[PDF] Historical Crisis Committee - cahsmun

158685_5HCC_BACKGROUNDER_FINAL.pdf

Historical Crisis Committee

CAHSMUN XVIII

Background Guide

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 1

Letter From the Director

Dear Delegates,

My name is Maria Zen-Baxter and I am thrilled to be serving as the Director of the Historical Crisis Committee at the eighteenth iteration of CAHSMUN. I am in my senior year at Little Flower Academy and am genuinely excited to direct my first committee after four years of delegating. I have long loved the unparalleled drama, excitement, and energy of crisis committees, and I hope to facilitate an environment where delegates can get creative, take risks, and show the full extent of their abilities. In cooperation with my fantastic chairs, Lauren Thomas and Justin Hua, the dais will be orchestrating one of the most influential conflicts of all time: the American Revolution. This committee will be fast-paced and require delegates to be well-informed and ready for many unexpected turns of events. The American Revolution is not only known as one of the most

successful rebellions of all time, but as a turning point in the modern era. It was a catalyst for the

dissolution of empires and the rise of self-determination. It was a unique moment when people of prodigious intelligence and unsquashable optimism joined together to fight for their ideals. Democracy, liberty, and individualism drove one of history's most influential societal reconstructions. As the Founding Fathers, you must use your tenacity, ingenuity, and eloquence to defeat the forces of the tyrannical King George III and free the United Colonies from autocratic British rule. You represent some of the greatest minds of your generation, iconic statesmen and talented wordsmiths, as well as genius generals and inspirational orators. It will take all your energy to overcome the significant challenges that lie ahead, so come prepared.

Your Obedient Servant,

Maria Zen-Baxter

Director of HCC - CAHSMUN 2022

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 2

Committee Description

The outcome of the American Revolution had implications across the globe: the British Empire,

having lost its first significant battle in centuries, was forced to give up its foothold in the New

World and warily manage the rest of its colonies; France, after aiding American forces during the Revolution, found itself facing internal conflict that led to a full-on civil war in 1789; America, officially free from the clutches of mercantilism, faced an uncertain future. As time went on, the Industrial Revolution changed the international economic landscape, Europe fell into two devastating wars, and the era of colonialism came to an end as Britain's former 13 colonies expanded and slowly grew into the modern-day hegemony known as the United States of

America.

This committee, however, will not necessarily follow the real-life events of the Revolution. The year is 1776: Britain and the colonies are in open conflict, France has not officially declared its support for either side, and the Continental Congress has just issued the Declaration of

Independence.

The HCC relies heavily on historical background information; any real-life events that occurred after the committee's official start date - March 1st, 1775 - are subject to change depending on

actions taken by both cabinets. Because of this, research into the specifics of battles and alliances

following the signing of the Declaration of Independence is discouraged, as delegates will benefit more from researching the history and current situation of the Colonies. HCC will follow CAHSMUN's official Rules of Procedure for crisis committees, meaning actions will be taken via either private or public directives. The Dais has the right to veto any directives it deems inappropriate.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 3

Notes from the Director

This committee, consisting of the most influential figures of the patriot movement, is convening

in the summer of 1776 to navigate the trials and tribulations of a potential revolution and act as a

