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Arabic for Life

A Textbook for Beginning Arabic

Bassam K. Frangieh

Claremont McKenna College

Yale University Press

New Haven and London

Section One ՆϭϷ΍Ֆ˴ԾՊ΍   

Sounds and Letters of the

Arabic Language

Arabic calligraphy: Knowledge is light - ˳˲ϥ ժϠόϟ΍

Sounds and Letters Section 1

2 Section One

Sounds and Letters of the Arabic Language

Contents

Unit One - ϰϟϭϷ΍ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ I.The Arabic Alphabet ε˸ ΙΥ˰ϱ՞ΡԼ ˱˴ ϝ՞Ρ

The Arabic Alphabet in Its Traditional Order

II .Letters ωιΩ III .The Long Vowels ˵ ñ Ρ - Activity 1 ± 2 IV.The Short Vowels ιΥՒ˴ϝ՞Ρ - Activity 1 ± 3 V.Sukuun ՞ΡððVð9vò - Activity 1 Unit Two - Υ˳զΏνՊ΍ΓΪΣվ˰Պ΍

I.Letters ˱ ϯ - Activity 1

II .Letters ˵ ˳ - Activity 1 III .Letters á Ñ Ν- Activity 1 Unit Three - ΥνՊΏνՊ΍ΓΪΣվՊ΍

I.Letters Ժ ˷

II .Letters Ղ Լ - Activity 1 III .Letters ՚ Պ - Activity 1 Unit Four - εόΑΡ˴՞Ραϱϙ˲՞Ρ

I.Letters նզ -

Activity 1

II .Nunation ϥ˷ ˲ϥυ՞Ρ- Activity 1 ± 4 III .Alif Maqsura α˳˲ ௾ ՈծԾ ՞΃ - Activity 1

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

3 Unit Five - εԹծΥϭ՞Ραϱϙ˲՞Ρ

I.The Letter ծ - Activity 1

II .Taa` Marbouta ˲έ˴ղ ՞Ρ˯Υυ՞Ρµσ± - Activity 1 III .Letters ̅ω - Activity 1 ± 3 Unit Six - Υ˳ϙΏ˴Պ΍ΓΪΣվՊ΍

I.Letters ௿ ௻ - Activity 1 ± 2

II .Letters ˾ ρ - Activity 1 ± 4 III .Emphatic Letters (υρν௻) Unit Seven - Υ˿ΙΏ˴Պ΍ΡΪΣϮϟ΍ I.Double Consonants α˷ϱ˰˰˴ய՞Ρ˰˷˰˰- Activity 1 ± 2 II .Hamza (˯) α˶ղ ϱ՞Ρ - Activity 1 ± 2 III .Madda () α˴ϱ˰ղ՞Ρ - Activity 1 IV.Dagger Alif α˴˸ ௾Ո՞ΡԾ ՞ԺΡ

V.Hamzat al-Wasl or Wasla εբ௽ ˲՞Ρ˱΃ ̟௽ ˲՞Ρα˶ղϯ - Activity 1

Unit Eight - Υ˰ժ՚ΏνՊ΍ΓΪΣվՊ΍ I.The Definite Article (˰՞Ρ)Ծ˷ήόυ՞ΡαΡϯ΃ II .Moon Letters ˴˷ ˴ղ Ո՞ΡԼ ˱˴ϝ՞Ρµ - Activity 1 III .Sun Letters Թղ ˴ய՞ΡԼ ˱˴ϝ՞Ρµôø - Activity 1 Unit Nine - Υ˰˿˳ ΏίՊ΍ΓΪΣվՊ΍

I.Arabic Scriptand Calligraphy

II .Printed Styles of Arabic Script III .Handwriting Samples

IV.Arabic Calligraphy

V.Reading Practice

Sounds and Letters Section 1

4 Unit One

ϯՊպϝ΃ΡϝΣվՊ΍

This section introduces the Arabic sounds, letters, and scripts and covers the basic phonological system of the Arabic language. Arabic has twenty-eight characters: Twenty-five are consonants and three are long vowels. Arabic also has several symbols, signs written above or below the letters, that affect pronunciation and grammatical structures. Arabic is written from right to left, and there are no capital letters. Below is a chart of the Arabic alphabet. Look at it as a whole, and listen to the accompanying audio of the alphabet being read. After you listen to the alphabet several times, click on the disk to watch and listen to a student sing the alphabet. I.The Arabic Alphabet Υ˳ΉΏύ̧Պ΍̄պϭΤՊ΍ Υ Ρ ρ α Ω Γ ΍

Ը ˵ ˱ ϯ ϩ ϡ ϙ

Ԭ ̄ ύ ω υ ௽ ம

ϱ պ ծ ՞ Ւ Ն Հ

Now, look at the chart below, the name of each letter, and the way each letter is written. Letters are written in four positions: initial, medial, final position (connected), and final position (unconnected). Letters are connected in both printed and handwritten forms. They are joined by connecting strokes with the preceding and/or following letters. When we begin a word in Arabic we write the first letter in initial form and the last letter in final form. Any letters between them appear in medial form. Medial and final letters may or may not be connected to the letter preceding them, depending on whether the preceding letter is a connector.

There are six letters Ρñ õ ó ñ ï that are not connectors; they do not connect

on the the left side. If the final letter is not connected, then the letter is written in its independent isolated form.

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

5 The Arabic Alphabet in Its

Traditional Order

Υ˳ΉΏύ̧Պ΍̄պϭΤՊ΍ Final Medial Initial Name of

Letter Independent Unconnected Connected

΍ Υ˰ Υ˰ Ρ Ծ ՞΃ ΍

Γ Ϋ˰ ˰ί˰ ˰έ ˯Υέ Γ Ω ν˰ ˰υ˰ ˰ρ ˯Υρ Ω α ύ˰ ˰Μ˰ ˰Λ ˯ΥΛ α ρ Ξ˰ ˰˰ ˰ ˰Ο ժ˸Ο ρ Ρ ϕ˰ ˰ϝ˰ ˰ϙ ˯Υϙ Ρ Υ ϥ˰ ˰ϭ˰ ˰ϩ ˯Υϩ Υ

ϙ ϱ˰ ϱ˰ ϯ ՚Ρϯ ϙ

ϡ ˲˰ ˲˰ ˱ ՚Ρ˱ ϡ

ϩ ˴˰ ˴˰ ˳ ˯Ρ˳ ϩ

ϯ ˶˰ ˶˰ ˵ ˵Ρ ˵ ϯ

˱ ˸˰ ˰Թ˰ ˰Ը ϥ˸ Ը ˱ ˵ ஭˰ ˰ய˰ ˰ம ϥ˸ ம ˵ Ը ௼˰ ˰௾ ˰ ˰௽ ϯΥ௽ Ը ம ఀ˰ ˰π˰ ˰ο ϯΥο ம ௽ ς˰ ˰˽˰ ρ ˯Υσ ௽ υ ˿˰ ˰ψ˰ ˾ ˯Υχ υ ω ̃˰ ˰ό˰ ˰̄ ϥ˸ ̄ ω ύ Ԩ˰ ˰Ի ˰ ˰Ԭ ϥ˸ Ԭ ύ ̄ Ծ˰ ˰ϔ˰ ˰Հ ˯ΥՀ ̄ Ԭ Մ˰ ˰Ո˰ ˰Ն Լ ΥՆ Ԭ Հ Վ˰ ˰Ֆ˰ ˰Ւ ԼΥ Ւ Հ Ն ̟˰ ˰բ˰ ˰՞ ϡϻ Ն Ւ ժ˰ ˰ղ˰ ˰ծ ժ˸ ծ Ւ ՞ ϥ˰ ˰ϥ˰ ˰ϥ ն˲ ϥ ՞ ծ ϭ˰ ˰ϱ˰ ˰ϯ ˯Υϯ ծ

պ ˲˰ ˲˰ ˱ ˱Ρ˱ պ

ϱ ˶˰ ˰˸ ˰ ˰˷ ˯Υ˷ ϱ

Sounds and Letters Section 1

6 II. Letters αΩΓ

Calligraphic image of the letter Γ

The letter Ω is similar to the English letter b in pronounŃLMPLRQ MV LQ µNMPB¶ Γ Ε˰ ˰Ν˰ ˰Ι

This is how the letter Ω is written by hand:

Calligraphic image of the letter Ω

The letter ι is similar to the English t in pronunciation, as in µPMNB¶ Ω Ϋ˰ ˰ί˰ ˰έ

This is how the letter ι is written by hand:

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

7

Calligraphic image of the letter α

The letter ω is pronounced like the English th, MV LQ µPOXQGHUB¶ α ε˰ ˰ν˰ ˰ι

This is how the letter ω is written by hand:

These three letters have the same shape in all positions: initial, medial, and final. They differ in the number of dots and the placement of these dots. The Ω has one dot below, the ι has two dots above it, and the ω has three dots above. In handwritten form, any two dots can run together to form a short line and any three dots can run together to form a triangle, as you see in the examples above. These letters are connectors, which means they connect on both sides with other letters. Look at the shapes and examples of the letters. Read aloud. α Ω Γ

Example Shape Example Shape Example Shape

ιΓΏ ˰Λ έΓΏ ˰ρ ˰ΙΓΏ ˰έ

Ι˰ν˰ΓΏ ˰Μ˰ Ι˰ί˰ΓΏ ˰υ˰ Ι˰Ν˰ΓΏ ˰ί˰

Ιε˰ ύ˰ ˰ΙΫ ν˰ ΙΕ˰ Ϋ˰ ΏΙα ω ΏέΩ ι ΏΙΓ Ω

Sounds and Letters Section 1

8 Compare letters and words in their printed and handwritten forms.

Γ ΏιΓ ΏέΓ ΏΙεΙΫΙΕΙ ΕΙΏΙΓ ΏΝΙΓ ΏίΙΓ ΏνΙΩ ΏέαΏΙ 

III. The Long Vowels ϱ z ΍

There are three long vowels: the Ρ and ˱ and ˵.Keep in mind, the ˱ and the ˵ can be used as both vowels and consonants.

Calligraphic image of the letter Ρ

The alif (Ρ) is the first character in the Arabic alphabet. It is a long vowel and sounds like a long aa, as in µŃMPB¶ The Ρ is also the bearer of the hamza (˯), as in ΃ and ΍ (we will learn more on this later). The long vowel alif (Ρ), which is pronounced as a long aa, is written from top to bottom.

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

9 ΍ Ώ˰ Ώ˰ ΍

This is how the letter Ρ is handwritten:

Calligraphic image of the letter պ

The ˱ is a long vowel. It is similar to the English pronunciation oo as in

µNRRPB¶

պ վ˰ վ˰ պ

This is how the letter ˱ is handwritten:

Calligraphic image of the letter ϱ

The ˵ is a long vowel. It sounds like ee and is similar in pronunciation to

POH (QJOLVO RRUG µVPUHHPB¶

Sounds and Letters Section 1

10 ϱ ˱˰ ˰˳˰ ˰˲

This is how the letter ˵ is handwritten:

Again, to repeat, the Ρ sounds like aa, the ˱ sounds like oo, and the ˵ sounds like ee.

