[PDF] Heat & Mass Transfer Demonstrations - BYU

127894_3Projects3Combined.pdf BYU-ChE376-HandsOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciples

Heat&MassTransferDemonstrations

AResourceforKͲ12ScienceandEngineeringTeachers

AResourceforScienceFairProjectIdeas

PreparedbytheHeat&MassTransferClass(ChE376)atBrighamYoungUniversity TableofContentsͳȌǣDiffusionand/orConduction

1.MagicGrowͲGo

2.MassTransferinCelery

3.The

ScienceofSmell

4.Meltdown

5.Carbonated,NotStirred

6.DiffusionofCO2

withSoda

ʹȌǣConvection1.ConvectionCyclones

2.FloatingLanterns

3.TheHeatTransferRace

͵ȌǣConduction

1.PopsicleScience

2.Hot,HotHandsͶȌǣRadiation

1.StirlingEngine

2.MicrowavesandHeatTransfer

ͷȌǣ

Latent1.VacuumFreezing

Contact:Dr.BradBundy,Assist.Professor,ChemicalEng.Dept.,BYU,bundy@byu.edu BYU-ChE376-HandsOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciples Warning:Thesedemonstrationsinvolvesubstancesandmaterialswheninusehavethepotentialto causeinjuryandburns.Forexampleelectricityshouldbeusedappropriately.EquipmentandHot materialssuchaslightbulbs,hotwater,handwarmers,electricfansshouldbeusedwithappropriate protectiveequipmentandaccordingtomanufacturer's specifications. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

MagicGrowǦGo!!

5MinuteDemonstrationthatexplainshowdiffusionworksbyshowingdiffusionofwaterintoa

polymerbasedexpandingtoy

ResourcesRequired

1.EstimatedDemonstrationTime:5minutes

2.ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost:Fluids(tapwater,deionizeddistilledwater,etc.),

jars/beakers,expandingwatertoys

3.TotalProjectPreparationWaitTime:72hours(thetoysneedplentyoftimetoreachtheirfullsize

inwater(approximately72hours);thismakesfor thebestdemonstration).

SafetyPrecautions

1.TheexpandingwatertoyswerepreparedandpresentedinsealedͲoffmasonjarsthatthechildren

couldlookatbutnotactuallytouch.

2.ToavoidusingelectricalimplementsattheEngineeringfairitself,allheating(i.e.slowsoakingina

crockpot)ofthemagicgrowtoyswasdone athome

3.Althoughgrowingthetoysinsolutionsotherthanwatermighthavecontributedauniquecontrast

totheproject,itwasdeemedtoopotentiallyhazardous(fromexposuretoskin,ingestion,etc.)andwe decidedtostickwithjustpurewater(someofthepreviouscandidatesforothersolutions included methanolandoil).

4.Althoughmostparticipantsintheengineeringfairweremiddleschoolageorolder,caremustalso

betakentomakesurethechildrendon'ttrytoingesttheexpandingtoysthatweweregivingoutaspart ofourdemonstration.

PreparationInstructions

1)ObtaintheNecessaryMaterials

Expandingwatertoys,availableonlineoratthelocaldollarstore Distilleddeionizedwater,availableatmostgrocerystores

Tapwater(fromthetap)

Anyotherfluidstoexperimentin

Transparentjars(i.e.beakers,masonjars)toputtoysandwaterin

2)PrepareHandoutandPracticetheDemonstration

Preparetheposteranddiscussasagrouphowtobestdisplaytheinformation Discussasagroupthemainideaswewanttodistillinthemindsoftheyoung

Brieflydecidewhichmasstransferideastoemphasize

Mostimportantidea:Masstransferintheformofdiffusionisresultinginexpandingwatertoys BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

3)Preparetoysbyputtingthemindifferenttypesoffluidsatleast72hoursbeforedemo

Puttoysindifferenttypesoffluid,iffinalproductisnecessaryinpresentation Alternatively,letparticipantsputtoysinthemselves,andletthemseethedifferencedaytoday

DemonstrationInstructions

1.Havetestexpandingwatertoysalreadypreparedindifferentfluids(tapwateranddeionized

distilled)sothattheattendantscanseefirstͲhandthegrowthduetodiffusion.

2.Giveanadequateexplanationofhowtheconcentrationgradientallowsforwatertodiffuseintothe

rubbermedium.

3.Noteandexplainhowtheexpandingwatertoysgrowatdifferentratesdependingonthefluidthe

toywasplacedin.

3.Havemagicgrowtoysavailabletogiveawaytokidssotheymaydotheirowndiffusionexperiments

afterthefair.

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1.Whatismassdiffusionandhowdoesitrelatetothewaythetoysincreaseinsizewhenplacedin

water?

2.Whatisapolymerandhowdothecharacteristicsofpolymersaffectthewayexpandingtoyswork?

3.Howcouldpolymersthatabsorbwaterbeofpracticaluse?

4.Whymightthepurityofthewaterhavesuchapronouncedeffectuponthemaximumpossiblesize

ofthetoys?(Theygrowmanytimeslargerindeionizedwatervs.tapwater)

5.Whywouldheatormatterwanttodiffusefromareasofhighconcentrationtoareasoflow

concentration?(Statisticalmechanics)

FunFactsandResources

MagicGrowtoyscangrowupto200timestheiroriginalsizeundertherightconditions! Thetoysgrowlargerindeionizedwaterthaninregulartapwater. Ifyouputthetoysinwaterthatistoohot,theywillexplode(nonviolently). TheoriginalpolymerusedfortheseexpandingtoyswaspatentedbyDowChemical. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

MassTransferinCeleryandFlowers

5Ͳminutedemonstrationusingdyetodemonstratesmassdiffusioninplants.Diffusionis

importantinunderstandingmanyorganicprocesses,suchascellregulationanddiffusionof oxygenintoourbodies.Itisalsoimportantinunderstandingratesofsomechemicalreactions..