temporary government for what is known as the United Colonies. All share a common goal: to gain independence for the land they adore. While each of you may hold divergent views as to what independence should look like and the form of government that should prevail, the overthrow of colonial influence will require much cooperation and collaboration. At the beginning of the committee session, this committee will represent the Continental Congress and its key allies. All members have equal power in decision making and voting processes. Each position is unique in their powers: some have a military background, and thus will take the lead in military planning and have a set number of troops to control, dependent on rank and prowess; others will be skilled penmans, and hold significant influence over the general public and have the ability to create and distribute written works; others still will serve as wealthy statesmen or entrepreneurs, purchasing the necessary means to achieve their goals. Although all have asserted themselves as leaders of the revolutionary cause, particular individuals will enjoy popularity, while others may need to work to gain influence. This committee must effectively wage war against the British forces with limited resources and unorganized forces. Your goal is to unite the divided colonists behind the revolutionary cause, and ensure this support will survive through the hardships of war. This committee must establish a functional government; it is up to the committee to decide what that looks like. It could be a constitutional monarchy with the English Monarch as the head of state if an accord can be reached with the British government; alternatively, it could be a monarchy with an American at the helm or a republic with a representative democracy. More importantly, once the war is won, delegates will have to face a legacy of decisions - the system of government and the corresponding balance of power.. Beyond the system of government, delegates will have to establish the ideals on which the nation is founded, and effectively govern the new nation.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 4

The American Revolution

Overview

The seeds of revolution, which have been sown for decades in the American colonies, are now due to bloom as tensions between the American colonies and the British crown rise exponentially, potentially engulfing the entire region into a bloody and hard-fought war. The British had maintained power over the thirteen colonies for decades. The direct levying of various taxes - the Currency Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, and the Townshend Acts - by the British Parliament created immense backlash amongst American colonists. 1 Chanting the famous phrase "no taxation without representation," American colonists deeply resented the taxes imposed by the British Parliament, which they had no representation in. This resulted in the American Revolutionary War with the American colonists and the British Crown in direct military and ideological conflict with one another. This committee will represent the Continental Congress and key allies of members within the Congress, serving as the political decision- making body within this revolution. The Continental Congress has direct oversight and control over the Continental Army, led by General George Washington. The British forces, known as the Redcoats and led by General Thomas Gage, are formidable opponents, having the support of the most powerful empire on earth with vast access to an extensive amount of resources, skills, and equipment worldwide. 2 After decades of social unrest and civil disobedience in the colonies, anti-British sentiment is at an all time high and war seems inevitable. British military presence is increasing rapidly, and many revolutionary militias are forming. The revolution has energy but lacks organization - a centralized body must be formed to unite rebel groups behind a common cause and behind common leaders. With rumours of impending conflict spreading, the committee would be advised to begin by forming a military. The ideals of individual liberty and the right to representation in government reverberated within the Thirteen Colonies. However, this fight for independence will have deadly consequences

should it not succeed. It is imperative to remember that after the declaration of war, there will be

no turning back; all members within the Continental Congress will have committed high treason against King George III and executed for their crime. Thus, there exists no compromise and all members must collaborate towards one singular goal: full independence from the tyranny of

King George III and the British Empire.

1 https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/american-revolution-history 2 https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/british-army-american-revolution

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 5

Timeline

October 12, 1492 - Columbus' arrival in the Americas marks the onset of the colonial period. 3 May 14, 1607 - The establishment of the first permanent British colony in the Americas in Jamestown, Virginia. The British aim to settle this area and to utilize its natural resources. Indigenous peoples have a strenuous relationship with British Colonizers, both as trading partners and military enemies. 4 August 29, 1756 - The Seven Years War, also known as the French-Indian War, begins and marks a territorial dispute between Britain and France over the Upper Ohio River Valley, which was also symbolic of the two power's struggle for supremacy over the New World. 5

British

forces were victorious, and as a result, the British Empire gained dominance in North America. 6 May 7, 1763 - Pontiac's Rebellion, initiated by dissatisfied Indigenous people in the Great Lakes region, begins with an attack on Fort Detroit. 7 The rebellion gains traction and quashing it proves financially costly for the British Crown. 8 October 7, 1763 - King George III issues the Proclamation Line of 1763, which forbids colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, in the territory acquired from the

French in the Seven Years War.