These three vowels have different abilities to connect with other letters. The ˵ is a connector that connects on both sides, but the vowels Ρ and ˱ are not

con nectors (they do not connect on the left side). When they fall in the middle of the word, the letter after the Ρ or˱ must be written in the initial position. Look at the shapes and examples of the vowels (˵ ˱ Ρ). Read aloud. ϱ պ ΍

Example Shape Example Shape Example Shape

˲ΓΏ ˰˷ պΓ΍ ˱ ΍Γ Ρ Ι˰˳˰ΓΏ ˰˸˰ ˰ΙվΩ ˲˰ ΙΏ˰ΕΙΥ˰

Ν˰˳ ˰Ι˱˰ ˶˰ Ιվ˰Ιվ ˲˰ Ν˰˲պΏ˰ Υ˰

ϙվ˰Ιϱ ˵ ϙվΙպ ˱ ϝ˰˳˰Ι΍ Ρ ™ Drill 1: Copy. Pronounce the letters and each word as you write. ν˰˸έΥέ ____ ΩΥέ _____ ˲ έ˲έ _____ Ϋ ˸έ ____ ΥέΥέ _____ Ω ____

Υρ˲ρ

_____ ιΥρ _____ ˲ ρ˲ρ _____ ν˸ρ ____ ΥρΥρ _____ ι ____

ΎΑΎΗϮΛ

_____ ΙΎΛ _____ ˲ΛϮΛ _____ ύϴΛ _____ ΎΛΎΛ _____ ω ____

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

11 Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

Ϋ˰ ˸ ˰έ ˶έ Ω ˲ έ ˲˰έ ΩΥέ Υέ ν˰˸ ˰ρ ˶ρ ι˲ ρ ˲˰ρ ιΥρ Υρ ύ˰˸ ˰Λ ϲΛ ω˲Λ Ϯ˰Λ ωΥΛ ΎΛ ™ Activity 2: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

˶ ˰Λ Ϯ˰Λ Ύ˰Λ ˶ ˰ρ ˲˰ρ Υ˰ρ ˶ ˰έ ˲˰έ ˰έΥ

˶ ˰Μ˰˸ ˰Λ ˲Λ˲Λ ΥΛΥΛ ˶ ˰υ˰˸ ˰ρ ˲ ρ˲ ρ ΥρΥρ ˶ ί˰˸ ˰έ ˲ έ˲ έ ΥέΥέ

ύ˸Λ ω˲Λ ωΥΛ ν˰˸ ˰ρ ι˲ ρ ιΥρ ν˰˸ ˰έ ι˲ έ ιΥέ

™ Drill 2: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write. _________ _________ __________ _________ _________ ________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ ™ Drill 3: Copy. Pronounce the letters and each word as you write. ωΥέ _____ ιΥρ _____ ΙΎΛ _____ ˲έω _____ ΩΥέ _____ ΍ ____

˲ έΥρ

_____ ΩϮΛ _____ ι˲ρ _____ Υρ˲ρ _____ ω˲έ _____ պ ____

Sounds and Letters Section 1

12 έΥ˷˶

_____ ν˰˸˰ρ _____ Υ˰Μ˰ϴ˰Λ _____ ν˸έ _____ ˷˲ι _____ ϱ ____ ™ Drill 4: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write. ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ____________

IV. The Short Vowels:

fatha, damma, kasra ΩΏՂϭΤՊ΍Ρϭ˴ՄՊ΍պΥ̟௼ϟ΍ϭΔΤΘϔՊ΍

In addition to the three long vowels (˵ ˱ Ρ), there are also three short vowels. These short vowels are not letters. They are signs placed above or NHORR POH OHPPHUVB 7OHLU SURQXQŃLMPLRQ LV HTXMO PR OMOI POH ORQJ YRRHOV¶ pronunciation. These short vowels are fatha ( ˰˴˰˰), damma( ˰˵˰˰), and kasra

( ˰˶˰˰). Each short vowel corresponds to a long vowel: fatha corresponds to Ծ՞ԺΡ, damma corresponds to ˱ Ρ˲ ՞Ρ, and kasra corresponds to ˯Υ˸ ՞Ρ.

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

13 Fatha - ¥ΤίԨՊ΍

 

The fat

ha (˰˴˰˰) is a sign placed above a letter to represent the short vowel a. The combination of the letter Ω and the fatha sign (˰˴˰˰) above it is pronounced˴Ωµba.¶ 7OH ORQJ YRRHO alif (Ρ) represents the long vowel aa. Thus, the combination of the letter Ω and the long vowel Ρ is pronounced Υέ

µNMMB¶

™ Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat. ˴ιΥ˰ρΥ˰ρ˴˰ρ˴ΩΥ˴έΥ˰έ˴˰έ ˴˱ Ρ˱Ρ˱˴˱˴ωΥΛΎ˰Λ ˴˰Λ ˲ έΥέΥέΥέΩΥέ˱ ˱ Ρ˱˵ ˱ Ρ˱ Ρ˱ Ρ˱ ™

Drill 1: Copy.

Υέ _____ ˴ω _____ ˴ι _____ ˴Ω _____

Λ˰˰˴Ϋ ˰˴˸

_____ ˴ι˴˲˰˴ έ _____ ˰˰˴˷˴ΩΥ _____ ˰˰˴˷Υ _____ ™

Sounds and Letters Section 1

14 Damma - Υ̟௼Պ΍



The damma(˰˵˰˰) is a sign placed over a letter to represent the short vowel u. The combination of the letter Ω plus the damma sign (˰˵˰˰) is pronounced˵Ω µbu,¶ MV LQ µSXPB¶ 7OH ORQJ YRRHO ˱ represents the long vowel uu. Thus, the combination of the letter Ω plus the long vowel ˱ is pronounced ˲ ˰έ µNXX¶ MV

LQ µbootB¶

™ Activity 2: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat. ˲ ˵έ˲ ˵έ˵Ω ˲ ˵έ˲˰έ ˵˰έ ρ˲ ˰˵˰ρ˵˰˲˵ι˲ ˰˵˰ρ˲˰ρ ˵˰ρ Λ ˲˵˰ ˰Λ˵˰˲˵ω˲ ˵˰˰ΛϮ˰Λ ˵˰Λ ˲ ˵˷ ˲ ˰˵˰˷˵˵˲˰˵ ˰˷˲ ˰˵˷˵˵ ™

Drill 2: Copy.

˰˵˷ι˲ ______ ˵έ˲˰ι ______ ˵ω _____ ˵ι _____ ˵Ω _____

Ω ˲˰˵ ˰υ˰˴˷

_____ ΥέΩ _____ ι˲˰˵έ _____ ˵ιΥ˴ί˴˰Λ _____ ˴ΏΎΛ _____ ™

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

15 Kasra - Ρϭ˴ՄՊ΍



The kasra (˰˶˰˰)is a sign placed below a letter to represent the short vowel i.

The combination of the letter Ω and the kasra sign (˰˶˰˰) LV SURQRXQŃHG µbi¶ MV

LQ µbLPB¶ 7OH ORQJ YRRHO ˵ represents the long vowel ee. Thus, the combination of the letter Ω and the long vowel ˵ is pronounced ˶ ˰έ µNHH¶ MV

LQ µNHMGB¶

Activity 3: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat. ˵˱ ϲΛ ˶ω ˶ι ˶έ ˶Ω

˶Μ˰˸ ˰Λ υ˸ έ˶ ˱˵ΩΡ Ρ˱˱˵ ˶˰˰ έΥ˴έ ˰ρι˲ ˰˴˷ΛΎ˶ ˶ ˰ρΥ˷

™

Drill 3: Copy.

˶ν˴˰έ _____ ˶ω _____ ˶ι _____ ˶Ω _____

˰˰˴˷ΩΥ

_____ ˶ωΥέ _____ ˷ωΥ _____ Υέι _____

Sounds and Letters Section 1

16 V. Sukuun Պ΍^~õððDðô

˰ððøððððð

Sukuun (ն˲ ՖԸ) PHMQV µVLOHQŃHB¶ HP LV M VLJQ SOMŃHG MNRYH M OHPPHU PR LQGLŃMPH

the absence of any vowel. For example the letter Ω VRXQGV µNM¶ with fatha, µNX¶ with damma MQG µNL¶ with kasra. But with sukuun POH µN¶ OMV QR vowels. Drill 1: See the short vowels and sukuun. Repeat out loud. ˴˱ ˴ω ˴ι ˴Ω ˰˰˴˰˰˰ ˵˱ ˵ω ˵ι ˵Ω ˰˰˵˰˰˰ ˶ω ˶ι ˶Ω ˰˰˶˰˰˰ ˸˱ ˸ω ˸ι ˸Ω ˰˰˸˰˰˰ ™

Drill 2: Copy and read aloud as you write.

˸ι˲˰˵έ _____ ˸ω _____ ˸ι _____ ˸Ω _____

˵έ˵ι˲˰

_____ ˸ΙΎΜ˰˴έ _____ ˸ιΥ˴ί˴˰Λ ____ ˰˴˷Υ˵˱ ____ ™ Drill 3: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write. _______ _______ ______ ______

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

17 _______ _______ _______ _______

™ Drill 4: Join the letters into words. Include the vowels. ι ˸˵ ˴Ω 6 ˸ω ˱ ˵ω ˵Ω 1 ˴Ω Ρ ˴ι 7 ˵ι ˱ ˵ι 2 ˵Ω Ρ ˴Ω 8 ˵ ˶Ω ˸˱ ˴ω 3 ˵ Ρ ˴˱ E ˵ι ˶Ω Ρ ˴ω 4 ˵ Ω Ρ Ω 10 ˸ι ˱ ˵˵ ˵Ω 5 ™ Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

Υ˰˴έΥ˰˴έ ˲ ˵έΥ˰˴έ ˶ έΥ˰˴έ ˵ΩΥ˰˴έ ˴έ˸˸˵ν ˸ι˲ ˵έ ˸ιΥ˴έ

˵ν˰έΥ˰Λ ˵ιΥ˴έ ι˲ ˵ί˰˵˰˰Λ Ρ˱Λ˶ έ˵ ˱ Υ Ρ˲ ˴έέ˶ ˶ ˰˰˶ρ˲ ˰˵˸ ˰˵έ

˴ΩΥ˰Λ ˰Λ˴˰έ˸˲ ˰˶ ˶Ω ˸˲ ˴˰˰Λ ˴Ω ˸˲ ˴˰˰Λ ˵Ω ˸˲ ˴˰˰Λ ˸ΩΥ˰˴˸ ˰˶Λ ˸ΩΡ˴˲ ˴˰˰Λ

Love - Ε˵Τϟ΍

Sounds and Letters Section 1

18 Unit Two Υ˳զΏνՊ΍ΡϝΣվ˰Պ΍

I. Letters ϡ ϙ

Calligraphic image of the letter ϙ

The letter ϯ sounds similar to the English letter d. The difference is that the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth to pronounce properly. ϙ ϝ˰ ϝ˰ ϙ

