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Educator Guide: Electromagnetism

Thisȱdocumentȱisȱaȱresourceȱforȱteachersȱwhoseȱclassesȱareȱparticipatingȱinȱtheȱ

MuseumȱofȱScience'sȱElectromagnetismȱTravelingȱProgram.ȱTheȱinformationȱinȱ

thisȱdocumentȱmayȱbeȱusedȱasȱaȱclassroomȱresourceȱand/orȱasȱbackgroundȱ

informationȱforȱtheȱteacherȱconcerningȱtheȱsubjectsȱofȱelectricityȱandȱmagnetism.ȱ

Table of Contents:

Vocabulary List.......................................................................................2

Further Background Reading.....................................................................4 Suggested Classroom Materials.................................................................5

Activity Descriptions.................................................................................6

Video Descriptions...................................................................................7

2

Vocabulary List

Thisȱisȱaȱlistȱofȱcommonȱtermsȱusedȱinȱelectromagnetismȱthatȱteachersȱmayȱwishȱ

toȱbeȱfamiliarȱwithȱforȱtheȱprogram.ȱThisȱlistȱisȱalsoȱaȱsuggestionȱofȱvocabularyȱ

forȱstudentsȱparticipatingȱinȱtheȱElectromagnetismȱprogramȱtoȱlearn,ȱthoughȱ

priorȱstudyȱofȱtheseȱwordsȱisȱnotȱrequiredȱforȱstudentȱparticipation.ȱȱ

Atoms -ȱtinyȱparticlesȱthatȱmakeȱupȱtheȱworldȱaroundȱusȱandȱareȱfarȱtooȱsmallȱtoȱ

see.ȱAtomsȱareȱmadeȱupȱofȱaȱpositivelyȱchargedȱnucleusȱinȱtheȱmiddleȱ

surroundedȱbyȱnegativelyȱchargedȱelectrons.

Battery -ȱanȱobjectȱthatȱcreatesȱanȱelectricȱforceȱwhichȱcanȱmakeȱaȱcurrentȱflow.

ȱ

Theȱnegativeȱendȱofȱaȱbatteryȱrepelsȱnegativeȱcharges,ȱandȱtheȱpositiveȱendȱ

attractsȱthem.

Circuit -ȱaȱloopȱthroughȱwhichȱchargesȱcanȱflow.ȱForȱchargesȱtoȱflowȱandȱmakeȱaȱ

currentȱthereȱneedsȱtoȱbeȱaȱcompleteȱloop.ȱThisȱloopȱisȱcalledȱaȱclosedȱcircuit.ȱAȱ

basicȱcircuitȱcan

ȱbeȱmadeȱoutȱofȱaȱbattery,ȱlightȱbulb,ȱandȱwires.ȱWhenȱconnectedȱ

togetherȱinȱaȱloopȱwithȱnoȱgaps,ȱchargesȱareȱableȱtoȱflowȱfromȱtheȱbattery,ȱ

throughȱtheȱlightȱbulb,ȱandȱbackȱtoȱtheȱotherȱsideȱofȱtheȱbattery.ȱThisȱlightsȱupȱ

theȱbulb.ȱIfȱthereȱisȱaȱgap,ȱ though,ȱtheȱchargesȱwillȱgetȱstuckȱwithȱnowhereȱtoȱgo.ȱ Thisȱisȱcalledȱanȱopenȱcircuit.ȱ

Conductor -ȱaȱmaterialȱthroughȱwhichȱelectricȱchargesȱcanȱflowȱeasily.ȱTheseȱareȱ

materialsȱwithȱlowȱresistance.

Current -ȱmovingȱelectricȱcharges

Electric Charge -ȱaȱbasicȱpropertyȱofȱallȱmatterȱthatȱgivesȱriseȱ toȱtheȱelectricȱ

force.ȱEverythingȱinȱtheȱworldȱthatȱweȱcanȱseeȱandȱtouchȱisȱbuiltȱoutȱofȱelectricȱ

charges.ȱThereȱareȱtwoȱtypesȱofȱcharges:ȱpositiveȱandȱnegative.ȱInȱatoms,ȱtheȱ

electronsȱareȱnegativeȱandȱtheȱprotonsȱareȱpositive.ȱObjectsȱthatȱhaveȱanȱelectricȱ

chargeȱcreateȱandȱfeelȱtheȱelectric

ȱforce.