ResourcesRequired

1) EstimatedTime:5minutesforthedemonstration,and10minutespreparation10Ͳ12

hourspriortodemonstration.

2) MaterialsandEstimatedCost:

a. Cups($4) b. Water(free) c. Foodcoloring/dye($5) d. Celery($1.50) e. Whiteflowers(varieswithflowertypeandseason)

3) TotalProjectTime

a. 10 Ͳ12hoursfromstarttofinish,howevermosttimeisjustwaitingforthedyeto diffuse.

SafetyPrecautions

1) Dyewillstainclothesandsurfaces.

2) Precautionshouldbetakenwhencuttingcelery.

PreparationInstructions

1) Obtainthenecessarymaterials

a. Cups,foodcoloring,celery,andflowerscanbeacquiredatanygrocerystore.

2) Prepareceleryandflowersatleast10Ͳ12hourspriortodemonstration.

a. Preparefirstcupat12hours,andothersat2hourincrementsaftertheinitial cup. b. Prepare thecupbyplacingtheceleryand/orflowerstemintowaterͲdye mixture. c. Prepareanothercupwithhalfthefoodcoloringdropsatthesametimeasthe initialcup. d. Labelcups,indicatinghowlongtheyhavebeensoaking. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

DemonstrationInstructions

1) Putoutcupsontoatable,allowchildrentoexaminetheceleryandflowers.

2) Pointoutdifferencesintheflowersbaseduponsoakingtime,andconcentrationofdye

inthewater.

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1) Whydoesthedyegofromthewaterinthecuptothepetalsoftheflower?

2) Howdoyouthinkyoucoulddyearosemultipledifferentcolors?

3) Whydowegetsickifwedrinktoomuchsaltwater?

FunFactsandResources

1) Plantcelldiffusionhttp://www.gardenguides.com/135773ͲplantͲcellsͲdiffusion.html

2) "Largeredwoodsmovehundredsofgallonsofwaterdailyalongtheirtrunksfromroots

tocrown.Thiswatertranspiresintotheatmospherethroughthetrees'foliage.Powered bytheleaves'diffusionofwater,waterͲtoͲwatermolecularbondsinthetrees'sapwood dragsthemoistureupwards."http://www.nps.gov/redw/naturescience/aboutͲtheͲ trees.htm

3) Anotherlinktoplantcelldiffusion,thisonegoesintomuchgreaterdetail.

http://lifeofplant.blogspot.com/2011/03/osmosisͲsimpleͲdiffusionͲand.html      BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

MassDiffusion:TheScienceofSmell

5MinuteDemonstrationthatexploreshowmassdiffusesthroughsolids.Thisisdemonstrated

byplacingconcentratedairfreshenerindifferentcontainers(glass,plastic,paper)andseeing howstronglywecansmelltheairfreshenerthroughthedifferentbarriers.

ResourcesRequired

1.EstimatedPreparationTime:30minutes

2.ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

Popcorn

AirFreshener

Plasticcups

Paperbags

Glasscontainer

Cost:$30

3.DemonstrationTime:5minutes

SafetyPrecautions

1.Preventanyingestionoftoxicmaterials

2.Preventanyglassorotherpotentiallysharpmaterialsfromfalling

PreparationInstructions

1.Obtain3airfresheners.

2.Obtainapaper,plasticandglasscontainerofapproximatelythesamethickness.

3.Placeanairfreshenerineachofthe3containers.Allowtositfor15minutes.

4.Fillplasticcupswithpopcorn.

DemonstrationInstructions

1.Havethestudentssmelleachofthecontainers.

2.Seehowstronglytheycansmelltheairfreshenerthroughthedifferentbarriers.

Throughthepaper,theairfreshenercanbeeasilydetected,whiletheycanhardly smellitatallthroughtheglass.

3.Explainthatthiswasafunction

ofhowwelltheairfreshenermoleculescandiffuse throughthesolidbarrier,akaMassTransfer!Thisconceptisimportantin engineeringwhendesigningvesselstohousevariouschemicalspecies. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2 Smell

1.Havethestudentssmellthecupsofpopcorn.

2.Explainthateverymoleculespecieshasauniquechemicalandphysicalmakeup,

thus,whenapizzamoleculegoesinournose,ourbrainrecognizesfromthe moleculesuniquesizeandshapethatitispizza,andnotadog,orpopcorn.

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1.Whycanwesmellbetterthroughsomematerialsthanothers?

2.Howdoesournoseknowwhatwearesmelling?

FunFactsandResources

Diffusionthroughamembraneisaffectedbythetypeofmembraneorbarrier. Airborneairfreshenermoleculescandiffusebetterthroughcertainplasticsthanpaper bags.Wehypothesisedthatapaperbagwouldundergomorediffusionthanaplasticbag. However,whenwetestedourprediction,wefoundthattheairfreshenerintheplasticbag hadastrongersmell(morediffusion)thanthe paperbag.Onlybydoublewrappingtheair freshenerinplasticwereweabletohavetheplasticbagdiffuselessoftheairfreshener. Thebraindetectssmellbyinhalingairbornemoleculesanddetectingtheirsizeandshape. http://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/summer05/smell.htm      BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

Meltdown

Thisdemonstrationshowsthedifferencebetweendiffusionandconvectioninregardstoboth heatandmasstransferprinciples.Examplesofdiffusionareeverywherearoundus,fromice meltinginacupofwatertooxygengettingfromourbloodtoourcells.Inindustrialprocesses, forcedconvection(i.e.mixingina continuousstirredͲtankreactor)isessentialinordertomake aprocesshappenquicklyenoughtomakeiteconomicallyviable.

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedTime:20minthedaybeforetomixfoodcoloringinwater,putwaterinicecube

trays,andputtheminthefreezer.Thedemonstrationcanbe3Ͳ5minutesdependingonthe depthofexplanationdesiredfortheaudience.