This is how the handwritten letter looks:

™ Drill 1: Copy and read aloud as you write. Read aloud. ϯΡϯ ______ ˶ϯ ______ ˵ϯ ______ ˴ϯ ______ ˸ϯ ______

˸ωΡϯ

______ ˴Ϋ ˰˴˷˴ ϯ ______ ˴ϱ˰˸˸˰˴ έ ______ ˵ϯ˲˰˵ έ ______ ϱ˷ϯ ______

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

19 ˴˱ ˴ϱ˴έ

______ Υέ˱ϯ ______ ˱ ϯ˱ϯ ______ ˵ϯ˵ι˱ ______ Υί˷ϯ ______

Calligraphic image of the letter ϡ

The letter ˱ represents the same sound of the voiced English th MV LQ µPOLVB¶ Both letters ϯ and ˱ are not connectors (they do not connect on the left side). Therefore, when they are in a middle position the letter that follows must be in the initial position. Both letters are similar in writing and have the same shape. The only difference between them is the dot on the top of the letter ˱. ϡ ϥ˰ ϥ˰ ϡ

This is how the handwritten ˱ looks:

Look at the shapes and examples of letters ϯ and ˱. Read aloud. ϡ ϙ

Example Shape Example Shape

ϡΓ΍ ˱ ϙΓ΍ ϯ

˰Ιϥպϡ ˲˰ ˵˰Ιϝպϙ ϱ˰ ˰˳˰Ιϥ ˲˰ ˳˰Ιϝ˰ ϱ˰

ΏΙϡ ˱ ΏΙϙ ϯ

Sounds and Letters Section 1

20 Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat.

˶ϱ˰˷ ϯ˵ϯ˱ ϯ ˴ϯΡϯ ˶ϯ ˵ϯ ˴ϯ

˵ϯΡϯ ˵ϯΥέ˱ ˵ϯ˸˱ ˴ϯ ˵ ϱ˷ϯ ˱ ϯ˱ϯ ΡϯΡϯ

˵˱Ρ ˱ ˱ ˱ ˱ ˱Ρ˱ ˶˱ ˵˱ ˴˱ ˵˱ ˱˱ ˵ΩΥέ˵˱ ˵ ˲˷˱ ˱ ˱˱˱ Ρ˱Ρ˱ ™ Drill 2: Copy. Pronounce the letters and each word as you write. ˲ ˰˵έ ______ ˲ ˰˴έ ______ ˱˱ ______ Ρ˱ ______ ˵ ˶˱ ______

˲ ˰˰˴˷

______ ˶˲ ˰˰˴˷ ______ ˶˱Υ˰˴˰˷ ______ ˵ϯΥέ ______ ˵ ˲˷ ˱ ______

˵ ˱˱ ϯ

______ Ρ˱Ρ˱ ______ ˵ ˱˲ ˰˴˷ ______ ˵ϯΡϯ˴˱ ______ ˵ ˶ϯΡ˲˰˴έ ______ ™ Drill 3: Join the letters into words and include all the vowels. ˵ ϯ ˵ ϯ 6 ˵ϯ ˱ Ρ ˴ϯ 1 ˴Ω Ρ ˱ 7 ϯ ˱ ˵ϯ 2 ˴ϯ Ρ ˴Ω 8 Ω ˱ ˱ 3 ˵ ˶ϯ Ρ ˴˱ E Ω Ρ ˴Ω ˵˱ 4 Ρ Ω Ρ Ω 10 ϯ ˵ Ω 5 ™

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

21 Drill 4: Copy the following handwritten words. Read aloud as you write.

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

II. Letters ϯ ϩ

Calligraphic image of the letter ϩ

The Arabic consonant ˳ is not like the English r. It is produced by a quick succession of several flaps with the tip of the tongue turned back. It is VLPLOMU LQ SURQXQŃLMPLRQ PR POH 6SMQLVO µU¶ MV LQ µcaro¶ H[SHQVLYHB ϩ ϭ˰ ϭ˰ ϩ

This is how the handwritten ˳ looks:

Sounds and Letters Section 1

22 Drill 1: Copy and read aloud as you write.

˳ Ρ˳ ______ ˳ ______ ˵˳ ______ ˴˳ ______ ˸˳ ______

ΥέΡ˳

______ ˱ ˳˱˳ ______ ˴Ϋ˰˴ ˷˴ ˳ ______ ˵˳˸ ˱˴ ˳ ______ ˷˳˴ ______

Calligraphic image of the letter ϯ

The Arabic consonant ˵ is pronounced like the English z MV LQ µ]RRB¶ ϯ ϱ˰ ϱ˰ ϯ

This is how the handwritten ˵ looks:

Drill 2: Copy and read each word aloud.

ϱ˰˸˷˴ ˵ ______ ˴˷˵ ______ ˱˵ ______ Ρ˵ ______ ˵˵ ______

˵Υέ

______ ˶˷˵ ______ ˵˵˸˸˳ ______ ˳˱˵ ______ Ρ˵Ρ˵ ______

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

23 Both letters ˳ and ˵ do not connect on the left side. They are like the non-

connector letters ϯ ˱ ΍ and ˱; when they are in a middle position they must be followed by a letter written in the initial position. Both ˳ and ˵ are similar in writing and have the same shape. The only difference between the two letters is the dot on top of ˵. While the ϯ and ˱ turn down and finish along the line, the tail of the letters ˳ and ˵ is below the line. Compare the shapes and examples of the letters ˳ and ˵. Read aloud. ϯ ϩ

Example Shape Example Shape

ϯΓ΍ ˵ ϩΓ΍ ˳

˵Ιϱ˰պϯ ˶˰ ˵˰Ιϭպϩ ˴˰ ˳˰Ιϱ˰ ˶˰ ˳˰Ιϭ˰ ˴˰

ΏΙϯ ˵ ΏΙϩ ˳

™ Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat. ˴ ˰˷ ˳˳ ˱ ˳ ˳Ρ˳ ˵˳ ˴˳

˵˳Ρ ˳ Υέ˱ ˵˳ ˵˳ ˸˱ ˴˳ ˵ ˴˷ ˳ ˱ ˳ ˱ ˳ Ρ˳Ρ˳

˵˵Ρ ˵ ˵ ˱ ˵ ˵Ρ˵ ˵˵ ˴˴˵

˵˵ ˱˵ Υέ˳ ˱ ˵˵ ˵ ˶˷ ˵ ˱ ˵ ˱ ˵ Ρ˵Ρ˵

™

Sounds and Letters Section 1

24 Drill 3: Join the letters into words and include all vowels.

˴˳ Ρ ˴˵ 6 ˳ Ρ ˳ 1 ˴Ω Ρ ˱ 7 ˵ ˱ ˳ 2 ˴ϯ Ρ ˵ 8 ˳ ˸˱ ˴˵ 3 ˵ Ρ ˵ E ˵ Ρ ˴Ω 4 ι Ρ ˵ 10 ˵ ˵ ˵ 5 ™ Drill 4: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write. ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

III. Letters Υ Ρ Á

Calligraphic image of the letterρ

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

25 The letter Ν is pronounced like the English letter µj¶ MV LQ µÓXGJHB¶ However,

there is a slight variation in the pronunciation. The pronunciation of the

letter Ν is found in a mix of the (QJOLVO OHPPHUV µj¶ MV LQ µÓXGJH¶ µV¶ MV LQ

µSOHMVXUH¶ and µ]¶ MV LQ µM]XUHB¶ HQ PRVP SMUPV RI (J\SP Ν LV SURQRXQŃHG µJ¶ MV

LQ µJLUOB¶

ρ υ˰ ˰ύ˰ ˰ω

See how the letter is handwritten:

Drill 1: Copy and read each word aloud.

ϲΟΡϯ ______ ΝέϮΟ ______ ϮΟ ______ ˵ ˳ΥΟ ______ ΎΟ ______

Calligraphic image of the letter Ρ

The letter ϑ has no equivalent in English. It is a voiceless consonant, in which the vocal cords do not vibrate. The h in English is closest in sound to the letter ϑ. The ϑ LV UHIHUUHG N\ VPXGHQPV MV POH µNLJ O¶ NHŃMXVH LP LV VLPLOMr to the letter µO¶ NXP VPMUPV IXUPOHU NMŃN LQ POH POURMPB Ρ ΢˰ ˰Τ˰ ˰Σ

Sounds and Letters Section 1

26 See how the letter is handwritten:

™

Drill 2: Copy.

˶ϙ Ρϯ ______ ι˲ϙ ______ ˲ϙ ______ ϯΥϙ ______ Υϙ ______

Calligraphic image of the letter Υ

The letter ϡ has no equivalent in English. HP LV VLPLOMU PR POH *HUPMQ µŃO¶ MV LQ µBMŃOB¶ HP LV IRUPHG LQ POH XYXOM MQG POH NMŃN RI POH PRQJXHB Υ ˰˰ ˰ϕ˰ ˰ϑ

See how the letter is handwritten:

Drill 3: Copy.

˶ϩ Ρϯ ______ ˳ ˲ϩ ______ ˲ϩ ______ ϡ Υϩ ______ ϩΥ ______

Section 1 Sounds and Letters

27 Compare the shapes and examples of the letters ϡ ϑ and Ν.

Υ Ρ ρ

Example Shape Example Shape Example Shape

ϑϩΏ ˰ϩ ΣϩΏ ˰ϙ ωϩΏ ˰Ο Ιϕϭ˰ ˰ϭ˰ ΙΤϭ˰˰ ˰ϝ˰ Ι˰ύϭ˰ ˰˰ ˰ ˰˲ϙ˰ ϥ˰ ˰˲ϙ΢ ϕ˰ ˰˲ϙυ Ξ˰ ΍ϙΥ ϡ ΍ϙΡ ϑ ωΏρ Ν ™ Activity 1: Read each word aloud then click, listen, and repeat. Ν˳˲ Ο ϮΟΎΟ Ν˲έ Ω ˲Ο ΩΥΟ ΎΟ ˴έ˸ϝ˴˰ ˶ ϙΥϙ ϑ˲ ρ ι˲ ϙ ιΥϙ Υϙ ˵ ˳ ˲ ϩ ˶ ϭ˸ ϩ ϡ ˲Λ ω˲ ˰ϩ ωΥϩ Υϩ ™ Drill 4: Join the letters into words and include all vowels. ˵ ˳ ˱ ˵ϡ 6 ˵ ˳ Ρ ˴Ν 1 Ω Ρ ˴ϑ ˴˳ 7 Ν ˳ ˱ ˵Ν 2 ˴ω ˴˳ ˴ϑ 8 ι ˱ ˵ϑ 3 ˵˳ ˸˵ ˴ϡ E ˳ ˵ ˶Ω ˴ϡ 4 ˴ϑ Ρ ˴˳ 10 Ν Ρ ˴Ν ˴ϯ 5 ™

Sounds and Letters Section 1

28 Drill 5: Copy the handwriting style below and read aloud as you write.

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

Passion - ΔΒΤϣ

Section Two Ֆ˴Ծ Պ΍˱ զΏνՊ΍ 

Lessons 1 - 21

Arabic calligraphy: Knowledge is light - ˳˲ϥ ժϠόϟ΍ 88

Lesson One

Where Are You From?

