[PDF] Effects of high altitude for electronic cooling_20171110

127943_3effects_of_high_altitude_for_electronic_cooling.pdf CONFIDENTIALEffect of Hight Altitude for Electronical Cooling

Flex, Power System

Da vid Lin

2017/11/10

1Agenda

1)Air Properties with Altitude

2)Air Density Effects to Cooling Performance

3)Thermal Calculation & Simulation

4)Conclusion

2Altitude Affect Pressure & Temperature

Altitude increase 100 m up, the temperature of air drop

0.65 deg. C

Temperature and AltitudePressure and Altitude

3Altitude vs. Pressure-==qqiŠŠ†¦®®AEÎÎÎ××aeìñaeìñ

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/T1_0 12.36 Tf

0 1 -1 0 415.9198 36.48 Tm

[((Left) At high altitude the air pressure is the same inside and outside the bottle.

(Right) At sea level, the pressure is greater outside than inside the bottle. The greater outside pressure crushes the bottle.

4Altitude vs. Air Density

Both air pressure and air density decreases with increasing altitude. It also changes with variances in

temperature or humidity. At sea level and at 15 °C according to ISA (International Standard Atmosphere),

air has a density of approximately 1.225 kg/m

3(0.0023769 slugs/ft3).

5Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal Gas Lawrelates pressure, temperature, and volume of an ideal or perfect gas. T h e Ideal Gas Law can be expressed with the Individual Gas Constant:
·  =  ·  ·  = ( ) ·  · 
·  = ( ) ·  ·  =  ·  ·  where

P = absolute pressure (N/m

2)

V = volume (m

3) n = =amount of substance of gas (moles) W = mass of the gas (kg), M = molar mass (kg/mole, Air=28.96 kg/mole) R = individual gas constant (J/mole·K, 8.3143 J/mole·K)

T = absolute temperature (K)

= = density (kg/m3)

6Heat Transfer Capability at High Altitude

Due to lower air density at higher elevations, the conv ective heat transfer capabilities of air can vary depending on elevation.

7Air Density Effects to Cooling Performance

Effect 1 - Mass Flow Rate  =  ·  · ∆ =  ·  ·  · ∆ Airflow temperature rise (inlet vs. outlet) increased as lower density (less mass flow)
Effect 2 - Heat Transfer Coefficient = ℎ  ∆ →  =· Heat transfer coefficient is changed with air density ratio.  =   
 !" #$"%#&'"   ( 
 )& )*"%#&'" In forced-air-cooled systems, the heat transfer can also be expressed as  = "+&)& =  ·  · ∆ =  ·  ·  · ∆

A fan at a fixed speed (or fixed rpm) will deliver a fixed volume of air regardless of the altitude and

 (   *    &


+ 
  &     Effect 1 : Mass Flow Rate

9Fan PQ Behavior at High Altitude - Same Speed

NMB Fan 4028 1611FB-E4W-B86-B53 18000 rpm

Nidec Fan 4028 W40S12BS4A5 18000 rpm10Fan PQ Behavior at High Altitude - Same Power
Forced Convection The average Nusselt number is generally a function of Reynolds numberand Prandtl number
Natural Convection T he average Nusselt number is expressed as a function of Grashof numberand Prandtl number

11Effect 2 : Heat Transfer Coefficient

,  = 0.33, refer to Empirical Correlation'





















, refer to Empirical Correlations '





















For components temperature is 105 deg. C at ambient 55 deg. C, estimate the temperature at

3000m and 50 deg. c ambient.

Estimate Component Temp. at High Altitude

Input altitude high (m)

/ &$/0 / 1 ) ) 
 " $*%0
  $ %1/ &$/0 / 1 ) 1/2

Component Temp. (at high altitude)= Temp.

rise (at high altitude) + ambient at high altitude      

Consider Ambient Temp. Rise

Considering the temp. rise (out and inlet) of airflow will increased at high altitude due to lower density at high altitude. Tin Airflow In

ToutAirflow Out

Ti (if 50C)T

L=0.5= 63.1 C (or 13.1 C rise)

DT

TL=1.0= 65.6 C (or 15.6C rise)

1.00.50

∆ =  ·

14Altitude Correlation Coefficient

Temp (altitude) = [Temp (sea-level) - ambient] x corr elation coefficient + ambient
Customer "Cxxxx"

1800m or 6,000ft = 1.15

3000m or 10,000ft = 1.24

Customer "Sxxxxxx"2000m = 1.163048m = 1.264000m = 1.35

15Flotherm -

High Altitude Setting

In order to estimate performance of Fan P-Q Curveand Flow Resi stance at high altitude condition, Mentor provide a website for user to apply it easier.

Flotherm

http://webparts.mentor.com/flotherm/support/webparts.jsp or Google the keyword "Flotherm Support Webparts"

16Flotherm -

High Altitude Setting 








































 +^_` <












   
 Y 

4 
 

 











 
UY
abcde,
afgffdhhcfij  
   
  Yk

Ideal Gas LawNatural Convection

Besides air density, air expansivity value comes into consideration for buoyancy effects.

17Flotherm -

High Altitude Setting

Forced Convection

If there are fans in the system, fan curve need to have its pressure curve being modified to take the

density variation into account. (assume fan is a constant speed air moving device)

18Flotherm -

High Altitude Setting

Generate PDML

Import to Project

Planar and Volume Flow Resistances

19Flotherm -

High Altitude Setting•Density can be set as being constantthroughout the computational domain. Density is assumed to be

constant if the variation in the fluid temperature is less than 60 Ʊ

C in the domain.

•Density can vary using the Ideal Gas Lawwhen the density variations due to temperature or molecular

weight are significant (more than 60 Ʊ C).

20Comparison with Estimation and Simulation

Example

U n it operating at sea-level & 55C is known and estimate thermal performance at 3048m & 55C. •Temp(altitude) = Temp Rise(sea-level) x correlation coefficient + ambient(altitude)
Altitude correlation coefficient

21Example - Simulation Comparison (Surrounding Temp.)

3000mSea Level

Airflow Direction

3000m

22Example - Simulation Comparison (Component Temp.)

Sea LevelAirflow Direction

23Comparison with Estimation and Simulation

Compare with simulation data, It's around 1~2.5 % difference by experience correlation.

24Summary

•Understand air properties variation at high altitude. (temperature, pressure, density...)

•At urgent case, it's easy to get an approximate result by a quick/simple heat transfer equation.

•While setting high altitude simulation by Flotherm, don't forget to adjust those key properties that may vary

by altitude.

Thank YouThank You

25