9 This is implemented in the hopes of avoiding conflict with Indigenous peoples and keeping the colonists economically reliant on Great Britain by limiting their access to agricultural land. However, this is largely ignored by individual settlers, despite having an adverse effect on land speculators interested in westward expansion, especially into the Ohio River Valley. The proclamation breeds further resentment among the colonists, especially the gentry, towards the British Empire. 10 April 5, 1764 - The British Government institutes the Sugar Act, which tightens restrictions on the sugar trade and adds tariffs to sugar imported from anywhere other than the British West Indies, creating a monopoly and angering American colonists. 11 3 https://www.biography.com/explorer/christopher-columbus 4 https://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_subj.html 5 https://www.britannica.com/event/French-and-Indian-War. 6 Ibid. 7

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/road-to-revolution/the-american-revolution/a/pontiacs-

uprising 8 Ibid. 9

https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/proclamation-line-of-1763/

10 Ibid. 11 https://www.britannica.com/event/Sugar-Act

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 6

March 22, 1765 - The Stamp Act is instituted by the British Government as a means to fund defense expenditures brought about by the Seven Years War and Pontiac's Rebellion. 12 This legislation adds taxes to all commercial and legal papers, including stamps, pamphlets, and newspapers in the colonies. The reception in the colonies was overwhelmingly negative and led to mass protests, as well as the formation of the Sons of Liberty, a revolutionary group who looted the homes of the wealthy and tarred and feathered taxation enforcers. 13 March 24, 1765 - The Quartering Act, which mandates that colonists house British soldiers should they be in need of shelter, is passed by the British Parliament. The public is largely enraged at this new violation of their civil rights, and perception of the British government sours. 14 June 29, 1767 - The Townshend Acts are implemented, which adds further taxes on colonial goods and tightens Britain's grip on the colonies, adding fuel to the revolutionary sentiment in the colonies. 15 December 2, 1767 - John Dickinson publishes his "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" which rebuke the Townshend Acts and claim they are illegal on the basis that they raise revenue, a power exclusive to colonial assemblies. 16 These letters were widely distributed as a pamphlet and in colonial newspapers, causing widespread retaliation against the Townshend Acts, and resulting in the formation of the first Continental Congress. 17 March 5, 1770 - The Boston Massacre occurs where British soldiers open fire during a confrontation with angry Bostonians, killing five people and wounding several others. 18 April 12, 1770 - In an attempt to quell colonial resistance and stimulate trade, British Parliament repeals the Townshend Acts with the sole exception of the tax on tea. 19 This repeal succeeds in breeding derision between colonial tradesmen, who profit from the lack of tariffs, and craftsmen, who benefited from them. 20 June 10, 1772 - Angered by the restrictions the Navigation Acts have on the colonies' 12 https://www.britannica.com/event/Stamp-Act-Great-Britain-1765. 13 Ibid. 14 https://www.britannica.com/event/Quartering-Act. 15 https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/road-to-revolution/the-american-revolution/a/the- townshend-acts. 16

https://history.delaware.gov/john-dickinson-plantation/dickinsonletters/pennsylvania-farmer-letters/

17 Ibid. 18 https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Massacre 19 https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-repeal-hated-townshend-act 20 Ibid.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 7

economy, a group of citizens burn the HMS Gaspee off the coast of Rhode Island. 21
Local courts were sympathetic to the rebels, who received no consequences for the destruction of the ship. 22
May 10, 1773 - The British Government issues the Tea Act to support the East India Company. This tax angers colonists, and inspires further rebellion. 23
December 16, 1773 - 50 revolutionaries board three British East India Company ships docked in Boston Harbour, and throw 342 chests of tea into the harbor, destroying 10,000 pounds worth of cargo (about 1.7 million in the present day). 24
This was in protest of the oppressive tax levied on imports of tea to the colonies, which was imposed without input from the colonists themselves. This event was dubbed the "Destruction of Tea" by John Adams, and is now known as the Boston Tea Party. 25
In response to this, Britain effectively puts the state of Massachusetts under martial law. 26

Figure 1: The Boston Tea Party

27
September 5, 1774 - The first convention of the Continental Congress was held, and delegates approved a general boycott of British goods in response to the Intolerable Acts, which were punitive measures implemented by the British Government unto colonists in the aftermath of the 21
https://blogs.brown.edu/gaspee/history/ 22
https://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/gaspee.html 23
https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/tea-act 24

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/road-to-revolution/the-american-revolution/a/the-boston-

tea-party. 25
Ibid. 26
Ibid. 27
https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/12/boston-tea-party-lessons-for-today/

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 8

Boston Tea Party.