2. Totalcost:$10Ͳ$15(Costofpossible

watercontainerandcoolernotincluded)

3. Materials:

a. 3Ͳ4transparentjugs(containers)forholdingwater($3) b. 2ormoreicecubetraysdependingonnumberofstudentparticipants($2) c. Atleast1containeroffoodcoloring($1) d. Spoons($1.50) e. Watercontainerforrepeateddemonstrations (ifneededandavailable) f. Coolertokeepicecubes g. Lemonadepowder($4) h. Cupsforparticipantstodrinkmixedlemonade($3)

SafetyPrecautions

1. Makesurewaterispotable

2. Fooddyemaystain,sohandlewithcaretopreventclothingdamage

3. Sanitation - makesurenoforeignobjectsgetintolemonade

PreparationInstructions

1. Addapproximately15Ͳ20dropsoffoodcoloringtoajugofwater,oruntilthefoodcoloringis

veryconcentrated

2. Pourthecoloredwaterintoicetraysandfreezeintocubes

3. Prepareasmuchlemonadeasisdesiredforthedemonstrationandserveintotwotransparent

cups/jugs

4. Filluponeadditionaltransparentcups/jugswithhotwaterandanotheronewithcoldwater

DemonstrationInstructions

1. Addacoloredicecubetothehotwatercup/jugandanotheronetothecoldwaterjug

2. Observehowthehotwaterrapidlymeltsthecoloredicecubeandallowsthefoodcoloringto

diffusemuchfasterthroughthewater BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2 a. Massdiffusivityishigherinaliquid(water)thanasolid(icecube) b. Thehotwatermeltstheiceandfacilitatesmasstransfer c. Foodcoloringtransferismuchmoreslowerinthecoldwaterjugbecauseithasto diffusethroughthesolidfirst,whichisnotmelting asquickly Nowtoshowtheeffectsofforcedconvectionmasstransfer:

3. Addacoloredicecubeintoeachofthecups/jugsoflemonade

4. Havetwovolunteersstirthelemonadeuntilthefoodcoloringistransferredthroughoutthe

cup/jugs a. Thevolunteerwhostirredthefastestwillaccomplish thissoonerbecausethemass convectioncoefficientisafunctionofthevelocityofthelemonade

5. Servethelemonadeandenjoy!

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1. Whydoesthefoodcoloringdiffusefasterinthehotwatercontainerthaninthecoldwater

container?

2. Howdoesthestirringspeedaffectthehowfastthefoodcoloringistransferred?Why?

3. Whatisfasterdiffusionorforcedconvection?

4. Isiteasierforthefood

coloringtotransferthroughtheicecubesorthroughthewater?

FunFactsandResources

1. Earthwormsbreathethroughtheirskinbydiffusion

2. CellstakeinoxygenandexpelCO

2 bydiffusion.ThisCO 2 isthentakenbybloodtoourlungs whereitisexpelledbydiffusion.

3. Convectionovenscookmorequicklyandevenlybecauseofafaninsidewhichcausesheat

convection

4. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~glauren/earthworm.html

http://www.livestrong.com/article/111974ͲlungsͲworkͲbreathe/      BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

Carbonated,NotStirred

5MinuteDemonstrationonMassTransferfromGasPhaseintoLiquidSolution

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedTime:5minutesofdemonstration,10minutesofpreparation,about2hourswaiting

timewithoccasionalstirring

2. ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost:

4gallonsofdrinkingwater(free) 5poundsofsugar($3.00) 6poundsdryice($10.00) 1bottlerootbeerextract ($6.00)

Containersandotherequipment:

5gallonbeveragecooler Stirringutensils(longhandledspoon) Cupstosampletherootbeer Glassbeaker/bowl,1L

SafetyPrecautions

1. Dryiceisextremelycold;donothandledryicewithbareskinbecauseofpossiblecoldburns

2. Dryicegivesoffgas-donotstoreinsealedorpressurizedcontainer!

3. Dryicegivesoffcarbondioxide-useonlyinawellventilatedenvironmenttoavoid

asphyxiationhazard.

PreparationInstructions

ͳȌ

Allingredientscanbeobtainedatatypicalgrocerystore.

ʹȌ

Setupthedemonstrationasinstructedbelow30minutestoanhourinadvance.Besuretosave somedryicetodemonstrateoutsideofthecoolerwheretherootbeerisbeingmade.

DemonstrationInstructions

1. Directionsforyourrootbeerwillvarybyextractbrand,sobesuretoverifysugarandwater

quantitieswiththepackaging.

2. Dissolvethesugarandextractin2gallonsofwaterinsidecooler.Slowlyadd5lbscrusheddry

ice.Oncetheinitialbubblinghasslowed,addremainingwater.

3. Allowto"brew"foratleast30minutestoensurecarbonation.

4. Fillglassbeakerorbowlwithwaterandaddsmallpiecesofremainingdryicetodemonstrate

concept. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1. Howdoescarbondioxidebecomemixedwiththewater?

2. Whatotherthingsdissolveinwater?

3. Whataresomeexamplesofmasstransfergoingoninthisroom?

FunFactsandResources

Whatishappeninghere?Carbondioxideissublimating,orchangingfromasolid(dryice)toagas. Heatistransferringtofromthewatertothedryicetoprovidetheenergytochangephases.Oncethe carbondioxidehasvaporized,itbubblesthroughthewaterinthecontainer.As thebubblestravel throughthewater,carbondioxidediffusesintothewater,creatingenoughdissolvedgastocreatea carbonatedbeverage.Youwillundoubtedlynoticethewhitefogthatformsontopofthewaterand rollsdowntheoutsideofyourcontainer.Thisisactuallywatervaporthathas transferredintothe carbondioxidebubbles.Carbondioxideitselfiscolorless.

Dryiceinwater.Thewhitefogisactuallywatervapor.

Imagesource:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DryIceSublimation.JPG BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

DiffusionofCO

2 withSoda!