Figure 1

.1 - Claremont McKenna College, California

Section 2 Lesson 1

89 Lesson One Contents

Vocabulary - ιΡϯ˴ϔղ՞Ρ

Words and Expressions - ιΥղբՒ ˴˸έΎόρ˱ Basic Text - ˶ ԸΥԸԺ Ρ௼ ϥ՞Ρ ™Ilham and Abdulaziz - f¥ñ^ ϱί̄˱ ˶ ˷ ˶ό՞Ρ Gr ammar - ϱ̄Ρ˲Ո՞Ρ

1.The Definite Article - αΡϯ΃ Ծ ˷ήόυ՞Ρ

Activity 1

2.Gender of Nouns - ˴Ւ˲ղ՞Ρ ύϥΉղ՞Ρ˱

Activity 2

3.Independent Personal Pronouns - ˴ΙΥղο Հ˴՞Ρ εբ௾ϔϨղ՞Ρ

Activity 3

Comprehension Text - ΏΎό˸υԸϝ΍Ρ ժϬϔ՞Ρ ™Are You a Student? -ˮΫ՞Υσνϥ΃̟ϯ IHP¶V 6SHMN $UMNLŃ - ΔΛΩΥϝղ՞Ρ

™Food - զΥό˽՞Ρ

Window into Arab Culture - ϥծ εՀΥՈΜϟ΍ ε˸έήό՞Ρ ™Arabic Love Poems - ϱΙΥ௾Ն Ϋϙ ε˸ έ˴ ̄ 

Lesson 1 Section 2

90 Ω ΍ϙϭԨ̟Պ΍

Vocabulary

how Ւ˴˰˸˸˰˴Ծ what ˴ծΥ from ˸ϥ˶ծ Definite Article ˰՞Ρ where ˸˷ ΃˰˴ϥ hello ˴ծ˸˴˴ϙ˱Υί in ˶Հ˶ name ˶Ρ˸Ը˰˲ժ yes ϥ˴˰˴όժ my name ˶Ρ˸Ը˰˶ղ˶ student (m.s.) ˶՞Υσ˲Ϋ I Υϥ΃ student (f.s.) ˶՞Υσ˰˴ίε˲ you (m.s.) ˴νϥ΃ what ˴ծΡ˱Υ you (f.s.) ˶νϥ΃ but ՞˰˶Ֆ˰˸ϥ and ˴˱ okay, agreeable Ϋ ˶˸σ thank you ˵மՖ˸˰˱Ρ˴ state ˱˴˷ϻε I go ˴ϯ˱΃˵Ϋ

big, large ˴ ˸ ί˴˰Ւα˴˸ ί˴˰Ւprofessor ˱ΥυԸ΃α˱ΥυԸ΃

kind Ծ˸˽ ˴˰՞- Δϔϴτ˴˰՞teacher ˷˶ ˳˴ ϱ˵ծεԸ˶˳˴ ϱ˵ծ

city εϥ˷ ϱ˴ծInterrogative

Particle ˴ϯ˰˸̟

M ΩΏ̟ՎՂ έպíó™ÿ

Words and Expressions

Welcome! Hello! ˸ϯ΃ϼ ˴˱˴Ը˸ϱϼ

So long! ˴՞΍ ˯ΥՈբ՞Ρ

good-bye ˴ծ˴̃ ˴Թ՞ΡΔϣϼ What is your (m.s.) name? Υծ ˸ԸΡ˵ղˮ˴Վ What is your (f.s.) name? Υծ ˸ԸΡ˵ղˮ˶Վ How are you? Ւ˴˰˸˸˰˴Ծ ˴ϝ՞Ρˮ˵՚Υ

very good, praise be to God ˴ϭέ˸˸˰ˬ˴ ˴ϝ՞Ρ˸ղ˰˵ϱ Ϳ

delighted, honored ρ˴˰˴ய˴˴Հ˸˰Υϥ excellent ˵ծ˸ղ˰˵ Υυ ˵ծ˸ղ˰α˵Υυ

Section 2 Lesson 1

91 Where are you (m.s.) from? ˶ծ˸ϥ ˸˷ ΃˰˴ϥ ϥ΃˸˰ˮ˴ν

Where are you (f.s.) from? ˶ծ˸ϥ ˸˷ ΃˴ϥ ˮ˶νϥ΃ the state of California ˱S˴˷ϻε ϥ˳ ˲ϔ˸ ՞ΥՒΥ˸

United States of America ˲ ՞ΡS˴˷ϻ˵ιΥ ˵ղ՞Ρυ˴˰˶ϝ˴ϱα ˸ծԺ Ρ˶Ֆ˷ ˴˰˴˸ε

I study economics Υϥ΃ ˸ϯ΃˵˳˵˷ ϝ΍Ն˰˶υ˴௾ϯΥ

Are you a student (m.s.)? ˴ϯ˰˸̟ ˴νϥ΃ ˶՞Υσ˲Ϋˮ Are you a student (f.s.)? ˴ϯ˸̟ ˶νϥ΃ ˶՞Υσ˰˴ίˮε What do you (m.s.) study? Ρ˱Υծ ρ˴˰˸ϱ˵˳ˮ˵˷ What do you (f.s.) study? Ρ˱Υծ ρ˴˰˸ϱ˵˳˶Ը˰ˮ˴ϥ˸

international relations ˵ιΥϗϼ˴ό՞Ρ ˶՞˴˱ ˵ϱ՞Ρ˰ε˴˸

I am in a hurry Υϥ΃ ˴̄բ˴˴˰˴ εբ˴˰ ˴̄ I am sorry (m.s.) Υϥ΃ ˶Ը΁˰Ծ I am sorry (f.s.) ΃Υϥ ˶Ը΁˰Δϔ I must go now ˴˷˰˶˰˵Ϋ ˸ն΃ ˴ϯ˱΃˴Ϋ ˴նԸΡ

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ՞Ρ˴ղ˸ղբ˴˰Ֆ˴˰ε ˴ό՞Ρ˴˴˴˸ έε ˵ό˵Թ՞Ρ˶ϯ˲˴˷ε

Jordan ˸˳ԺΡ˵ϯ˵ն

English literature ˴ϯԺΡ˵Ω ϥமΡ˸˰˶բՖ˰˵ ˶˸

God -Ϳ΍

Lesson 1 Section 2

92 ˱˳Ώ˳ ϝ΃Թ ժՊ΍ϱ˲ϱ˿Պ΍ϝΝ˾պՒΏ̧Պ·

Basic Text: Ilham and Abdulaziz

ՒΏ̧Պ· ˴ծ˸˴˴ϙ˴ί˰˱ΥϝΝ˾ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ ˴ծ˸˴˴ϙί˴˰˰Υì ˸ϯ΃ϼ ˴˱˴Ը˸ϱϼ

ՒΏ̧Պ· Υծ ˸ԸΡ˰ˮ˴Վ˵ղ

ϝΝ˾ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ Υϥ΃ ˸ԸΡ˰˶ղ˶ ϱί̄ ˶ϳΰόϟΡ ˶νϥ΃˱ Υծ ˸ԸΡ˰ˮ˶Վ˵ղ

ՒΏ̧Պ· Υϥ΃˸ԸΡ˶ղ˶ զΥϱ՞΍

ϝΝ˾ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ ρ˴˰˴ய˰˴˴Հ˸˰ϥ˴˰ˬΥ Ւ˴˰˸˸˰˴Ծ ˴ϝ՞Ρˮ˵՚Υ

ՒΏ̧Պ· Υϥ΃ έ˶˰˴ϭ˰˸˸˰ˬ˴ ˴ϝ՞Ρ˰˸ղ˰˵ϱ ˶Ϳˬ ˴˱Ւ˴˰˸˸˰˴Ծ ˴ϝ՞Ρ˰˵՚Υˮ

ϝΝ˾ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ ˴ϝ՞Ρ˸ղ˰˵ϱ ˬͿ ˵ծ˸ղ˰ˬ˵ Υυ ˵மՖ˰˸˰˴˱Ρ

ՒΏ̧Պ· ˶ծ˰˸ϥ ˸˷΃˰˴ϥ ˮ˴νϥ΃

ϝΝ˾ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ Υϥ΃ ˶ծϥ ˴ղ՞Ρ˸ղբ˴˰Ֆ˴˰˶ε ˴όϟ΍˴˴˴˸έ˶ε ˵ό͊Թ՞Ρ˶ϯ˲˴˷ˬ˶ε ˴˱˸ϥ˶ծ ˴ϥ˸˷΃ ˮ˶νϥ΃

ՒΏ̧Պ· Υϥ΃ ˶ծ˴˷ϝ΍˲ Ρϥ˶ιΥ ˵ղ՞Ρυ˴˰˶ϝ˴ϱ˶α ˸ծԺΡ˶Ֆ˷˴˰˴˸˶ε

ϝΝ˾ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ ˶ծ˸ϥ ˶˵΃ ˴˷ϝ΍˰˳ε ˮ˶νϥ΃

ՒΏ̧Պ· Υϥ΃ ˶ծ˸ϥ ˱˴ϳϻ˰˶ε Υ˸ϥ˳Ϯϔ˸՞ΥՒ

ϝΝ˾ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ ˶ծ˸ϥ ˶˵΃ ˴ծ˶ϱϥ˷˴˰ˮ˳ε

ՒΏ̧Պ· Υϥ΃ ˶ծ˸ϥ ˴ծ˶εϥ˷ϱ ΥυϥΥԸ ΥՖ˸ϥ˲ծ B̟ϯ ˴νϥ΃ ˶ϟΎσ˰ˮ˲Ϋ

ϝΝ˾ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍: ϥôð˴όˬժ Υϥ΃ ˶ϟΎσ˰ò" ˶Ֆ՞øåì Υϥ΃ ˶Ը΁ðìò> Υϥ΃ ˴̄ôb ˬε˴˰բ˴˰˴ ̄ ˴˷ðöðõ" ˸ն΃ ˴ϯ˱΃ô" ˴նԸΡ

