[PDF] The Remainder Theorem If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x ba) then




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[PDF] The Remainder Theorem If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x ba) then 101388_6TotDRemainder.pdf

THEOREM OF THE DAY

The Remainder TheoremIf a polynomial f(x)is divided by(x-α)then the remainder is f(α). Corollary (The Factor Theorem)A polynomial f(x)has(x-α)as a factor if and only if f(α)=0.

The Remainder Theorem follows immediately from the definition of polynomial division: to dividef(x) byg(x) means precisely to write

f(x)=g(x)×quotient+remainder. Ifg(x) is the binomialx-athen choosingx=αgivesf(a)=0×quotient+remainder. The illustration above

shows the valuef(α) emerging as the remainder in the case wheref(x) is a cubic polynomial and `long division' byx-αis carried out. The

precise form in which the remainder is derived,α(α(αa0+a1)+a2)+a3, indicates a method of calculatingf(α) without separately calculating

each power ofα; this is effectively the content ofRuffini's Ruleand theHorner Scheme. In the case wherea1is nearly equal to-αa0;a2is nearly

equal to-α(αa0+a1), etc, this can be highly effective; try, for example, evaluatingx6-103x5+396x4+3x2-296x-101 atx=99: the answer

(see p. 14 of www.theoremoftheday.org/Docs/Polynomials.pdf ) comes out without having to calculate anything like 996(a 12-digit number).

The Remainder and Factor theorems were surely known to PaoloRuffini (1765-1822) who, modulo a few gaps, provedthe impossibility of solving the quintic by radicals, and toWilliam Horner (1786-1837); and probably well before that,toD´escartes, who indeed states the Factor theorem explicitly in hisLa G´eom´etrieof 1637. Polish school students learn about theFactor Theorem under the name "twierdzenie B´ezout" (B´ezout Theorem) after Etienne B´ezout(1730-1783)butthis attributionis obscure.

Web link:

eprints.soton.ac.uk/168861/ . The Polish nomenclature is discussed here: pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twierdzenie

B´ezouta

(in Polish).

Further reading:

The Geometry of Ren´e Descartes

, 1925annotated translationby David E. Smith and MarciaLatham, reprinted by Cosimo Classics, 2007 (in which copy the above citation is on p. 179).

Createdby Robin Whittyfor

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