5MinuteDemonstrationthat...teachesthescientificprincipleofdiffusion.Itdemonstratesthe

diffusionofcarbondioxidegasthroughtheliquidandthesolid.Youcanalsousethis experimenttodemonstratehowdiffusionchangeswithtemperatureandthematerial.For instance,carbondioxidetravelsmorequicklythroughplasticbottles thanthroughaluminum cans.Thesodaindustryhasusedthisprincipletomaketheirdrinksfizzybutithasmanyother industrialapplicationsaswell.Diffusionisusedextensivelyincreatingchemicalproductsandin pharmacokinetics(themovementofmedicinethroughthebody).......

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedTime:Dependingontheproject...

a. ForsimplediffusionofCO 2 throughthesoda: i. 2hourstogetmaterialsandgetsetup,5mindemonstration. b. FordiffusionofCO 2 throughthesodabottlestodetermineshelflife(optional): i. 6Ͳ12months(optional).

2. ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

a. Materials i. Lotsofbottlesofdifferenttypesofsodas ii. Mentos iii. Graduatedcylinders(showntotheright) iv. Cups

Ifdoingsimplediffusionalsoneededare:

v. Agitationdevice(handmixer) vi. Largemixingbowl b. EstimatedCost(Weanticipated300students) i. Soda=$.88/bottle.Wepurchased20bottlesforatotalof$17.60 ii. Cups(verysmallcupforsamples)=$3.00/150cups iii. Mentos=$3.00/pack

Totalcost=$26.60

SafetyPrecautions

1. Thisexperimenthasminimalsafetyhazards.

2. Spillsandmessesarelikelytooccurbutnospecialcleanupproceduresarerequired.

3. ThereisasmallpossibilityofinjuryfrompressureͲrelatedaccidentssoeyewearmaybe

recommended.

4. Makesurenottoaddmentosdirectlytosodabottleoryoumighthavesodaalloveryouand

everyoneelsewatchingthedemonstration.  http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Measuring_cylindertrue_ colour.png BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

PreparationInstructions

ͳȌ

Youcanfindthesuppliesatanygrocerystore.

ʹȌ

Ifyouhaveyoungkidsortherearekidsintheneighborhoodtheymakeforgreataudiences.

͵Ȍ

Takehalfofyouralreadypurchasedsodaandmakeitflat.Thiscanbedonebyshaking,blendingit, boilingit,orsimplyleavingitoutwiththecapoff.Alsotakethementosandcuttheminhalfso thattheycandemonstratehowmuchCO 2 isleftinthesoda.

DemonstrationInstructions

1. Forourdemonstrationofmentosandsoda(whichunknowntomostwillworkwithany

soda,dietsodashappentohaveslightlymorecarbonationoutofthebottle)wefilledtwo graduatedcylinders,onewithflatsodaandtheotherwithcarbonatedsoda.Whenpouring thesodainithelps totiltthegraduatedcylindersothatthesodadoesnotsplashquiteso muchatthebottomanditretainsmorecarbonationforthedemo.Alsodonotfillthe cylindermorethanhalfwaywithsoda,aboutathirdfullisgood.Otherwisethefizzmay comeout overthetop.Thenatthesametimedropineachahalfpieceofmentosthathas beencutandslit.Itwillnot"blowup"butmostofthecarbonationinthesodawillbe releasedandmakethelevelofbubblesinthecylinderrise.Afunand verysimpledemo.

2. Youcanalsohavethekidstasteasampleoftheflatsodaversusthecarbonatedsoda.Then

theycantellyouwhichwashashadmassdiffusionofCO 2

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1. Howlongdoyouthinkittakesforsodatogoflatwiththelidalreadyopened?

2. Doyouthinkitispossibleforsodatogoflatwhenthelidhasn'tbeenopened?

3. Isitpossibleforcarbondioxidetodiffusethroughplastic?

4. Can

youthinkofanyotherwaysgasdiffusesthroughdifferentmaterials?

FunFactsandResources

1. Thefirstcarbonateddrinkwasproducedin1767.

2. ThefirstcarbonatedwaterfactorywasbuiltinBudapest,Hungary.

3. Tofindoutmoreaboutdiffusivitythroughvariousmaterials,researchFick'sLawof

Diffusion.Thisequationiswhatgovernshowquicklydifferentmaterialswilldiffusethrough oneanother.

Thediffusioncoefficient(D

AB )iswhatchangesforindividualmaterials. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

ConvectionCyclones

Demonstratefreethermalconvectioninasimpleandfunway!Showhowwarmairriseswitha paperspiralandaconventionaltoaster.Thisishowcertaintypesofspaceheatersareableto heatupanentireroom. 

1.EstimatedDemoTime:5min(PreparationTime:1hour)

2.ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

xToaster:$12.00 xScissors:$2.00 xTape:$1.00 xBottleCaps:$0.50each 

1.Usecautionassurfaceoftoastergetshot.

2.Don'tletpaperspiralsfallintothetoaster(Usesomekindofmeshbarrier,suchasa

wiremesh,positionedbetweenthespiralsandthetoastersuchthatthemeshbarrier isn'ttoohot,butpreventsthespiralsfromfallinginto thetoaster)

3.Handlescissorswithcare.



ͳȌ

Youcanfindmostofthesematerialsaroundthehouseorinalocalstore.Ifyouwantlarge amountsofbottlecaps,theycanbeboughtonlinebyvariouswholesalesellers.

ʹȌ

Prepareahandoutthatteachesthebasicprinciplesoffreeheatconvection.Useexamplessuch asaspaceheater,acampfireorahotairballoon.

͵Ȍ

Plugintoaster,setupretortstands,andattachclampsandpencils.Makeasmallindentationin thecenteroftheinsideofthebottlecaps.EitherhavepreͲcutspiralspreparedorhavespiral designsandscissorsreadyforstudents. 