28
These acts extended Britain's power within the colonies and closed the Port of Boston until the destruction caused during the Boston Tea Party had been compensated for. 29
February, 1775 - English Parliament declares the Colony of Massachusetts to be in open rebellion against the Crown. Patriot leaders start rallying militias. 30

March 1, 1775 - The start of this crisis.

Historical Analysis

History of North American Colonization

In 1607, the Virginia Company of London established the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. 31
Around the same time, the Dutch and the French were also establishing colonial presence in North America, and the Spanish had been there since 1565. 32
By 1609, the Dutch began their establishment of New Netherland, a colony which spanned from modern day New York to Delaware, and was largely governed by the Dutch West India Company as an extension of the

Dutch Government.

33
The Dutch valued freedom and civil rights, which they extended to their colonists. 34
New Netherland was a prosperous and relatively peaceful colony. The British gained control of the area in 1664, but Dutch influence still remains pervasive. 35
Initially New France, the French colonies in North America, were governed by the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, a trading company tasked with populating the colony in return for a monopoly on the fur trade. 36
The company failed to maintain order in the colonies, and in 1663, King Louis XIV of France asserted direct absolute power over New France. 37
He then established a formal system of colonial governance wherein the power lied with the King, and the intendants and other officials 28

https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/first-continental-congress/

29
https://www.britannica.com/event/Intolerable-Acts 30
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/road-to-revolution/the-american-revolution/a/the- intolerable-acts-and-the-first-continental-congress. 31
https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-colonies#ref342976 32

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/topics/european-colonization-north-america/?q=&page=1&per_page=25

33
https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm 34
Ibid. 35
https://www.nysl.nysed.gov/newnetherland/what.htm. 36

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/compagnie-des-cent-associes#:~:text=a%20viable%20colony.-

,The%20Company%20of%20New%20France%2C%20or%20Company%20of%20One%20Hundred,on%20almost %20all%20colonial%20trade. 37
Ibid.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 9

enforced his will. 38
Conversely, the Spanish initially let the conquistadors, the Spanish men who invaded new territories, control their North American colonies until the changes initiated by the Hapsburgs, the ruling house of Spain, established a system of viceroyalties, a court system, and a central administrative body for the North American Colonies. 39
Additionally, the Hapsburgs instituted convoluted trade policies and committed many Indigenous peoples into forced labour. When the French Bourbons took power over the Spaniards, they clarified the colonial bureaucracy by instituting more straightforward legislation. 40
On the other hand, British colonies in North America all had unique systems of government. 41
The original Thirteen Colonies were established beginning in 1607, with the founding of Virginia, and concluded in 1733 with the establishment of Georgia. 42
Although they trailed behind other powers in colonizing North America, the British's investment in agriculture and continuing flow of immigration allowed them to gain dominance in the continent. The British tasked two trading companies, the Virginia Company of London and the Plymouth Company, with promoting settlement in return for granting the companies control over the economy of the colonies. 43
The escape from feudal Europe and the opportunity posed by the frontier created a new culture and psyche for settlers in the British colonies, one that was starkly different from that of their motherland. At first, colonial subjects were guaranteed the same rights as Englishmen, insofar as they didn't make any laws that contradicted those of England. As colonists became self-reliant, early forms of self government were put in place. 44
The Plymouth Company settled what would come to be known as New England, an area in the north of the Eastern Seaboard. 45
Settlement in this area flourished when the Puritans, a religious group who had been persecuted in England, fled to New England en masse and established the

Massachusetts Bay Colony.