Electrons -ȱparticlesȱoftenȱfoundȱaroundȱtheȱnucleusȱofȱatomsȱthatȱhaveȱaȱ

negativeȱcharge 3

Electric Force -ȱtheȱforceȱthatȱcausesȱelectricȱchargesȱtoȱeitherȱattractȱoneȱ(pullȱ

together)ȱanotherȱorȱrepelȱapartȱ(pushȱapart)

Electromagnet -ȱaȱmagnetȱcreatedȱbyȱrunningȱanȱelectricȱcurrentȱthroughȱaȱcoilȱ

ofȱwire.ȱTheȱmovingȱchargesȱcreateȱaȱmagneticȱforce.ȱUnlikeȱaȱpermanentȱ

magnet,ȱyouȱcanȱturnȱthis

ȱonȱandȱoff.

Electromagnetism -ȱaȱsubjectȱinȱscienceȱthatȱdealsȱwithȱtheȱelectricȱforce,ȱ

magneticȱforce,ȱandȱhowȱtheȱtwoȱareȱconnected

Energy -ȱtheȱabilityȱtoȱdoȱwork.ȱThereȱareȱmanyȱdifferentȱtypesȱofȱenergy,ȱandȱ

theyȱcanȱchangeȱintoȱoneȱanother.ȱSomeȱexamplesȱareȱlight,ȱsound,ȱ heat,ȱelectric,ȱ andȱmagneticȱenergy.

Force -ȱaȱpushȱorȱaȱpull.ȱSomeȱexamplesȱofȱforcesȱareȱwind,ȱgravity,ȱandȱpushesȱ

fromȱourȱmuscles.

Insulator -ȱaȱmaterialȱthroughȱwhichȱelectricȱchargesȱcanȱbarelyȱflow,ȱifȱatȱall.ȱ

Theseȱareȱmaterialsȱwithȱhighȱresistance.ȱ

Magnetic Force -ȱaȱforceȱcreatedȱ

andȱfeltȱbyȱmagnets.ȱMagnetsȱhaveȱnorthȱandȱ southȱpolesȱwhichȱattractȱandȱrepelȱdueȱtoȱthisȱforce. Permanent Magnet -ȱlikeȱonȱourȱrefrigerator,ȱtheseȱmagnetsȱstickȱaround

Protons -ȱaȱparticleȱinsideȱtheȱnucleusȱofȱatomsȱthatȱhasȱaȱpositiveȱcharge

Resistance -ȱaȱmeasureȱofȱhowȱhardȱit ȱisȱforȱelectricȱchargesȱtoȱflowȱthroughȱaȱ

material.ȱHighȱresistanceȱmeansȱitȱisȱdifficultȱforȱchargesȱtoȱflow,ȱandȱlowȱ

resistanceȱmeansȱtheyȱcanȱflowȱeasily.

Spark -ȱtheȱeffectȱweȱcanȱsee,ȱhear,ȱandȱ(sometimes)ȱfeelȱwhenȱchargesȱareȱ

pushedȱwithȱenoughȱelectricȱforceȱtoȱmakeȱitȱthrough

ȱanȱinsulator

Static Electricity -ȱtheȱnoticeableȱelectricȱforceȱwhenȱchargesȱareȱunbalanced.ȱ

Forȱinstance,ȱifȱyouȱrubȱaȱballoonȱinȱyourȱhair,ȱyouȱwillȱnoticeȱaȱforceȱbetweenȱtheȱ

balloonȱandȱyourȱhair.

Voltage -ȱaȱmeasureȱofȱtheȱamountȱofȱenergyȱeachȱelectricȱchargeȱhasȱ

4

Further Background Reading

Thisȱisȱaȱsuggestedȱreadingȱlistȱforȱteachersȱlookingȱtoȱimproveȱtheirȱ

understandingȱofȱelectromagnetism.ȱ

Books

Basic Physics: A Self-Teaching Guide. Karl Kuhn. Wiley. 1996. Electricity And Magnetism: Stop Faking It! Finally Understanding Science So You Can Teach It by William C. Robertson. NSTA. 2004. Electricity Demystified. Stan Gibilisco. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2005. Instant Physics: From Aristotle to Einstein, and Beyond. Tony Rothman.

Ballantine Books. 1995.