1.Cutspiraldesignoutofpaper

xSharpenedPencil:$0.50 xPaper:$0.50 xRetortStand:$15.00 xClamp:$3.00each BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

2.Tapecenterofspiraltotopofbottlecap

3.Placebottlecapontopofsharpenedpencilintheindentation

4.Turnontoaster

5.Waitforspiraltobeginspinning



1.Doesfreeconvectionhappeninouterspace?(No,therearenoairmoleculesinouterspace)

2.Whatotherexampleofconvectioncanyouthinkof?(Cumulonimbusclouds,oceancurrents,

heatfromacampfire) 

1.Convectionisthedrivingforcefortheearth'stectonicplates.

2.CyclonedemonstrationwithBillNye:

http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=186395&title=Bill_Nye_heat_2

3.Haveyoueverbeentothebeachandfeltthe"seabreeze"thatcomesoffoftheocean?This

happensbecauseofconvection!

4.http://ei.lehigh.edu/learners/energy/wind1.html

      BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

FloatingLanterns

5MinuteDemonstrationthatdescribedwhyheatingupairwouldcausealanterntofloatand

whyaconstantheatsourceisneeded

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedTime:8hourspergroupmember

2. ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

TissuepaperͲ$2for5sheets,total$10 GlueͲ$2 ScissorsͲ$3 HeatGun PopsiclesticksͲbagof50for$2 CandyͲ$10

3. TotalProjectTime:40hours

SafetyPrecautions

1. Heatgun,avoidexposuretotheskinorflammablematerial.

2. Tapedowncordtoavoidtripping.

3. Scissors,adultsupervisionatalltimestomakesurechildrendidnotcutthemselves.

PreparationInstructions

s"-ƒ'-Š‡‡...‡••ƒ"'ƒ-‡"'ƒŽ•

1)Youcanfindatanylocalsupermarketthetissuepaper($2for5sheetsinthegiftwrapping

section),glue($2),scissors($3),popsiclesticks(bagof50for$2)andcandy.Heatgunscanbefoundat

HomeDepotwehadonesowedidnothavetobuy

one.

DemonstrationInstructions

1. Cuttissuetodesiredshapeandgluedthemtogethertocreatealantern.

2. Providedexampleofalantern

3. Tookmeasurementsofthetimeittooklanternstofallthatareheatedupcomparedtothefall

timeoflanternsthatarejustroomtemperature.

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1. Whydoyouhavetohaveaconstantheatsourcetokeepalanternfloating?

BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2  

FunFactsandResources

1. Werealizedthatweneededamuchlargervolumeinsideourlanterntogetittofloat.Wealso

realizedthattheheatinsideneededtoreachamuchhighertemperaturethanwhatablow dryerorlightbulbcouldprovide. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

TheHeatTransferRace

Thisprojectdemonstratestwodifferenttypesofheattransfer,conductionandconvection,and factorsthatinfluencetherateofthattransfer.Conductionandconvectionheattransferplaya largeroleineveryaspectofengineeringincludingdesign,processcontrol,andoptimization.

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedDemonstrationTime:5min(Preparationtime:2hr)

2. ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

Cupsofdifferentmaterial($5) Coffeestirrers($1) Paperbowls($2) CoffeePot WaterCooler Ice(withcooler) Water Prizeforthewinner Thermocouple Timer Thermos,orinsulatedcontainer Towel Napkins($2)

SafetyPrecautions

1. Topreventburnsfromhotwaterletwatercoolslightlyinseparateinsulatedcontainer.

2. Cleanspillswithtoweltoavoidslippingandpotentialelectricshockfromcoffeepot.

PreparationInstructions

ͳȌ

Allitemscanbefoundatalocalstore.Manythingscanbefoundathome,orcanbesubstitutedby somethingfoundaroundthehouse.

ʹȌ

Prepareposterandhandoutsifneeded.Also,youcanMeasuretemperatureofwaterfromcoffee pottoensurethatitisinareasonabletemperaturerange(90Ͳ125Fahrenheit).Youcanalsodoafew trialracestoseehowlongyoushouldtimetheracerstogetasubstantialenough temperature differencetomeasure. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

͵Ȍ

DemonstrationInstructions

1. Brieflyexplainfactorsthatinfluenceheattransfer

a. Convection:Newton'sLawofCoolingݍൌ݄ܣሺܶ ஶ െܶ b. Conduction:Fourier'sLawݍൌെ݇ܣ ௗ் ௗ௫

2. Giveeachparticipantapieceofice(ofsimilarsizeandshape).Starttheraceandtimethe

participants.

3. Whenthetimeisup(oroneoftheparticipantshasmeltedtheice)stopthemanddeterminea

winnerbythesizeoftheiceleftover. 4. Next,haveeachparticipantselectacupofwhatevermaterialtheychoose.Fillthecupswith equalamountsofwater.

5. Explaintherulesoftherace

a. Participantscandowhatevertheywanttocoolthewaterwithoutsignificantlylower thevolumeofwater(i.e.blowonthewater,stir, blowthroughthestraw,stick fingerinit,etc) b. Donotdrinkthewater c. Whenthetimeisup.Eachpersonsetsthecupdownandthetemperatureis measured

6. Determineawinner

7. Askparticipantswhatactionhadthelargestaffectontemperature/heattransfer.

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1. Whataresomeexamplesofconvectionheattransfer?

2. Howcanyoutellthatheatistransferring?

3. Ifsomethingfeelscold,isheatflowingintoyourskin,oroutofit?

4. Howcanyouincreasetheheattransferrate?(seeNewton'sLawofCooling,andFourier'sLaw)

FunFactsandResources

Thecoolantsysteminyourcarusesconvectionandconductionheattransfertocooltheengine. Convectiontransfercoolsthecoolantfluidthoughtheradiatorbyconvectionheattransfer.Thefluidis thenrunthroughtheenginetransferringheatthroughamixofconvectionandconductionheat transfer.

