Although there was no sudden break with the Middle Ages, the Renaissance changed many aspects of people's lives over time You may recall from Unit I that
the Middle Ages? The Renaissance is considered a Golden Age in European history Like the Black Death, the Renaissance ideas started in Italy
The pope was the head of the Catholic Church He and the bishops decided what would be taught in the churches and the priests would teach it One of the things
society was like before it arrived The time period before the Renaissance is usually called the Middle Ages, which stretched from the fall
Renaissance was developed outside Italy, in Germany and France” between Rome, the Middle Ages, and present times (Ferguson 37)
Middle Ages and the Renaissance in the attitude toward worldly pleasures? 9 WRITING ACTIVITY How did the Renaissance revolutionize European art and
The period of time before the Renaissance and after the downfall of the western Roman Empire is referred to as the Middle Ages or the Medieval Period, since
Middle Ages is often referred to as an “Age of Faith root cause of all this disaster was famine and disease was the heart of the Renaissance vision
The Renaissance was the first, for example, to use the term "Dark Ages" to Why did it begin in Italy? the medieval concern for the world to come o Humanists differed from those who had studied the ancient works before; they did not
This period was called the “Renaissance,” which means rebirth Geography SETTING THE STAGE During the late Middle Ages, Europe suffered from both war Classics Lead to Humanism The study of classical texts led to humanism, an
Historical Context of the Start of the Renaissance ➡ Directions: the Middle Ages? 1a The Renaissance is considered a Golden Age in European history
Exciting changes started happening in Europe beginning around the 1400's Renaissance was the rebirth of learning in Europe after the Middle Ages
The idea of the Renaissance as a historical period was first formulated by Jacob Burckhardt the light of words to place as it were before the eyes, the revolutions of times, were still in the Middle Ages, with knights in plate armour riding at one Now in fact these abrupt transitions don't happen, either in politics, manners
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76197_5RenaissanceOverviewLecture.pdf The o two key hallmarks of the an extreme hostility to the culture of the Middle Ages
a fascination with the ancient world
The
o Their love affair with the ancients led to an increasing literacy in Latin and Greek o The main emphasis of the o At first, it was restricted to a relatively small group of educated, self o In short, most historians mark the Italian Why did it begin in Italy? o The northern Italian cities had led the Florence, especially, at the end of the 13th century became the bankers to the
The
Italy had never been completely feudalized either; cities had always survived o Moreover, Italian society of the 14th centu Nobles here lived in cities, a stone's throw from one another, so ideas could o Finally, Italian artists considered themselves the natural heirs to Roman art bec o In the The ideals of the o for example, o They were proud of their abilities and scorned the Christian humility that the Middle o When the public thought Do The revival of antiquity led to a copying of the lives of the anc The o This secularism resulted in extravagant dress as well as greater refinements in manners, o The contempt for the world theme of medieval relig o There was, however, little concern for ordinary men This was no Age of the Common Man, but was instead confined to a cultured o The Italian They were aware of the abuses of the church, but found them a subject of mirth o The The elites were very concerned with acquiring and then The Virgin Mary was often painted surrounded by desirable worldy objects, And paintings became more numerous because they were cheaper to produce The o For the first time, clocks helped quantify time with hours of the same length The medieval belief in the timelessness of the world disappeared to be The new vogue for clocks on the village church helped to educate even peasants o Renaissance
Medieval scholars, for exam
o One of the earl
the musical staff was Europe's first graph
Humanism o The This involved the study of the classics to create a new definition of what made
To quote Erasmus, "Men are made, not born."
This was far cry from the
Now, to be truly human, one would need to become truly educated o Humanists differed from those who had studied the ancient works before; they did not Humanists stressed the dignity of man, the best of God's creatures below the Moreover, they did not interpret these ancient texts for their Christian meaning, Aristotle, humanists would argue, was not a proto o In a profound way, the humanists and the Their insistence on going back to the original text Ren o One place that clearly demonstrates the ideas of humanism is Most art was now bought by patrons who were not churchmen, but rather This freed art from service to religion, permitting themes and treatments that The emphasis on individualism led to the development of the individual portrait, Even the human body was presented in a more scientific and natural One thinks of Michelangelo dissecting bodies to discover how muscles much against church doctrines and law at the time.) Perhaps most important, artists were now regarded as intellectual geniuses, not Some became quite wealthy; Michelangelo was paid 3000 ducats to He even refused payment for working on St. Peters Basilica because he o New technological advances made much of Oil painting allowed richer, deeper colors, and required much less speed to Oil paintings could be done in the north where wetter, Brunelleschi's Dome of the Cathedral Santa Maria del Flore in Florence as an o Renaissance
Albrecht Durer, for example, refused to do
More painters entered the middle classes as a result of their improved fortunes
Patron consumerism was reflected
Such works ostentatiously displayed the owner's wealth and erudition, and Niccolo Machiavelli o the key political thinker of the o The Prince
written as a how
Mach
The Prince
there are no notions of rulership by "divine right" in Machi The As many historians have noted, once you had the The o Students from the North carried the o Spanish and French armies invading Italy were exposed to new theories before returning o More important was prin But soon differences developed between the northern and southern o In the north, the prime patrons were kings of the new nation states, not the wealthy o The northern The north had always stressed theology in its universities, while Italy had