ՒΏ̧Պ· ˬΫ ˶ϴσ ˴ ՞΍ ˶˯ΥՈբ՞Ρ

ϝΝ˾ Պ΍ϱ˲ ϱ˿ ˴ ՞΍ ˶˯ΥՈբ՞Ρˬ ˴ծ˴̃ ˴ծϝ΍˴Թ՞Ρ˶ε

Section 2 Lesson 1

93 ϝ˾΍վԾՊ΍

Grammar

1. The Definite Article - ˰ϥ΍Ñò¯É¯å¡©ƒ

The definite article in Arabic is ˰՞Ρ, and it is written as the prefix of the word

it modifies. For example, an indefinite word like εϥ˷ ϱծ µM ŃLP\¶ NHŃRPHV

definite εϥ˷ ϱղ՞Ρ µPOH ŃLP\¶ ROHQ SUHIL[HG N\ ˰՞Ρ. All words with ˰՞Ρ are definite, but there are words without ˰՞Ρ that are also definite. These include all proper nouns, names of cities, and names of

countries. For example ˬժԸ ΥΟ ˬժ˷ ˳ ˬι˱˴ ˸ έ ˴ ௾ ծ are all definite without the

definite article. Later, we will learn that nouns without the definite article become definite in the idafa Ρ®µ@¥ο construction. Activity 1: Change all the indefinite nouns to definite by adding the definite article. Listen and speak aloud. ՞ΡΫ ՞Υ˽ = Ϋ՞Υσ +˰՞Ρ ՞Ρεί՞Υ˽ = εί՞Υσ +˰՞Ρ

ϝ΍ժԸ = ժԸΡ +˰՞Ρ

՞Ρ՚Υϝ = ՚Υϙ +˰՞Ρ ՞Ρεϥ˷ ϱղ = εϥ˷ ϱծ +˰՞Ρ ՞Ρε˷ ϝ΍ = ε˷ϻ˱ +˰՞Ρ ™

2. Gender of Nouns - Ι˴΅˱ ϥ΍ϭίϙΫ˱ ϥ΍

Arabic nouns are either masculine or feminine. Arabic has no neutral gender. The gender of each Arabic word must be learned and memorized. In general, the feminine noun is formed from the masculine noun by adding the feminine suffix (α) at the end of the word, such as:

Lesson 1 Section 2

94 Fem. Noun/Adjective Masc. Noun/Adjective

ί՞Υσε Ϋ՞Υσ

˱ΥυԸ΃α ˱ΥυԸ΃

բ˸ ղΟε ̟˸ ղΟ

˴˸ ίՒα ˴ ˸ ίՒ

While it is very common to use the feminine suffix (α) to derive a feminine noun from a masculine noun, there are some words that do not follow this pattern. For example, some nouns are feminine without having the

feminine suffix, such as ˲զ΃ µPRPOHU¶ MQG νϩ΃ µVLVPHU.¶ 7OHUH MUH MOVR IHPLQLQH

nouns with no masculine counterpart such as ˶ϥ΁ô9µ µ0LVV¶ MQG PMVŃXOLQH

nouns with no feminine counterpart like ˴ծ΍f¥ µHPMPB¶ Many parts of the body that occur in pairs are feminine without a feminine

suffix, as in ˴̄øøòå µH\H¶ MQG ˴˷ðñ µOMQGB¶ There are also words that are feminine

by usage, as in ˳ Υϥ µILUH¶ MQG ˴ϙøô© µRMUB¶ The feminine suffix (α) could occur in words which do not have a masculine

form, as in εϥ˷ ϱծ µŃLP\¶ and in words that are masculine, as in εϔϴբϩ µŃMOLSOB¶

Words that end with Υ˰ï, as in ˴௽øÝï¡ô µGHVHUP,¶ or end in ˴˰, as in ˶˱óôR

µUHPHPNUMQŃH,¶ MUH XVXMOO\ IHPLQLQHB

Learning the gender of Arabic nouns is important in order to speak and write correctly. Feminine nouns require feminine pronouns and feminine adjectives. Verbs that refer to a feminine subject must agree with the feminine gender as well. For example:

զΥϱ՞΍ εί՞Υσ ΃ε˸ Ֆ˷ ˴ծ ˶ ϯ˱ ˷ ˳ϱρ ε˸έήό՞ΡεԻբ՞Ρ

Ilham a student (f.s.) an American

(f.s.) and she she studies the Arabic language Ilham is an American student; she studies the Arabic language Similarly, masculine nouns are replaced by masculine pronouns and are modified by masculine adjectives. Naturally, the verbs that refer to a masculine subject must agree with the masculine gender as well.

Section 2 Lesson 1

95 Names of cities are all feminine, and names of countries are almost all

feminine with a few exceptions: Ղ Ρήό՞Ρ µHUMT¶ Ω˴Իղ ՞Ρ µ0RURŃŃR¶ նΥϥί՞

µIHNMQRQ¶ նϯ˳ԺΡ µ-RUGMQ¶ and նΡϯ˲Թ՞Ρ µ6XGMQ¶ are all masculine nouns.

(See Appendix for a full list of Arab countries and their capital cities.) We will learn the Arabic nouns and their genders as we progress. For now, OHP¶V OHMUQ ORR PR XVH POH IHPLQLQH VXIIL[ α) to derive a feminine noun from the corresponding masculine form.

Activity 2:

Change the masculine nouns to feminine nouns by adding the feminine suffix. ί՞Υσε = α +Ϋ՞Υσ ˵ծ˴ϱԸ˶ ˳ε = α +˵ծ˴ϱ˷ ˶˳ ˱ΥυԸ΃α = α +˱ΥυԸ΃ ˵Υυղծα = α +˵ծ˸ղ˵Υυ ˸ Ֆ˷ ˴ծ ΃ε = α +˶ Ֆ˷ ˴ծ ΃ ˸ υ˷ ˲ Ւε = α +˶ υ˷ ˲ Ւ

ϔϴ

˽՞ε = α +Ծ ˸ ˽՞

Figure 1.2 - Narrated by Abdulaziz Abu Sag and Dhekra Toumi

Lesson 1 Section 2

96 3. The Independent Nominative Personal Pronouns ϭΉΏ̟௻ ˽̅ϭՊ΍ΥՎ஭ Ԩժ̟Պ΍

Below is a complete chart of the independent nominative personal pronouns in the Arabic language. Some pronouns have not been introduced in this lesson but will be introduced in the next few chapters. It is best to learn all the independent nominative personal pronouns together. Activity 3: Repeat aloud all the pronouns and their examples. Example Pronoun Meaning

˶ բ̄˲ϯ ˵ϯ˴˲ He

ժ˷ ˳˶ϯ ˶ϯ˴˶ She

ϱղϝծ˱ ˶բ̄Υղϯ ˵ϯ˴ղΥ They (m. dual) ˷ ˳Υղϯժ˷ ˴ ծ˱ ժ ˵ϯ˴ղΥ They (f. dual)

ϱ՞Υϩ ˱ ϱղϝծ˱ ˶բ̄ժ˰ϯ ˵ϯ˸ժ˰ They (m. plural)

ε˰˷ΪΧϭΔϤσΥՀ˱ժ˷ ˳˴ ϥ˰ϯ ˵ϯ˴ϥ˰ They (f. plural)

՚ϯῩ˴ νϥ΃ ˴νϥ΃ You (m.s.) ժ˷ ˴ ծ˶νϥ΃ ˶νϥ΃ You (f.s.)

ϱղϝծ˱ ˶բ̄Υղυϥ΃ ϥ΃˸˰υ˵˰˴ղΥ You (m. dual)

εղσΥՀ˱ժ˷ ˳ Υղυϥ΃ ϥ΃˸˰υ˵˰˴ղΥ You (f. dual)

ϱղϙ΃˱ նΥ˽բԸ˱ ˶բ̄ժυϥ΃ ϥ΃˸˰υ˵˰ժ You (m. plural)

ε˰˷ ϱϩ ˱ΔϤσΎՀ˱ժ˷ ˳ ˴ϥυϥ΃ ϥ΃˸˰υ˵˰˴ϥ You (f. plural)

˶բ̄Υϥ΃ Υϥ΃ I

εղσΥՀ˱ ϱղϝծ˱˶բ̄˵ ϥϝϥ ˴ϥ˸ϝ˵ϥ We

Figure 1.3 - Narrated by Hala Nazzal and Faisal Al-Salloum

Section 2 Lesson 1

97 ΓΏ˿˳ί˳ϝ΍ պՖ̧ԨՊ΍ˮΕՊΏ௿Ϋզ΃Ոն

Comprehension Text: Are You a Student? Ρϭ˳՚΃ ˴ծ˸˴˴ϙ˴ί˰Υ

ՆϙΏ˾ Υίϙ˴ծì Υϥ΃ ˶ ղԸΡ ˴̄˶ϯΥˬ՚ Υϥ΃ ˴௽˶ϱ˵Մ˷ ˶ϱί̄ ˶ϳΰόϟΡΡϭ˳՚΃ ˬΥϥՀ˴ யρ Υϥ΃ ˬα˴˸ծ΃ Υϥ΃ εՈ˷ϱ௽ ˵ զΥϱ՞΍ B˴Ծ˸Ւ ˴ϝ՞Ρˮ˵՚Υ

ՆϙΏ˾ ˵ϱղϝ՞Ρ ˬͿ Υυղծˬ˵ ˴Ծ˸Ւ˱ ˴ϙ˶Վ՞Υˮ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ Υϥ΃ ˶Ծ՞΅έ ϩ˴˰˸˸˰ˬ˴ ˴ϝ՞Ρ˸ղ˰˵ϱ Ϳ ˶ծ˸ϥ ˸˷΃˰˴ϥ ˮ˴νϥ΃

ՆϙΏ˾ Υϥ΃ ˶ծϥ ν˷˲Ֆ՞Ρ ˶ծ˱ϥ ˴ϥ˷ ΃ ˮ˶νϥ΃

Ρϭ˳՚΃ Υϥ΃ ˶ծϥ ˶նϯ˳ ԺΡ ՆϙΏ˾ ˶ծ˸ϥ ˶˵΃ ˴ծˮ˳εϥ˷ϱ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ Υϥ΃ ˶ծ˸ϥ ˴ծϥ˷ϱ˴˰˶ε նΥ˰˴ղ˴̄

ՆϙΏ˾ ˴ϯ˰˸̟ ˶νϥ΃ ˮεί՞Υσ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ ϥ˴˰˴όˬժ Υϥ΃ ˬεί՞Υσ ˴ϯ˰˸̟ ˴νϥ΃ ˮ˲Ϋ՞Υσ

ՆϙΏ˾ Ϣόϧ Υϥ΃ ˶ϟΎσ˰˲Ϋ ˶՞˲Ւ˴Վ Ρ˱Υծ ρ˴˰˸ϱ˵˳˶Ը˰ˮ˴ϥ˸

Ρϭ˳՚΃ Υϥ΃ ˸ϯ΃˵˳˵˷ ˶ιΥՆϝ΍όϟ΍ ˵ϱ՞Ρ˴˱˶՞˰ε˴˸ ˴νϥ΃˱ Ρ˱Υծ ρ˴˰˸ϱ˵˳ˮ˵˷

ՆϙΏ˾ Υϥ΃ ˸ϯ΃˵˳˵˷ ˴ϯԺΡ˴Ω ˵˶˸բՖϥமΡ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ Υϥ΃ ˶Ը΁˰ˬΔϔ Υϥ΃ ˴ բ̄ ˬεբ˴˰˴ ̄ ˴˷˸˰˵Ϋ ˸ն΃ ˴ϯ˱΃˰˴Ϋ ˴նԸΡ

ՆϙΏ˾ ˶ϴσˬΫ ˶ϴσˬΫ ˴ ՞΍ բ՞Ρ˯ΥՈ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ ˴ ՞΍ ˶˯ΥՈբ՞Ρˬ ̃ծ ˴Թ՞Ρ˰˴ϣϼε

Lesson 1 Section 2

98 ϭ˳ΙΏ˿έպΩΏ̟ՎՂ

Words and Expressions

one thousand ΃՞˸˰˲Ծ I am very well ϩ ˶Ծ՞΅έΥϥ΃˴˰˸˸˰˴ ™ Drill 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the comprehension text.