Whenyou

putonawindbreakerithelpseliminateconvectionheattransfertohelpkeepyouwarm.

HelpfulWebsitesforPictures:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice.JPG BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

PopsicleScience

5MinuteDemonstrationthatexplainsconductionandthedifferencesbetweenconductionin

woodandmetalrelatingtoindustryprocessesofheatingandcooling

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedTime:5minutespreparation,4hoursfreezingtime,5minutedemonstration

2. ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

Metalstick(<$1) Smallcup(<$1) Popsicle(costvarieswithnumberofparticipants,about$5for40people) Water CoolerorFreezer (Optional)Lamp(used asaheatingsource)

3. EstimatedCost:$35(for300people)

SafetyPrecautions

1. Donotrunwiththepopsicles

2. Donotconsumehomemadepopsiclesmadewithunsanitarymetalsticks

3. Washhandsbeforepassingoutpopsicles

4. Exercisecarewithmeltedpopsicles(slippinghazard),keeptowelcloseathand

5. Donothavetoomuchfun

PreparationInstructions

ͳȌ

Buysomepopsiclesandsmallpapercupsatyourlocalstore.Youcanfindmetalsticksathome depot.Longironnailsmaybeusedbutensurepointedendshavebeenblunted.

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Fillthesmallcupswithwaterandputthemetalsticksinthemsotheywillactasahandleafterthe waterhasfrozen.

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Putthecupswithwaterandmetalsticksinafreezerandwait4hourswhilethewaterfreezes.Keep allpopsiclesinacoolerorfreezeruntilimmediatelypriortothedemonstration. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

DemonstrationInstructions

1. Removeboththehomemadeandstoreboughtpopsiclesfromthefreezerorcoolerandhave

youraudiencetouchboththewoodenandmetalpopsiclesticks.Observewhichonefeels colder.

2. Nowheatupeachstickeitherbyholdingthesticksinyourhandsorbyheatingthemnextto

an incandescentlamp.

3. Observewhethertheicepopsicleonametalstickortherealpopsicleonawoodstickmelts

faster. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bomb_pop.JPG

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1. Whichmaterialpassesheatbest?Whydosomematerialstransferheatfasterthanothers?

2. Whatarecommoneverydaysituationsinwhichconductioncanbeobserved?

3. Whydoesholdingalitmatchnotburnyourhand?

4. Whyareelectricstovesmadefrommetal?

FunFactsandResources

Heatmovingthroughasolidiscalledconductionandallmaterialshaveadifferentabilitytomoveheat. Thisiscalledthermalconductivity,andisrepresentedbythevariablek(Wm Ͳ1 K Ͳ1 ).

Somecommonthermalconductivitiesincludek=.1Wm

Ͳ1 K Ͳ1 forwood,k=16Wm Ͳ1 K Ͳ1 forstainless steelandk=1Ͳ3Wm Ͳ1 K Ͳ1 forrock. Amorecompletelistofkvaluescanbefoundathttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermalͲ conductivityͲd_429.html  Avideothatvisuallyexplainsconductionindifferentmaterialscanbefoundat www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV7gzcKegdU BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

Hot,HotHands

5MinuteDemonstrationthatexplainstwofundamentalheattransferprinciples:

RadiationandConduction.

ResourcesRequired

1.EstimatedDemonstrationTime:3Ͳ4minutes(preparationtime=2.5hrs)

2.ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

xThermalpaper(40sheets)Ͳ$32.00aftershippingandhandling xInsulator(anytypeofglove)Ͳfreeto$5.00

SafetyPrecautions

1.ThestudentsCANNOTingestthepaper.

PreparationInstructions

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Thethermalpapercanbepurchasedonline.Webought40sheetsfor$32.00aftershippingand handling.Fortheinsulator,youcanbeascreativeasyou'dlike.Weusedasimpleglove;otherideasare ablanket,aluminumfoilorregularpaper.

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Ifyouhaveyoungkidsortherearekidsintheneighborhoodtheymakeforgreataudiences.Thekey featuresofthedemonstrationaretohelpthekidsunderstandbothradiationandconduction,andget themexcitedaboutscienceandspecificallyheattransfer.Asetofeffectivequestionsisimportantto a meaningfullearningexperience,soconsiderwhatquestionstoaskduringthedemonstration.Baseyour questionsofftheagegroupyouwillbepresentingto.Afewofthequestionsweaskedarelistedbelow.

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Weusedasmallpapercutter,andcutthethermalpaperinto1"squarestogivethestudentsafter theyexperiencedthe"Hot,HotHands"demonstration.Givingthemthesepiecesofpaperhasadual purpose:theywillcontinuetothinkabouttheprinciplesofheattransfertheylearnedinthe demonstration,andtheywillshowtheirfriendsandfamily,andmighthavetheopportunitytoexplain theprinciplesthemselves!Again,thepurposeofthisdemonstrationistohelpthestudentsthinkandbe excitedaboutscience. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

DemonstrationInstructions

1.Twothingswillmakethedemonstrationasuccess:effectivequestionsandexcitementonyour