In the north, they edited
o Northern humanists tended to be of a more varied social background as well, unlike the
Perhaps because of this, northern
Erasmus o An example of
To the stoical patience, calmness and broadm
He faced up to the serious ills of his time, becoming a reformer, especially of His ideas are characterized by a tolerant view of man
He w
Erasmus was interested in developing ethical purity of religion which the
He was impressed wi
Art of the Northern o Northern It is characterized by a deep religious feeling and spiritualism frequently missing When Hans Memling did a portrait, the sitter was almost always in an attitude of Even the architecture of the north remained Gothic, a truly "Christian
Towns halls remained mini
o Durer and Brueghel The two most famous of these northern painters may be Albrecht Dürer and
Durer
Dürer got the idea of perspective, the new use of color Primarily an engraver, Dürer remained concerned with outline and Many of his drawings could easily be turned into wood block suitable
B
Brueghel shows the religious aspect of the north as well in his Most artists approached this subject by painting a mythical scene of Flanders were being occupied by the Spanish and the Flemish people One sees here the close alliance of religion and politics so typical of the As historians have argued, the Marriage and family o Marriage for Catholics was dominated by economic factors, not love or physical Men needed to have sufficient land before marrying, meaning th That meant people continued to marry late, and this in turn affected the Divorce according to the Catholic church simply did not exist except for non But while divorce was impossible, marriage was easy All it took was an oral promise between the two partners The church preferred to have these vows solemnized in the church, but
To be sure, dif
Grievances resulting from these misunderstandings kept ecclesiastic o Protestants changed the concept of marriage, p They used the cloister as a symbol of what they saw as the church's anti Protestants argued that putting women in a home would liberate them from the Because of their more favorable view of marriage, Protestants made it easier,
So successful was this that t
Protestants rejected the idea of marriage as a sacrament, and so they permitted
It certainly wasn't easy, however
Protestants argued in favor of the sexual and spiritual equality of the Many women joined the Protestant faiths hoping to escape violent
Protestants practiced contraception
Pennyroyal, Queen Anne's lace and myrtle, for example, were used, but Without such knowledge, these botanicals became highly poisonous
Most had as muc
o Size of families
Renaissance
Ten percent of women died in childbirth, a rate 20 to 24 times higher than in the City born babies died twice as fast as country born ones, even though the city Since daughters in a family dived the family wealth when they received a dowry In 16th century, half of women from elite families ended u Witchcraft o The witchcraft craze of the early o From about 1450 to 1625, 200,000 peopl o Women's subculture of the Middle Ages which had brought forth the chivalric movement o For women, the individualism of the Food and Eating o Food was a basic concern of all Most food to be preserved over the long winter was either salted or dried, a Especially popular was preserved herring, a trade dominated by the Hanseatic
Peop
Bringing back this salted food was back
Usually, people cooked something along with the food, like beans, to absorb the The food thus presented was salty and bland, and so it was served with spicy o Spices The yellow sauce, made of ginger and saffron, and the green sauce, made of
Pepper became so valuable it was used a
Europeans, chronically short of hard currency, sometimes used spices to pay These spices were not always used to cover up the taste of spoiled meat, In fact, these spices were a matter of acquired taste Spices were also associated with Paradise; Europeans believed that
The mania for spices thus helps explain
In the beginning, the rich and the poor ate the same food, only the rich ate more
But in the
They abandoned spices as old
The Italians were the first to emerge from world of medieval spices and The new Italian cooking techniques were transferred to Many of these new cooking ideas were written down in cookery books o Table Manners
Table manners were poor by modern standards
People used their fingers to eat, rather than forks that could become dangerous
Indeed, as late as 1897, British sailors wer
People were always scratching because of fleas and lice, and courtesy books Changes in Warfare and the Printing Press o Social life in the o These two developments were changes in warfare and the development of printing with o Changes in Warfare The changes in warfare created the huge population losses we associate with Gunpowder was increasingly used with the result that killing now took place at a The cannons required mass armies unlike the ragtag bands of feudalism Each marching square surrounding the cannon batteries contained 3000
Thus, Spain by the mid
Gustavus Adolphus, the king of
The Swedes lost continuity of fire but produced a fearsome blast which
By the mid
Such large armies meant the use of conscription because volunteers were so Such large armies would also have to paid year round, meaning a huge Nonetheless, the new armies created some social mobility, especially Armies in some cases became too expensive to actually risk in battle! When Sulieman attacked Vienna, for example, he was so deeply in deb As the armies became more professionalized, a large bureaucracy was cre o The Printing Press
Printing also helped spread the Protestant
Printing with moveable type replaced block printing from China
Paper had not been a
Using individual metal letters allowed many copies to be made from
The Itali
Books, like
While books became cheaper to produce using the printing press, they Quantification also increased with the printing press; now uniform page Medieval scribes would have been unable to reproduce the complex illustration
Printing in a profound way made the
Luther, by printing his sermons and treatises and spreading the
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