՚ϯῩ ˲ϯ ŁŁŁŁŁϱί̄ ˶˷ΰό՞Ρ B˲ϯ ϥծ ŁŁŁŁŁ Bα˴˸ ծ΃ ˶ϯ εՈ˷ϱ௽ ŁŁŁŁŁ

˶ϯ˱ ϥծ ŁŁŁŁŁնΥ˷ղ̄ ˶Հ ŁŁŁŁŁ Bα˴˸ ծ΃ ˶ϯ εί՞Υσ ˬ ˶ϯ˱ ˷˳ ϱρ ŁŁŁŁŁB

՚ϯῩ ˲ϯ ŁŁŁŁŁՎ՞˲Ւ ˲ ϯ˱ ˷˳ ϱ˷ ŁŁŁŁŁ˶Հ ΥՖ˷ ˴ծ ΃.

™

Drill 2: Translate into English.

1  ν˷˲Ֆ՞Ρ˶Հν˷˲ Ֆ՞Ρεϥ˷ϱծϥծ˲ ϯ՚ϯῩ

2  ˶նϯ˳Ժ Ρ˶Հεϥ˷ϱծ˶ϯնΥ˴ղ̄

3  ˷ ϱ௽ ˲ ϯ՚ϯῩö÷ΰό՞Ρϱί̄Մ

4  ˵˶˸ բՖϥம Ρ˴Ω˴ ϯԺΡ˵˷˵ ˳˸ ϱ˴˷ ˲ ϯ˱ ˬΫ՞Υσ˲ ϯ՚ϯῩ

D  ˮΫ՞Υσ˴νϥ΃̟ϯ

6  ˮ˵˷ ˵˳ϱρΡ˱Υծ

7  ˮ˴νϥ΃˴ϥ˸˷ ΃˸ϥ˶ծ

8  ˶ε˷ϯ˲ό˵Թ՞Ρε˴˸ έ˴ό՞ΡεՖբ˸ղ˴ղ՞Ρϥ˶ծΥϥ΃

™

Drill 3: Translate into Arabic.

1. Ameera is Ilham's friend.

2. Ameera is a student; she studies international relations.

Section 2 Lesson 1

99 3. She is from the city of Amman in Jordan.

4. I am in a hurry.

5. I have to go now.

6. Hello, welcome.

7. What is your name?

8. I am from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

™ ΔΛΩΎΤ̟Պ΍

IHP¶V 6peak Arabic

Food - ՒΏ˿˴˰ఀՊ΍

Repeat aloud the following question:

What did you (m.s.) eat? Rƒ¡ñ¥nôðbøðîô½ What did you (f.s.) eat? Rƒ¡ñ¥nôðbøðîö½ 

Now repeat aloud the following answer:

I ate (the) hummus Ւ΃˴˰բ˸˰˵˵ϝ՞Ρ˵ν˵ղ௼

Next, repeat aloud the sentence and substitute the following words for ˵ϝ՞Ρõrü:

(the) falafel ϔϟΡ˴˰˶Հϼ˰̟ (the) cheese ˵˰ ՞Ρ˰˸ί˰ϥε (the) chicken ˴ϱ՞Ρ˴ΟΝΎ (the) cereal ˵ϝ՞Ρ˰˵ί˰Ω˲ (the) bread ϭ՞Ρ˰˵˰˸ί˰˶

Practice the dialogue with a classmate.

FRS\ULJOP ‹ 2011 KMOH 8QLYHUVLP\

Lesson 1 Section 2

100 Homework-Εω΍վՊ΍

1.Listen to the vocabulary and expressions. Repeat aloud after listening to

them in the basic text and the comprehension text.

2.Compose a simple dialogue between you and one of your friends. Turn it

in to your teacher after you present it in class.

3.Compose five sentences using vocabulary from the lesson.

΍վ̅ϩΏ˿ίՊՈΉΏΝԼպ˱ΏΙվ˿˷Ֆ ՂΏժՎ˿ωպ

And we made you into nations and tribes so you get to know each other

Section 2 Lesson 1

101 ¥ó™íÿJ¥>½JbZ

Window into Arab Culture

Arabic Love Poems

Figure 1.4 - Nizar

Qabbani

Arabic poetry is a political, social, and ethical compass in Arab culture. Poetry has represented and helped to preserve Arab identity throughout the ages. The complex and refined poetic arts eloquently express, report, and document the news, events, and wars of the Arabs, in victory or defeat, glory or decline. Above all, poetry has been a great manifestation of artistic creativity, engendering the emotional and spiritual power that unified the Arabs into a community of nations long before Islam. Below are a few verses of modern Arabic love poetry by the Syrian poet Nizar Qabbani (1923-1998).* Identify as much of the vocabulary as you can, memorize the verses that you like most, and enjoy the reading. Nizar Qabbani was known for the beauty of his handwriting and for his impressive calligraphy skills. In the right hand column is the handwritten version of these verses, written by the poet himself. The verses are read by Lebanese journalist Joumana Nammour, a popular anchorwoman on Al-Jazeera Satellite Channel. ™

Lesson 1 Section 2

102

˵ι˸˴˰ ˴˰Ֆ˰Հ˸˰˰ ˸ծ΃˶ˬ˶˰˶ ˰ί˰˵ϝέ˶Վ˰՞

˵ι˸˴˰ ˰˴˰Ւ˲˴ ˰ρα΅˰˰˰˸˰ ˴˰Հ˱

˶ιΡ˴ ˰˴˰˽˰˴˰Ն̟˰˰˴Թ ˰˴ό՞Ρ˴˰ ˰բ̄˶Վ˰˰˸˸ ˰˴˰˰υ˰˴˰ϔ˰˴˰ம

˵ν˰˰˸Թ ˰˴ϝ˰˴˰բ˰˴˰Հ˴˴˰ ˴˰˰Ֆ˰˰˵Թ՞Ρϥ̄նΡ˳˸ ϱ˰˰˵Ο˶˰˰ ˶˰ρ˴˰ ˶ՒΡ˱

™ ˶ՀզΥ˴˷ ΃՞Ρ˶Ծ ˰˸˸ ˰˴௾

˵ϯ˴˷ϱ˰ղρ΃˴բ̄՚Υծ˳˯˴˶σΥ˴ய՞Ρ

˵˷˳Υծ΃˱ε˴˷ Ρ˲ ˶ϯ˴˸ ՖϔΘ՞Ρ˶Վέ

˲՞˶˶ ϥ˴˰ϥ΃˵՚˲Ն΃˴˰ ˸ϝ˴ίբ՞Υծ˵˴˰ ˵όம΃˶ϭ˶˰˰έ˶Պ˴˲ ˸ϝ˴˰ϥ

˴Պ˴˴˴ ˰υ՞˵ϭ˴˰Ν˰˶σΡ˲ ˴ம

˵ϭ˴˰ՀΡϱ˸௽ ΃˱

˵ϭ˴˰ՒΥղ˰˸Ը΃ ˱

˶ ˰˶ϥ˰˰˴

ό˰˶˰ί˴˰ρ˱

™ ˴նԺ˴զϝ΍˸˸ծ Ρ˲ Ո՞Ρ˸ιΥծ ˴նԺ˴զϝ΍˶Ϋ˸ ρΥՖղ՞Ρ˸ιΥծ ˴նԺ˴զϝ΍˶ιΥ˷ Ρ˱ ˴՞Ρ˸ιΥծ

˵ϱ˷˳΃˴ԼΥ ய˶ υ˸˰ՒΡεՈ˷˴σՄ˰˸ய˶ ̄

˶Վ˰˵ί˶ϙ΃Υϱ˸ Հϝ΍˸ιΥղ˶բ˰˴˰Ւ ™

Section 2 Lesson 1

103 ˶˶ ϥ˵˰՞΅˰˸Թ˴ ˰ρ˶ υί˸ ίϙ

Υծ˵Ղ ˸˴˴ ˰ϔϟΡΥծ˶ϥ ˸ έΥծ˱˴ϥ˸ έˮΥղԹ՞Ρ

˵Ղ ˸˴˴ ˰ϔϟΡΥծΥ˴ղ˵˰Ֆ˰˴˰ϥ˸ έ

˶Վ˰˴˰ϥ΃˸ն΍˶ν˰˸˰Ֆ˰˶ϝ˴˰οΥ˷˶ υί˸ ίϙ

˴˰˰ Թϥ΃Υղ˰˰Թ ՞Ρ ™ ԼΥ ϩ ΃

˵ԼΥ ϩ ΃ն΃˴՚˲ Ն΃˶υ բ՞Υϱ˵ί˰˶ϙ΃

"Υϱ˵ί˰˶ϙ΃" ˵˴˸ ղ˰˴ϭ՞ΥՀ˶ՀΥϯ˳Ρ˴˴˶ ˰Ο

ρ˵˴˴ Թ˰ ϭ˰˸˸ ˴ம˰ˬ˱ΥΝΥծϱϥ̄Υϱ˵ί˰˵௾ ˰ϥ

*

Nizar Kabbani. Arabian Love Poems. ed. and trans. Bassam K. Frangieh & Clementina Brown. Lynn Rienner Publishers,

Boulder, London, 1999, pp. 116, 102, 24, 20,

219.