part.Thefollowingwillberepresentativeofhowourgroupdemonstratedthisproject,however feelfreetomodifythedemonstrationtowhatwouldbemosteffectiveforthestudents(an alternateideawillbepresentedat theend). xHaveeachstudenttakealargesheetofthethermalpaper,andputtheirhandonit.Help themunderstandthatthispaperisheatsensitive,meaningitreactswhenexposedtoheat. Besuretotellthemnottotaketheirhandoffthepaperuntil yousaytheycan. xAskthequestion:"Whatisradiation?"Allowthestudentsadequatetimetothinkaboutthe answer,andthenhelpguidethemwiththeposteriftheydonothaveananswer.Maybe offersomeexamplesofradiationtohelpthemunderstand. xAskthequestion:"What isconduction?"Againallowthestudentsadequatetimetothink aboutananswer,andusetheposterasnecessaryalongwithsomeexamples. xAfteryoufeeltheyhaveenoughunderstandingofthesetwoheattransferprinciples,teach themaboutradiationfromandconductionthroughourbodies.Maybeasksome probing questionstomakesuretheyunderstandthattheirbodiesareconstantlyradiatingheat. Furthermore,helpthemunderstandthatconductionheattransferoccursthroughtheir bodytoothersurfacestheycomeintocontactwith. xDrawtheirattentiontothesheetofpaperthattheirhandistouching,andaskthem to removetheirhandandobservethechangeinthepaper.Askafollowupquestion:"Whydid thishappen?" xAftertheexcitementaboutthecolorchangehascometoacontrollablelevel,usetheglove tohelpthestudentsunderstandinsulation.Weaskedspecifically:"Whydogloveskeep your handswarm?" xGivethestudentsthesmallpreͲcutpiecesofthermalpaper,andinvitethemtodemonstrate theprinciplestheylearnedtotheirfamilyandfriends. Note:Alternativeuseofglove:haveeachstudentputagloveononehand,andhavethemplace bothhandsonthe thermalpaperatthebeginningofthedemonstration.Thenteachthemabout insulationaftertheynoticethehandwiththeglovedidn'tcauseacolorchangeinthepaper.

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

Thequestionsfromthedemonstrationarelistedbelow:

xWhatisradiation? xWhatisconduction? xQuestionstoensurestudents'understandingofradiationandconduction xAfterstudentsremovetheirhandfromthethermalpaper:whydidthepaperchangecolor? xWhydogloveskeepyourhandswarm? Note:Thelastquestionistheapplicationquestion,andisrelativelysimple;youmaywanttoadjust theapplicationquestiontothelevelofdifficultythatmatchesyourstudentsunderstanding. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

StirlingEngine

5MinuteDemonstrationthatthatwillhelpexplainhowheatcanbeturnedintowork.

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedDemonstrationTime:5min(PrepTime:3Ͳ5hours)

2. Materials

1xM6x15Machinescrew(notstainless) 2xM6x20Washers 1xM6nut 1xBalloon(Iusedaweddingballoon) 1x300mmpieceof

1mmwire(fortheconrod)

1x200mmpieceof1.6mmwire(forthecranks) 1xRollofSteelwirewool 1x200mmpieceof0.45mmfishingline 5xElectricalScrewblocks/terminalblocks/chocblocks 1xEpoxyresin 1xTunatin 2xPopcans(Steelworksbetter) DeskLampand100Wattlightbulb Tinsnips Drillpress LeatherGloves Wirecuttingpliers

3. EstimatedCost~$25.00(PricedoesnotincludeanythingbelowPopcans)

SafetyPrecautions

1. Themetalcangetquitehotnearyourheatsource;werecommendnottouchingthecan

belowthetunacan.

2. Whenputtingtogether,wearglovestoavoidbeingcutbythemetalwhilecuttingholes.

3. Werecommendusing100Wattlightbulbinsteadofcandles(toavoidopen

flames).

4. Askfortheassistanceofanexpertifyouuseadrillpress.

PreparationInstructions

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Youcanfindtheallthematerialsatahardwareandagrocerystore. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

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Weusedthedirectionsfoundat

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2qssmxA82Uand http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5m09CJFdERc&feature=fvwp&NR=1. Afteryourengineisfinished,pouriceͲwaterintothemiddlecan,heatup thebottomcan,wait,andthengivethewheelapush.Hint:Foritto work,everythingmustbealignedproperly.Ifyouhavetroublegettingit towork,trytoadjustthelengthsofthewires sotheyrotatenaturally.

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Ifyouhaveyoungkidsortherearekidsintheneighborhood,they makeforgreataudiences.

DemonstrationInstructions

Forthedemonstrationsimplydiscusshowtheengineworks.Explainprinciplessuchasradiation andhowhotairexpandsandincreasesinpressure.Showthemhowthemovingparts work.Demonstrateandexplainhowtheinterioroftheengineworkswithanextrapopcanthat includessteelwoolmechanism.Consider givingatreattostudentswholistenintentlythroughthe wholediscussion.

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

ScientificPrinciples

Buoyantconvectionandthermodynamics:Theheatsourcecausestheair inthecylindertoexpandandrise.Theicewatercoolstheairfromabove andcausesacoldcompression.Themotioncausedbyhotairrisingand coldairfallingcreatesaconvectivecurrentwithinthepistonand generatesa risingandfallingmotionwhichpushesandpullsonthedrive shaft.Thermodynamically,itisexplainedthatittakesasmallamountofworktocompressagaswhileit iscold,whilealargeamountofworkisgeneratedwhenexpandingagaswhileitishot.Thisprocess yieldspositivenetwork,whichiscapturedandtransformedintomechanicalworkbythedriveshaft mechanism.Remembertoexplainthatallformsofenergycanbetransformed.InthecaseofaStirling engine(formerlycalledaheatengine),energyintheformofheatistransformedintomechanical work. Wealsocallthisusefulworkbecausewecaneasilyuseitformanyapplications,suchasto generateelectricity,driveacar,liftsomething,etc.

1.Wheredoestheenergyneededtoturnthewheelcomefrom?(Heat)

2.Whattypeofenergyisbeingcreatedhere?(MechanicalWork)

3.Doeshotairweighmoreorlessthancoldair?(Less;that'swhyitrises)

4.Whatareothercommonformsofenergy?(Potential,Kinetic,Chemical,etc.)

5.Cantheseformsofenergyalsobeconvertedintomechanicalwork?(Yes)

FunFactsandResources

LTDStirlingEngines(LowTemperatureDifferential)canrunoffthechangeintemperaturebetweenyour handandice.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABKmm_aBuH0  BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

MicrowavesandHeatTransfer

5MinuteDemonstrationthatexplainsheattransferthroughradiationandconvectionthat

engineersusetocontrolprocesstemperaturesofmaterials.

