[PDF] Flashcards for NEET Biology- Biotechnology Principles and Processes

117029_3flashcards_for_neet_biology_12_biotechnology_principles_and_processes.pdf

Genetic engineeringManipulation and alteration of the genetic makeup of organisms using biotechnology Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is used An organism with a desired trait is generatedBioprocess engineeringUse of biotechnology in chemical engineering processes to manufacture products from living organisms in a large quantity E.g. vitamins, vaccines, antibiotics, etc.PlasmidExtrachromosomal, circular DNA, which replicates autonomously E.g. commonly present in bacteriaFlashcards for NEET Biology: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Recombinant DNA (rDNA)DNA formed by combining DNA pieces or desired genes of two different species or organisms Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer produced the first artificial rDNA by adding antibiotic resistant genes to the plasmid of Salmonella typhimuriumRestriction enzymesMolecular scissors, restriction endonucleases They cut the DNA at a specific palindromic sequence forming sticky ends Werner Arber, Hamilton Smith, and Daniel Nathans discovered Hind II- the first restriction endonucleaseEcoRIIsolated from E.coli RY13 Recognition site, where the enzyme cuts is G/AATTC (5'→3') and in the complementary strand it is CTTAA/G (3'→5') Discovered in Boyer's UCSF labFlashcards for NEET Biology: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

DNA LigaseJoins the sticky ends of DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes Joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand during replicationPaul BergFather of genetic engineering Carried out gene-splicing experiments Added genes of lambda phage virus into DNA of SV-40 virus Received Nobel prize in 1980VectorsDNA carriers for transferring the desired gene or DNA fragment into the host E.g. plasmids (pBR322, Ti), bacteriophages (λ phage)Flashcards for NEET Biology: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

pBR322E.coli plasmid Origin of replication- ori Selectable markers- ampicillin and tetracycline resistant genes, i.e. ampR

and tetR Restriction sites- BamH I, Sal I (in tetR gene), Hind III, EcoR I, Pvu II, Pst I (in ampR

gene), Cla I, etc.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)In vitro synthesis of multiple copies of genes of interest, invented by Kary Mullis The oligonucleotide primer is used after denaturation- Annealing Primer is extended using thermostable DNA polymerase, i.e. Taq polymerase isolated from Thermus aquaticus (bacterium)Gene transferIntroducing foreign DNA into host cell Using vector Without vector- microinjection (direct injection of rDNA into the nucleus of animal cells) Biolistics or gene gun- plant cells are bombarded with microparticles of gold or tungsten coated with DNAFlashcards for NEET Biology: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

ElutionThe process of cutting and extracting separated DNA pieces from gel electrophoresisDownstream processingThe process of separation and purification to make the finished product after biosynthesisFlashcards for NEET Biology: Biotechnology Principles and Processes