46
Devoutly religious, the Puritans established municipal governments overseen by the minister and a town council. Debates and votes about civic issues were held in churches and town halls, participation in which was usually relegated to church members. Many left the Massachusetts Bay Colony to start their own settlements in surrounding areas. Communities in New England, especially the Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony, espoused their right to total self government and viewed their allegiance to the English Crown as largely 38

https://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/colonies-and-empires/governance-and-sites-of-

power 39
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0101.xml 40
Ibid. 41
Ibid. 42
Ibid. 43
Ibid. 44
Ibid. 45
Ibid. 46
Ibid.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 10

symbolic. They elected their own governors and established their own court systems, which determined how land was parcelled between settlers. 47
Starting with Jamestown, the Virginia Company of London established the colony of Virginia. 48
There were actions undertaken to establish self-government here as well; Governor George Yeardley established a government with an executive branch, made up of the Governor and his council, and a legislature with two burgesses, or elected representatives, representing every settlement to create laws concerning domestic affairs. 49
This legislature was subordinate to the Governor and gradually fell under total executive control. The nature of agriculture in Virginia encouraged settlers to spread out, quelling the development of town governments. 50
Instead, parishes were organized to evangelize and educate, and counties dominated by the elite were established. Other southern colonies, such as the Carolinas and Georgia, followed a similar progression. 51
Overtime, colonies between New England and Virginia were established and began to prosper, enjoying little interference from the British Government. Large amounts of land were given to aspiring colonists such as William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, through Royal Grants, and colonies such as Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland were established. 52
These colonies were semi-autonomous, and their systems of government depended on the demographics of their populus, their geography, and the ideals of their founders. 53
Many immigrants to the American colonies were indentured servants from Europe. 54
The labor market in the colonies was booming, despite the limited supply available. However, the widespread enthusiasm for immigrating to the colonies offered a solution to this issue. Employers would offer to pay the travel fees for European workers to come to America in exchange for a certain amount of unpaid labor. 55
By 1776, the Thirteen Colonies had a population of 2.5 million, consisting of mostly British, Irish, Germanic and Dutch immigrants, as well as approximately 67,443 African slaves. 56
47
Ibid. 48
Ibid. 49
Ibid. 50
Ibid. 51
Ibid. 52
Ibid. 53
Ibid. 54

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-british-empire-in-north-america/

55
Ibid. 56

https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/07/july-fourth-celebrating-243-years-of-independence.html.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 11

Figure 1: The Original Thirteen Colonies, shown here in colour. 57
"No Taxation without Representation" For decades, Britain has ruled its North American colonies with salutary neglect - a policy which provided limited autonomy to British Colonies - if the colonies showed continued loyalty to the

British Empire.

58
This policy was reversed in the institution of the Molasses Act, a tariff on all imports of molasses from non-British colonies into British North America. 59
This act was repealed shortly after its introduction in 1733 as a result of mass public unrest. 60
However, the law was revitalized in 1764 under a new name: the Sugar Act. 61
This marked the British government's abandonment of their salutary neglect policy in favour of a more direct form of governing its colonies. This reversal was due largely to the aftermath of the Seven Years War and Pontiac's Rebellion. 62,63
Although British forces were the victors in both these conflicts, they were nonetheless extremely expensive. 64
As a result, Britain sought to relieve their financial burdens through taxing the colonies. 65
These taxes not only included the Sugar Act, but the 57
https://www.internationalschoolhistory.com/uploads/1/2/7/0/127097165/13colonies_3.jpg 58
Ibid. 59
Ibid. 60
Ibid. 61
Ibid. 62
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/who-were-sons-liberty 63
Ibid. 64
Ibid. 65
Ibid.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 12