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedDemonstrationTime:5min(PreparationTime:10Ͳ15min)

2. ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

GrahamCrackers Chocolate Marshmallows(optional) napkins microwave fan

3. Cost:Ifneedtobuyamicrowaveandfanapprox.20Ͳ30dollarsforthose.Thenforthe

chocolate, marshmallowsandgrahamcrackersitisapprox.fiftycentstoadollaraperson dependingonthequalityofmaterials.

SafetyPrecautions

1. Sincemicrowavesaretheprimaryfeatureofthisdemonstration,basicmicrowavesafetyshould

beobserved. Don'tallowmetaltoenterthemicrowaveduringthedemonstrations Don'tallowsmallchildrentooperatethemicrowave

2. Becarefulwhilehandlingthechocolateandmaterialsthatcomeoutofthemicrowave

asthey canbeveryhot.

3. Electriccordsfromthemicrowaveandthefanshouldbetapeddowntoavoidtripping.

PreparationInstructions

ͳȌ

Meltingchocolateinamicrowavecancompromisethecleanlinessofthemicrowave,andifyou'dlike,a cheapmicrowave(andfanifyoudon'thaveone)canbepurchasedatyourlocal2 nd hand store.Chocolate,grahamcrackers,andnapkinscanbepurchasedatalocalgrocerystore.Ifsufficient fundsareavailable,marshmallowscanbepurchasedandaddedtotheexperimenttomakesmores.

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Asthisdemonstrationisgearedtowardsyoungerchildrenandteenagekids,practicingonyourown childrenortheneighborsisagreatwaytogetreadyforyourdemonstration.Besuretofamiliarize yourselfwiththetimeittakestosufficientlymelttheamountofchocolateyouwillbeputtingin the microwave.Also,meltthedemochocolatetobeplacedinfrontofthefanwellaheadoftime(1Ͳ2hrs)so thatitwillhavetimetohardenbeforeyourdemonstration. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage2of2

͵ȌǦ

Withafairlywidetable,placethemicrowaveononesideandthefanontheother(atabouttable height).PlacethepreͲcooleddemochocolateandgrahamcrackeronanapkinandtapethenapkin down(thefantendstoblowitaround).Keepgrahamcrackers,chocolate,andnapkins closeby.

DemonstrationInstructions

1. Topiquetheinterestofthestudents,havebarsofchocolateondisplayaskingstudentstoteach

ushowamicrowaveheatsfood.

2. Thenletthestudentsputabarofchocolateonagrahamcrackersquareandheatitinthe

microwavefor35seconds.

3. Whilethe

studentswatchthechocolatemelt,explainthatradiationheattransferisoccurringas themicrowavesbouncingaroundinsidethemicrowaveexcitethebondsofcertainmolecules insideourfood(usingourarmsoravideotoshowhowthebondsvibrateandrotate).

4. Thenmigratetothediscussionof

convectivecoolingbypullingthemeltedchocolateoutofthe microwaveandaskingthestudentshowtheynormallycooldowntheirfoodwhenit'shot(most responsesshouldbeblowonit,stickitinthefreezer,etc.).

5. Movingovertothefan,showthestudentsthesampleofchocolate

thathadpreviouslybeen cooledinfrontofthefanwiththeconvectionequationdisplayed.Describehowincreasingthe airblowingoverthechocolate(hcoefficient)increasesthetransferofheatoutofthechocolate, andhowthetemperaturedifferencedrivesheatfromthechocolateintotheair. 6. As areward,giveeachofthestudentsthatlistentoourdemonstrationoneofthemeltedbars ofchocolateongrahamcrackersandsendthemontheirwaytoeducatetheworld.

PotentialDiscussionQuestions

1. Whattypeofheattransferdomicrowavesuse,andwhattypesofwavesareusedtoaccomplish

this?

2. Whydoesplacingafaninfrontofahotobjecthelpitcooldownfaster?

FunFactsandResources

Microwavesuseradiationheattransfer(intheformofmicrowaves)toheatupfoodscontaininglipids, carbohydrates,andwater.Microwavescausethemoleculesinthefoodtovibraterapidlyandthe energyfromthemolecularmotionisexpressedasheat.Metalobjectareoftendangeroustoplaceinthe microwavebecause themoleculesinmetalscannotvibrateeasily,soalloftheenergyfromthe microwavesbuildsupasanelectricalcurrentthatcanbedangerous. BYU-ChE376-Hand'sOnDemonstrationsofBasicHeat&MassTransferPrinciplesPage1of2

VacuumFreezing

5minutedemonstrationtoexplainlatentheattransfer.Inthedemonstration,avacuumisused

tomakealiquidboil,whichactuallylowersthetemperatureoftheliquidandcanleadto freezing.Manylifeprocessesuselatentheattransferasacoolingmechanismandtheenergy changeinvolvedinphase changeisimportantforindustrytounderstand.

ResourcesRequired

1. EstimatedTime:5Ͳ10minutes

2. ListofMaterialsandEstimatedCost.

VacuumpumpͲ$50Ͳ$100(Alesseffectivehandvacuumpumpcanbepurchasedfor about$18) 100mLflaskwithaconnectionforrubbertube+tubeͲ$5
Stoppertosealofftopofflask

Ͳ$1

SeeͲthroughprotectivecasingͲ$10 25mLwater(orethanolifalesspowerfulpumpisused)

3. TotalProjectTime:15minutes

SafetyPrecautions

1. Thevacuumrequiresanoutletsobecarefulwiththechord.Usingachordcoverortapeitdown

inareasoftraffic.

2. Youwillbeusingglassflasks,sohandlewithcare.Thereispotentialforyourpumptobreakthe

flasksoyoushouldweareyewearand encasetheexperimentincaseofanaccident.

PreparationInstructions

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Avacuumupmpandmaterialsforanencasingcanbefoundatahomegoodsstoreoronline.The flaskandrubbertubecanbepurchasedeasiestonline.

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