Figure 1.5 - Narrated by Joumana Nammour

104

Lesson Two

In Claremont

Figure 2.1 - Claremont McKenna College, California

Section 2 Lesson 2

105 Lesson Two Contents

Vocabulary - ιΡϯ˴ϔղ՞Ρ

Words and Expressions - ιΥղբՒ ˴˸έΎόρ˱ Basic Text - ௼ϥ ՞Ρ˶ԸΥԸԺ Ρ ™In the Street - Մ˷ ˴˽ ՞Ρ˶Հ Grammar - ϱ̄Ρ˲Ո՞Ρ

1.The Interrogative and Question Particles - ιΡ˱ ϯ΃ զΥϱϔΘԸϝ΍

ƒActivity 1

2.The Interrogative Particles with Prepositions

ιΡ˱ ϯ΃ զΥϱϔΘԸϝ΍n Լ˱˴ ϙ ˴ ˰ ՞Ρ

ƒActivity 2

Comprehension Text - ϢϬϔϟ΍ΏΎόϴΘγϻΡ˱ ™In the Library -είυՖղ՞Ρ˶Հ IHP¶V 6SHMN $UMNLŃ - ΔΛΩΥϝղ՞Ρ

™Weather - ˸˰Ո˴ ˰˽՞Ρ

Window into Arab Culture - ϥծ εՀΥՈΜϟ΍ ε˸έήό՞Ρ ™The Holy Qur`an - ն΁˴Ո՞Ρ ժ˷˴Ֆ՞Ρ

Lesson 2 Section 2

106 Ω ΍ϙϭԨ̟Պ΍

Vocabulary

road, street σ˴˰˲Մ˷ ˴/ ˲ωέΎη when ˴ծ˰˴υ Vocative Particle Υ˷ year ˴Ը˰ϥ˴˰ε this (m.s.) ˴ϯ˰Ρ˲ beautiful ˴Ο˶ղ˲̟˸˴Οεբ˸ ղ this (f.s.) ˴ϯ˰˶˲˶ϩ very, much ˷ΪΟΡ

difficult ˲Ϋ˸ό˴௽-˴௽˸όί˴˰ε easy ˲̟˰˸ϱ˴Ը - ˴Ը˸ϱ˰εբ

work, job ˴̄˴ղ˰˲̟ house, home ˴έ˸˸˲ν economy, economics ˶ΡՆ˰˸˰˶υ˴௾ϯΥ wonderful, admirable ˲̃˶ΙΡ˳- ˴ό˶ΙΡ˳ε M ΩΏ̟ՎՂ ϭ˳ΙΏ˿έպ

Words and Expressions

hello, welcome ˸ϯ΃˰ϼ˸ϯ΃ˬ˰ϼ

In which university do you (f.s.) study? ˴Ο˶˵΃˶Հ ˶ծΥ˴όρ˳ε˴˰˸ϱ˵˳˶Ը˰˴ϥ˸ˮ

I came ˴ϙ˴π˸˴˵ι Really! Truly! ˴ϙ˰Ո˷˰˰˰Υ

this is a beautiful coincidence ˴ϯ˶˲˶ϩ˵ծ˴௾˴ϯΥՀ˴˰˴Οε˶ղ˰εբ˸

Will I see you (m.s.) tomorrow? ˴ϯ˰˸̟Ρϱ˰Ԭ˴ՊΡ˳΃ yes, I will see you (f.s.) tomorrow ˴όϥΡϱ˰Ԭ˶ՊΡ˳΃ ˬժ God willing ˸ն΍˴˯ΥமͿ΍ laboratory ϭ˵ծ˰˸˰υ˴˰˴ί˰˲˴

Masters in Business Administration ΟΥծ˶˰˸Թ˰˴˳Ρϯ΍˶Հ˴˸υ˸̄ ԺΡα˴ղ˰՚Υ

mosque ˴ծ˸Թ˰˰˶˰˲ϱ homework, duty ΟΡ˱˰˶˰˲ΫΝΟΡ˱˰˰˴ί˰˲ιΥ

Future Particle ˰˰˴Ը

I go ˴ϯ˱΃˰˵Ϋ

you do (m.s.) ρ˴˰ϔ˸˰˴ό˰˵̟ you do (f.s.) ρ˴˰ϔ˸˰˴ό˰բ˰˴ϥ˸

Section 2 Lesson 2

107 ˱˳Ώ˳ ϝ΃Թ ժՊ΍Ի ˲ϭఀ Պ΍˱̅

Basic Text: In the Street

ՒΏ̧Պ·˴ծ˸˴˴ϙ˴ί˰˱ῩΥ˷˰όϟ΍ϱί˰˷˶˰˶

ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ϝΝ˾˸ϯ΃ˬզΥϱ՞΍Υ˷ ˱Υίϙ˴ծ˰˸ϯ΃ˬ˱ϼ˰˱ϼ

ՒΏ̧Պ·˴ϯ˰˶˲˶ϩ˵ծ˴௾˴ϯΥՀ˴˰˴Οεεբ˸ղ˴Ο˶˵΃˶ Հ ˶ծΥ˴ό˰ρ˳ε˴˰˸ϱ˵˳ˮ˵˷

ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ϝΝ˾˸ϯ΃Υϥ΃˵˳˴Ο˶Հ ˵˷˶ծΥ˴ό˰˵ծ˴˸բՒ˶ενϥ˲˴Ο˶˵΃˶ Հ ˶νϥ΃˱˶ծΥ˴ό˸ϱρ˳ε˵˳˸Ը˰ˮ˴ϥ

ՒΏ̧Պ·˸ϯ΃Υϥ΃˵˳˵ծ˴˸բՒ˶ΔόϣΎΟ˶ Հ˵˷˶՞˲Ւνϥ˲˴Վ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ϝΝ˾˴ϙ˱ΥՈΡ˳Ρ˲ϯ˲̃˰˰˶Ι˴ϥ˸ Ը˳ ϱρΡ˱Υծˮ

ՒΏ̧Պ·˸ϯ΃Υϥ΃˵˳˴˳ Ρϯ΍˶ Հ˴ ˸υδΟΥղ՞Ρ˵˷˸̄ԺΡ ˶α˴ղ՚Υ ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ϝΝ˾Ρ˲ϯ˴௽˸ό˲Ϋ

ՒΏ̧Պ·ϻ˴Ը Ρ˲ϯ˰˸ϱ˰˴Οϭ˲̟˰˲̟˸ղ˵˳ ϱρΡ˱Υծ˴νϥ΃˱ˮ˵˷

ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ϝΝ˾˸ϯ΃Υϥ΃˵˳Նϝ΍˵˷˰˸˰˶υ˰˴௾ϯΥ

ՒΏ̧Պ·˴ϙ˴ υծ˴π˸˴˵Թ՞Ρϥծ˴ι˰˵ό˶ϯ˲˴˷ˮε

ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ϝΝ˾˴ϙΥϥ΃˴π˸˴Ն˵ι˴˰˸ί˰˴Ը ˴̟˰ϥ˴˰˳ε˶Ֆ՞˸ϥ˶Ը΁ Υϥ΃ˬ˴̄ Υϥ΃ˬ˲Ծ˴˷ ˬεբ˴˰˴ ̄ ˴ բ˰˶˰˸ն΃˵Ϋ˴ϯ˱΃˰˴Ϋ

˴նԸΡ

ՒΏ̧Պ·˴ϯ˰˸̟Ԭ˴ՊΡ˳ ΃˴˰ˮ˴Ρϱ

ϱ˲ ϱ˿Պ΍ϝΝ˾˴όϧԬ˶ՊΡ˳΃ˬժ˴˰˸ն΍ˬ˱Ρϱ˯ΥՈբ՞Ρ˴ ՞΍ˬϝϝϩ˴˯Υம

ՒΏ̧Պ·˴ծˬ˯ΥՈբ՞Ρ˴ ՞΍˴̃˴Թ՞Ρ˰˶Δϣϼ

Lesson 2 Section 2

108 ϝ˾΍վԾՊ΍

Grammar

1. The Interrogative Particles - ϭΏϩϑίαϝ΍΍Ω΍ϭ Ω΃

Below are the most frequently used particles for asking questions. You have not been exposed to all of these question particles, but it is better to learn them all at once. Interrogative Particle ˴ϯ˰̟

Interrogative Particle ΃

What? (used without verbs) Υծ

What? (used with verbs) Why? Ρ˱Υծ

Ρ˱Υղ՞

Who? ˴ծ˰ϥ

Where? ˸˷ ΃˰˴ϥ

How? Ւ˰˴˰˸˸˰˴Ծ

When? ˴ծ˰˴υ

How many? How much? ˸ժ˰˴˰Ւ

Which? What? ˵˵΃ (f ε˴˷ ΃)

Note: ˵˵΃ is often used as common gender, and its feminine ε˴˷ ΃ is usually neglected.

Figure 2.2 - Claremont, California

Section 2 Lesson 2

109 Activity 1: Read the question particles and their examples aloud.

Repeat several times until you speak smoothly. Meaning Ex. with feminine Ex. with masculine Question

Particle

Are you a student? ̟ϯ˶νϥ΃ ˮεί՞Υσ ̟ϯ Ρ˲ϯ Ϋ՞Υσˮ ̟ϯ

Are you a student? ΃ˮεί՞Υσ˶νϥ΃ ΃Ρ˲ϯ Ϋ՞Υσˮ ΃

What is your name? Υծ ˸ԸΡˮ˶Վ˵ղ Υծ ˸ԸΡ˰˴Վ˵ղ ˮ Υծ

What do you study? Ρ˱Υծ ˵˳ϱρ˶Ըˮ˴ϥ˸ Ρ˱Υծ ˵˳ϱρˮ˵˷ Ρ˱Υծ

Who are you? ˸ϥ˴ծ ˮ˶νϥ΃ ˸ϥ˴ծ ˮ˴νϥ΃ ˴ծ˸ϥ

Where do you study? ˸˷ ΃˰˴ϥ ˵˳ϱρˮ˴ϥ˸ Ը ˸˷ ΃˰˴ϥ ˵˳ϱρˮ˵˷ ˸˷ ΃˰˴ϥ

How are you? ˴Ծ˸Ւ ˮ˶Վ՞Υϙ Ւ˴˰˸˸˴Ծ ˴ϙˮ˴Վ՞Υ Ւ˴˰˸˸˴Ծ

Why did you come? Ρ˱Υղ՞ ˴ϙ˴π˸˴ˮ˶ι Ρ˱Υղ՞ ˴ϙ˴π˸˴˴ι ˮ Ρ˱Υղ՞

How many students do you know? ˸ժ˴˰Ւ ˱εί՞Υσˮ˴ϥ˸ϓήόΗ ˸ժ˴˰Ւ ˱Υί՞Υσˮ˵ϑήόρ ˸ժ˰˴˰Ւ

Which student? ˵˵΃ ε˴˷ ΃ˮ˳εί՞Υσ ˵˵΃ ˮ˳Ϋ՞Υσ ˵˵˷ ΃

Drill 1: Compose five new sentences using the question particles in the above chart. ™

2. The Interrogative Particles with Prepositions

Ω΍ϭ Ω΃ ϭΏϩϑίαϝ΍Éñ ϑϭίΡ ίΝϥ΍ Some prepositions are used with the interrogative particles to form questions. The prepositions must precede the interrogative particles. Please learn the following prepositions: for ˶˰՞ to ˴՞΍ with, in ˶˰έ from ˸ϥ˰˶ծ in ˶Հ with ˴̃˰˴ծ

Lesson 2 Section 2

110 Activity 2: Below are the question particles used together with a

preposition. Read aloud and repeat. Meaning Preposition together with Particle Preposition + Particle From where? ˸ϥ˰˶ծ ˴ϥ˷ ΃ ˸ϥ˰˶ծ˴ϥ˷ ΃ In which? ˶Հ ˶˵΃ ˶Հ˶˵΃ From which? ˶ծ˸ϥ ˶˵ ΃ ˸ϥ˶ծ˶˵΃ With whom? ˴̃˴ծ ˸ϥ˰˴ծ ˴̃˰˴ծ˸ϥ˰˴ծ To where? ˴՞΍ ˸˷ ΃˰˴ϥ ˴՞΍˸˷ ΃˰˴ϥ Why? For what? ˶՞˴ղΡ˱Υ ˶˰՞˴ծΡ˱Υ With what? In what? ˶˰έ˴ղΡ˱Υ έ˶˰˰˴ծΡ˱Υ To who? For whom? ˸ϥ˴ղ˶՞ ˰˶՞˸ϥ˴ծ Drill 2: Compose five sentences using the question particles with the prepositions. ™ Drill 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the comprehension text.