Stamp Act, the Townshend Act, as well as various economic restrictions which suppressed economic growth in the colonies in favour of paying off England's debts. The British Parliament also instituted acts which restricted colonists' mobility, such as the Proclamation of 1763, which forbade settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, to the chagrin of settlers eager to explore the unknown. 66
Furthermore, the English Parliament implemented policies which violated the rights of colonists, such as the Quartering Act, which forced colonists to house British soldiers should they be in need of shelter. All these articles of legislation were met with mass unrest amongst the colonies, which led to stricter rules from the British government, furthering a cycle of unrest and resentment towards British rule. 67
American protesters famously chanted the phrase "no taxation without representation." 68
At the time, the British Parliament had total power to impose taxes on the colonies while the colonies had no representation in the parliament. 69
British loyalists argued that the colonists were represented through virtual representation, the proposition that British parliamentarians felt the obligation to represent colonists because they were British subjects. 70
On the other hand, revolutionaries like Benjamin Franklin and Samuel Adams argued that the only body that could fairly institute taxes was one democratically elected by the people the taxes would affect. Furthermore, American colonists argued that taxation without being represented in the British Parliament was in direct violation of the 1689 English Bill of Rights. 71
These sentiments were central driving forces to the growing support for revolution and independence.

The Rise of the Founding Fathers

The Founding Fathers were a group of military men, plantation owners, lawyers, and other prominent members of society who were catalysts of the revolutionary cause. Most were well educated in philosophy and politics and gained notoriety for the extent of their intellect and eloquence. As Britain tightened its grip on the American colonies through restrictive policies and increased taxes, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and other founding fathers spread revolutionary ideas among the colonists and sowed the seeds of unrest. 72
Many Founding Fathers held positions in colonial assemblies, where they spoke out against oppressive British rule and

sought to pass legislation to protect the rights of colonists. Others were part of seditionist groups

like the Sons of Liberty, which organized riots, demonstrations and attacks to defy British authority. 73
66
Ibid. 67
Ibid. 68
Ibid. 69
Ibid. 70

https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-

empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/the-stamp-act-and-the-american-colonies-1763-67/

71
Ibid. 72
https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/founding-fathers-united-states 73
Ibid.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 13

Initiating Crisis

In February 1775, the English Parliament declared the Colony of Massachusetts to be in rebellion. 74
The institution of the Intolerable Acts in response to the Boston Tea Party was the last straw for the patriot colonists, who were now directing towns to ready their militias. 75
The Governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Gage, has tightened Britain's grip on the rebellious colony, and the anticipation of war looms in the air. Thousands of British troops are currently occupying Boston. Despite minor disagreements, the First Continental Congress displayed the unity of the colonists behind the revolutionary cause. 76
Militias in other colonies are readying themselves.

War seems inevitable.

As the colonies prepare for uncertainty and a potential direct military conflict, they are looking for leadership amongst themselves to combat the despotic King George III. 77
Although many British loyalists remain loyal, many colonists have rejected their position as British subjects and are now supporting the patriot cause. The aim of the Founders Fathers is to create a "more perfect union," one that can only be achieved through complete independence and the establishment of an unprecedented democracy. 78

Current Situation

Military

The Continental Army is at a distinct disadvantage compared to the highly-disciplined and armed

British redcoats.

79
A volunteer militia composed of untrained soldiers is now facing off against the largest military in history. 80
The Continental Army is under the control of General George Washington, who rose to prominence in the Seven Years War. 81
As of the beginning of this crisis, the Continental army has 27,000 soldiers. 82
Washington is charged with an incredibly difficult task. He ought to unite untrained state militias into a single Continental Army, create a chain of command, and find ways to supply and maintain the morale of his men. 83
Moreover, he must gain permission from this committee - the Continental Congress - for funding and large 74
https://alphahistory.com/americanrevolution/rebellion-declared-massachusetts-1775/ 75
Ibid. 76
Ibid. 77
Ibid. 78
https://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plans/preamble-constitution-how-do-you-make-more-perfect- union#:~:text=%22We%20the%20people%20of%20the,for%20the%20United%20States%20of 79
Ibid. 80
https://www.britishbattles.com/war-of-the-revolution-1775-to-1783/battle-of-long-island/ 81
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-washington/ 82
https://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/youasked/071.htm 83
Ibid.

