ ƚŅ ƚƓĻ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷĻ ƚŅ ğ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ĻǣźƭƷ ğƭ ğ ǝğƌǒĻ ƚŅ ğƓƚƷŷĻƩ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷĻ źƓ ğ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓ͵
CƚƩ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ Ʒƚ ŷƚƌķ źƓ ğ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓğƌ ķğƷğĬğƭĻͲ ğƓǤ ŅźĻƌķ źƓ ğ ƷğĬƌĻ ƷŷğƷ źƭ ķĻĭƌğƩĻķ ğ ŅƚƩĻźŭƓ ƉĻǤ
ĭğƓ ĭƚƓƷğźƓ ĻźƷŷĻƩ ğ Ɠǒƌƌ ǝğƌǒĻͲ ƚƩ ƚƓƌǤ ǝğƌǒĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ğ ƦğƩĻƓƷ ƷğĬƌĻγƭ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤ ƚƩ ğ ĭğƓķźķğƷĻ ƉĻǤ͵
LƓ ƚƷŷĻƩ ǞƚƩķƭͲ ǞŷĻƓ ğ ŅƚƩĻźŭƓ ƉĻǤ ǝğƌǒĻ źƭ ǒƭĻķ źƷ ƒǒƭƷ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ ğ ǝğƌźķͲ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ƦğƩĻƓƷ ƷğĬƌĻ͵CƚƩ źƓƭƷğƓĭĻͲ ķĻƌĻƷźƓŭ ğ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ƷŷğƷ ĭƚƓƷğźƓƭ ğ ǝğƌǒĻ ƩĻŅĻƩƩĻķ Ʒƚ ĬǤ ğ ŅƚƩĻźŭƓ ƉĻǤ źƓ ğƓƚƷŷĻƩ ƷğĬƌĻ Ǟƚǒƌķ
ĬƩĻğƉ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ͵
{ƚƒĻ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓğƌ ķğƷğĬğƭĻ ƒğƓğŭĻƒĻƓƷ ƭǤƭƷĻƒƭ ĭğƓ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤͲ ƓƚƩƒğƌƌǤ ĻźƷŷĻƩ ĬǤ
ķĻƌĻƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ŅƚƩĻźŭƓ ƉĻǤ ƩƚǞƭ ğƭ ǞĻƌƌ Ʒƚ ƒğźƓƷğźƓ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤͲ ƚƩ ĬǤ ƩĻƷǒƩƓźƓŭ ğƓ ĻƩƩƚƩ ğƓķ ƓƚƷ ƦĻƩŅƚƩƒźƓŭ
ŷźĭŷ ƒĻƷŷƚķ źƭ ǒƭĻķ ƒğǤ ĬĻ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻķ ĬǤ ğ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ ĭƚƓƭƷƩğźƓƷ ķĻŅźƓĻķ źƓ ğ ķğƷğ
ķźĭƷźƚƓğƩǤ͵ δwĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌδ ƷŷĻ ğķƆĻĭƷźǝĻ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻƭ ƷŷĻ ğĭƷźƚƓ ƷŷğƷ ğ ŅƚƩĻźŭƓ ƉĻǤ ƦĻƩŅƚƩƒƭͲ γƩĻŅĻƩƩźƓŭγ Ʒƚ ğ
ƌźƓƉ ŅźĻƌķ źƓ ğƓƚƷŷĻƩ ƷğĬƌĻ͵
LƓ ƭźƒƦƌĻ ƷĻƩƒƭͲ γƩĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤγ źƭ ğ ŭǒğƩğƓƷĻĻ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ƷğƩŭĻƷ źƷ γƩĻŅĻƩƭγ Ʒƚ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ŅƚǒƓķ͵
! ƌğĭƉ ƚŅ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ źƓ ğ ķğƷğĬğƭĻ ĭğƓ ƌĻğķ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓğƌ ķğƷğĬğƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻƷǒƩƓ źƓĭƚƒƦƌĻƷĻ ķğƷğͲ
ǒƭǒğƌƌǤ ǞźƷŷ Ɠƚ źƓķźĭğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğƓ ĻƩƩƚƩ͵
! ĭƚƒƒƚƓ ƦƩƚĬƌĻƒ ƚĭĭǒƩƭ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓğƌ ķğƷğĬğƭĻ ƷğĬƌĻƭ ƌźƓƉĻķ ǞźƷŷ ğƓ γźƓƓĻƩ ƆƚźƓγ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƭ ƓƚƓΏ
b...[[ ǝğƌǒĻƭ źƓ ĬƚƷŷ ƷğĬƌĻƭͲ ğ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷ ƷŷğƷ ĭğƓ ƚƓƌǤ ĬĻ ƒĻƷ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ĭğƩĻŅǒƌ ķĻƭźŭƓ ğƓķ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓƷźğƌ
LƓ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓğƌ ķğƷğ ƒƚķĻƌͲ ĻƓƷźƷǤ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ źƭ ƚƓĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƷŷƩĻĻ źƓŷĻƩĻƓƷ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ ƩǒƌĻƭ͵
ĭƚƌǒƒƓ ƚƩ ĭƚƌǒƒƓƭ ĭŷƚƭĻƓ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤ ƭŷƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ǒƓźƨǒĻ ğƓķ ƓƚƷ b...[[͵
źƷŷźƓ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓğƌ ķğƷğĬğƭĻƭ ǒƭźƓŭ {v[Ͳ ĻƓƷźƷǤ źƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ źƭ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻķ ĬǤ ğķķźƓŭ ğ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤ ĭƌğǒƭĻ Ʒƚ ğ
ƭĭŷĻƒğ ķĻŅźƓźƷźƚƓ͵ŷĻ ƭǤƭƷĻƒ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻƭ 9ƓƷźƷǤ LƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ ĬǤ ƓƚƷ ğƌƌƚǞźƓŭ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ΛLb{9wͲ ...t5!9Μ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚķǒĭĻ ğƓ źƓǝğƌźķ
!ƓǤ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ƷŷğƷ źƭ ƌźƉĻƌǤ Ʒƚ ĭƩĻğƷĻ ğ ķǒƦƌźĭğƷĻ ƦƩźƒğƩǤ ƉĻǤ ƚƩ ƚƓĻ ĭƚƓƷğźƓźƓŭ Ɠǒƌƌƭ źƭ ƩĻƆĻĭƷĻķ͵
ŷĻ 9ƓƷźƷǤ LƓƷĻŭƩźƷǤ ĻƓƭǒƩĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ķğƷğ ƷŷğƷ Ǥƚǒ ƭƷƚƩĻ ƩĻƒğźƓƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚƦĻƩ ŅƚƩƒğƷ ğƭ ǞĻƌƌ ğƭ
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