Links

Electricity and Magnetism, a good linear introduction to the concepts - http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node83.html HyperPhysics Concepts, a good reference for concepts and definitions - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/emcon.html#emcon Articles on "Electricity" New Explanations, Alternate Mental Toolkit by William

Beaty -

http://amasci.com/ele-edu.html 5

Classroom Materials

Belowȱareȱsomeȱsuggestionsȱforȱbooks,ȱvideos,ȱandȱwebsitesȱtoȱhelpȱstudentsȱ

increaseȱtheirȱunderstandingȱofȱelectricityȱandȱmagnetism.ȱ

Books

Batteries, Bulbs, and Wires. David Glover. Kingfisher. 2002. Electric Mischief: Battery-powered Gadgets Kids can Build. Alan Bartholomew.

Kids Can Press. 2002.

Electricity. Steve Parker and Laura Buller. DK Children. 2005. Electricity and Magnetism. Chris Oxlade. Hodder Wayland. 2005. Electricity and Magnetism. Peter Adamczyk and Paul-Francis Law. Usborne

Books. 2008.

Safe and Simple Electrical Experiments. Rudolf F. Graf. Dover Publications.

1973.

Videos

Bill Nye the Science Guy: Electrical Current Classroom Edition (Interactive DVD).

1995.

Bill Nye the Science Guy: Magnetism Classroom Edition (Interactive DVD). 1995.

Links

Physics4Kids: Electricity & Magnetism -

http://www.physics4kids.com/files/elec_intro.html Static Electricity: Learn about static charge and static shock - http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/static.html Science Snacks - Exploratorium's list of experiments about electricity: http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconelectricity.html about magnetism: http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconmagnetism.html 6

Activity Descriptions

Seeȱtheȱ"Documents"ȱsectionȱonȱtheȱwebsiteȱtoȱdownloadȱtheseȱactivities.ȱ

Build an Electrophorus

Anȱelectrophorusȱusesȱstaticȱelectricity,ȱjustȱlikeȱrubbingȱaȱballoonȱinȱyourȱhair.ȱ

Whatȱmakesȱanȱelectrophorusȱspecial,ȱthough,ȱisȱthatȱtheȱdesignȱletsȱyouȱmakeȱ

sparksȱandȱrecreateȱaȱsmallȱversionȱofȱtheȱclassicȱelectricityȱexperiment.ȱ

Thisȱ

activityȱisȱsimple,ȱstraightforward,ȱandȱusesȱcommonȱmaterials.ȱȱȱ

Build a Motor

BasicȱmotorsȱworkȱjustȱusingȱwellȬtimedȱelectromagnets.ȱInȱthisȱexperiment,ȱyourȱ

studentsȱwillȱbeȱableȱtoȱbuildȱtheirȱown.ȱByȱbuildingȱanȱelectromagnetȱthatȱcanȱ

turn,ȱandȱsettingȱitȱupȱwithȱaȱcleverȱtrickȱtoȱtheȱdesign,ȱtheyȱcan

ȱuseȱelectricityȱtoȱ

getȱtheirȱmotorȱspinning.ȱItȱjustȱrequiresȱaȱfewȱcommonȱandȱaccessibleȱmaterials.ȱ

7

Video Descriptions

Seeȱtheȱ"Media"ȱsectionȱonȱtheȱwebsiteȱtoȱdownloadȱtheseȱvideos.ȱ

Balloon and Hair

Thisȱvideoȱshowsȱwhatȱisȱhappeningȱwhenȱweȱrubȱaȱballoonȱinȱourȱhair.ȱSinceȱ

electricȱchargesȱareȱfarȱtooȱsmallȱtoȱsee,ȱinȱthisȱvideoȱwe'veȱdrawnȱinȱtheȱcharges.ȱ

Weȱcanȱseeȱthatȱextraȱnegativeȱchargesȱ moveȱintoȱtheȱballoon,ȱandȱtheȱoppositeȱ chargesȱinȱtheȱballoonȱandȱtheȱhairȱwillȱattract.ȱȱ

Van de Graaff Generator

ThisȱvideoȱshowsȱwhatȱhappensȱwhenȱweȱhookȱsomeoneȱupȱtoȱaȱVanȱdeȱGraaffȱ

generator.ȱAgain,ȱwe'veȱdrawnȱinȱtheȱchargesȱtoȱmakeȱthemȱvisible.ȱInȱthisȱcase,ȱ

extraȱnegativeȱchargesȱmoveȱinto ȱtheȱmetalȱdomeȱandȱthenȱourȱvolunteer.ȱTheȱ

extraȱnegativeȱchargesȱrepelȱfromȱoneȱanother.ȱAtȱtheȱendȱofȱtheȱvideo,ȱanotherȱ

personȱreachesȱinȱfromȱtheȱsideȱandȱgivesȱourȱvolunteerȱaȱshock.ȱȱ

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