՚ϯῩ ϩϱϥ̄ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ α˴˸ΜՒB ΪόΑ ˴ί υϭղ՞Ρ Ϋϯ˲˸Ը ˴՞΍ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ ϢΛ Ϋϯ˲ ˸ Ը ˴՞΍ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰

˶Հ εϥ˷ϱծ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ Bν՞ΥՆ α˴˸ ծ΃ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ ˮΩΥυՖ՞Ρ ՚ΥՆ ՚ϯῩ Ρ˲ϯ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰

ժ˷˴Ֆ՞Ρ B՚ΥՆ˱ Վ՞˲Ւ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ ˱Υί˷ ˴Նˬ Υ˷ α˴˸ ծ΃Bα˴˸ ծ΃ Ϋϯ˲ υԸ ˴՞΍ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ ν՞ΥՆ˱ ˶Հ

˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ ˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰˰ Υ˷ ՚ϯῩB

™ Drill 4: Compose six sentences using the question particles with prepositions. Also, use the question particles with prepositions in a conversation with one of your classmates.

Section 2 Lesson 2

111 ΓΏ˿˳ί˳ϝ΍ պՖ̧ԨՊ΍ΥΝίՄ̟Պ΍˱̅

Comprehension Text: In the Library

ՆϙΏ˾ ˵զϝ΍Թ՞Ρ ˴̄˸˸բՖ˵˰ժΡϭ˳՚΃ ˴˱̄˰˸˸˰բ˰˴˰Ֆ˵˰ժ ˴Թ ՞Ρ˰˰ˬϡϼ ˴Ծ˸Ւ ˮε˴ϝ˶௾՞ Ρ

ՆϙΏ˾ ˵ϱղϝ՞Ρ ˬͿ ˶Ծ՞΅έ ϩ˴˰˸˸˰ˬ˴ ˴Ծ˸Ւ˱ ˴ϝ՞Ρ˵՚Υ Υ˷ ˮα˴˸ծ΃

Ρϭ˳՚΃ ˬ˴ ˸ϭέ ம˰Ρ˴ՖB Ρ˱Υծ ˵ϞόϔΗ ˮնԸΡ

ՆϙΏ˾ ˶̄˰˵ϱ ϥ ˴̄˸ղ˰˲̟ ˶Հ ˵ղ՞Ρϭ˰˸˰υ˴˰˴ί˴

Ρϭ˳՚΃ Ρ˱Υծ ˴Ը˰υ˴˰ϔ˸˰˴ό˵̟ ˴έ˸ό˴ϱ ˶՞˱ˮ˴Վ

ՆϙΏ˾ ˴Ը˴ϯ˱΅˵Ϋ ˴ ՞΍ ˴ղ՞Ρ˸Թ˰˶ϱ˰ˬ ϢΛ ˴Ը˵Ϋϯ˱΅ ˴ ՞΍ ˶ν˸ί՞Ρ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ ˴ղ՞Ρ˸Թ˰˵ϱ˰ˮ ˸˷΃˰˴ϥ ˴ղ՞Ρ˸Թ˰ˮ˵ϱ˰

ՆϙΏ˾ ˴ղ՞Ρ˸Թ˰˵ϱ˰ ˲ϯ ˶Հ ˶εϥ˷ϱծ ˵ծ˴˸բՒνϥ˲

Ρϭ˳՚΃ ̟ϯ ˶̄ϥ˸˰˴ϱՊ ˲ιΥίΟ΍˱ ˮզ˲˸՞Ρ

ՆϙΏ˾ ˴όϧˬժ ˶Հ ˶εՈ˸Ոϝ՞Ρˬ ˶̄˵ϱ ϥ ˲ιΥίΟ΍˱ ˴ϴΜՒα ˱΍ΪΟ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ Υծ Ρ˲ϯ ˮ˵ΩΥυՖ՞Ρ

ՆϙΏ˾ Ρ˲ϯ ˲ϯ ˵ն΁˴ Ո՞Ρ ˵ժ˷˴Ֆ՞ΡB ˶νϥ΃˱ Ρ˱Υծ ˮ˴ϥ˸ϠόϔυԸ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ ˴Ը˵Ϋϯ˱΅ ˴ ՞΍ είυՖղ՞Ρ

ՆϙΏ˾ ˶ՊΡ˳ ΃ ˱Υί˷˴ Ն Υ˷ ˬα˴˸ ծ΃ ˴ ՞΍ ˯ΥՈբ՞Ρ

Ρϭ˳՚΃ ˶Հ նΥծ΃˶ ˬ˶ͿΡ Υ˷ ՚ϯῩ ̃ծ Δϣϼ˴Թ՞Ρ

Lesson 2 Section 2

112 ϭ˳ΙΏ˿έպΩΏ̟ՎՂ

Words and Expressions

now ˴նԸΡ May God protect you ˶Հ ˴ծ΃նΥ˶ ˶Ϳ΍ How is your health? ˶௾ ՞Ρ˴Ծ˸Ւ˰ε˴ϝ

7OH +RO\ 4XU¶MQ ˵ն΁˴Ո՞Ρ ˵ժ˷˴Ֆ՞Ρ

™

Drill 5

: Translate into English.

1  ˮε˴ϝ˶௾ ՞ΡԾ˸Ւ ˬα˴˸ ծ΃Υ˷ ˬժՖ˸բ̄զϝ΍ ՞Ρ

2  ՚ϯῩ˶ղ ԸΡΥϥ΃ÝÝéñr¡ìôø é >^...¥åƒ

3  զ˲ ˸ ՞Ρ±ôøΜՒιΥίΟΡ˱ ˵ϱϥ̄ˬ

4  ν˸ί՞Ρ˴՞΍Ϋϯ˱΅ Ը Υϥ΃

D  είυՖղ՞Ρ˴՞΍Ϋϯ˱ ΅ԸϢΛ

6  ˮնԸΡ˵ϞόϔΗ΍ΫΥծ

7  Թղ՞Ρð½åònôø bRöµå÷ñnö@òïõ ñð

8  ˮ˵ΩΥυՖ՞ΡΡ˲ϯΥծ

E  εծϝ΍ԹΡ̃ծˬα˴˸ ծ΃Υ˷Ϳ΍նΥծ΃˶Հ.

™

Drill 6: Translate into Arabic.

1. This is the Holy Qur`an.

2. I will go to the mosque.

3. Then I have to work in the laboratory.

4. What will you be doing, Ameera?

5. See you soon, so long.

6. Do you have homework today?

7. Where is the mosque?

8. What is this book?

Section 2 Lesson 2

113 ΔΛΩΎΤ̟Պ΍

IHP¶V 6SHMN $UMNLŃ

Weather - ˲˰Ծ˴ ˰ఀՊ΍

Repeat aloud the following question:

How is the weather? Rôðøøý^¡ô>ôððHøðõøî

Now repeat aloud the following answer:

The weather is sunny ˽՞Ρ˴˰˰Ո˸˰˵˸˵ծ˸ய˰˶ղ˰˲˸

Next, repeat aloud the sentence and substitute the following words for யծðør: hot ˴ϙ˰˲˳Υ cold ˴έ˰˲ϯ˳Υ rainy ˵ծ˸ղ˰˶˽˰˲˴ cloudy Ԭ˴˰˶ΙΥ˰˲ժ humid ˲Ϋ˰ ˸˰σ˴˳

Repeat this dialogue with a classmate.

Homework-Εω΍վՊ΍

1.Listen to the vocabulary and expressions. Repeat aloud after hearing

them in the basic and comprehension texts.

2.Compose a dialogue between you and one of your classmates. Turn it in

to your teacher after you present it in class.

3.Compose five sentences using vocabulary from the lesson.

4.Using the question particles, compose an original dialogue between you

and one of your friends.

Lesson 2 Section 2

114 ˿Պ΍Υ̅ΏԾνՊ΍բ՚Υ˳Ιϭ



Window into Arab Culture

The Holy 4XU¶MQ

7OH 4XU¶MQ LV POH ILUVP NRRN RI SURVH written in the Arabic language, and it is

a great source of pride and inspiration for Muslims and Arabs alike. It is one of the most widely read books ever written, and has been translated into almost every language. However, many experts believe that only the Arabic language fully captures its religious power and literary beauty. As POH 4XU¶MQ Ltself reveals ³JH OMYH PMGH LP MQ $UMNLŃ 4XU¶MQ POMP you might

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While most non-0XVOLPV MUH MRMUH POMP POH 4XU¶MQ LV POH UHOLJLRXV PH[P RI Islam, its significance also extends beyond the spiritual realm to other aspects of Islamic life. The 4XU¶MQ GHPRQVPUMPHV POH UHPMUNMNOH GHSPO MQG ULŃOQHVV RI POH ŃOMVVLŃMO $UMNLŃ OMQJXMJHB 7OH 4XU¶MQ OMV MOVR VHUYHG MV POH textbook for Muslim students beginning their study of theology and jurisprudence. ILVPHQ PR POH 4XU¶MQLŃ YHUVHV from Sura (93), Ad-Duha µthe Glorious Morning Light,¶ recited by Sheikh Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdul Samad. Listen PR POH 6OHLNO MQG UHMG POH PH[P RI POH 4XU¶MQLŃ YHUVHV he recites. Try to identify a few of the vocabulary words and memorize a few verses, but most importantly, listen attentively to appreciate the aesthetic aspect of the verses.