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scale military operations The potential of political gridlock and slow communication methods may cause responses to be oftenly delayed. 84

Social Tensions

Approximately 15% to 20% of the population in the Thirteen Colonies are steadfast in their support for British rule - now known as loyalists. 85
Many loyalists are merchants who fear the economic ramifications of separation from the British Empire, as being a British colony gives them certain advantages in trade while independence may result in a loss of trade with the British Empire. Loyalists are often persecuted by supporters of the revolution, known as the patriots, with their homes often vandalized and looted, their businesses boycotted, and their social standing isolated altogether. 86
The Congress must decide whether to condone these attacks and drive the loyalists out of the colonies or try and garner their support by convincing them of the longevity and prosperity of an independent American economy. The other major social faction is the patriots, who make up the majority of the population, and believe that the colonies should be liberated from British rule. 87
A driving force of the patriot cause is the Sons of Liberty, a radical group which utilizes threats and violence to intimidate and rebel against supporters of British rule. 88
The Sons of Liberty are centred in Boston and dispersed throughout each of the colonies and loosely organized into chapters. They are known for their ability to wreak havoc and overpower colonial governors. 89
Through intimidation tactics and violence, the Sons are adept at enforcing anti-British initiatives. Many of the Sons of Liberty are publishers, giving them immense influence over the public. They are mostly untrained, unarmed, and unorganized. Several members of this committee are also Sons, including Samuel Adams. 90
If relations are made and maintained, the Sons of Liberty could become a powerful ally of the

Continental Congress.

Politics and Government

The Continental Congress consists of delegates from every colony, and in this committee, will be managing the day-to-day affairs of the colonies while also having the input of some of the most influential figures of the revolution, those who Americans have come to trust and admire as champions of the revolutionary cause. Together, they will be confronted with the major issues of the times, including military, financial, and social crises. Should the revolution be successful, they will also be tasked with the formation of a new independent government. 84
Ibid. 85
https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Loyalists-and-Patriots.pdf 86
Ibid. 87
Ibid. 88
Ibid. 89
Ibid. 90
https://www.history.com/news/sons-of-liberty-members-causes.

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The key to winning this conflict is in foriegn policy; in the face of Britain's massive military power, positive diplomatic relations with Britain's adversaries must be established. The committee must convince these powers that there is a realistic possibility of victory over the British, and request their military and financial support in the conflict. France, Britain's enemy of centuries, is likely the best target for these appeals. While France would benefit from a weakened England, they are still hesitant to give support when the odds of winning appear slim. At this point, France may be convinced to provide the patriots with a small loan or to replenish the supply of gunpowder, but if the Continental Army can prove their merit, they may have access to a vast amount of ammunition, arms, funds, or even direct military support. If the Continental Army can take a number of decisive battlefield victories, France may offer an

explicit and full alliance against the British, and with it, approximately 15,000 troops and a fleet

of warships. 91
The patriots can also make alliances with Indigenous groups. Many Indigenous Peoples, such as the Mohawks, support the British because of the Proclamation of 1763, which restricted colonial settlement to east of the Appalachian Mountains as a means of avoiding conflict between settlers and Indigenous Peoples. 92
On the other hand, many Indigenous Peoples sought to stay neutral in the conflict. Therefore, there remains some Indigenous groups and people willing to fight on behalf of the Continental Army. Discussions will have to happen with each tribe individually, and the forces available will be dependent on the size of the community and the quality of negotiations. Two Iroquois Nations, the Oneida and Tuscarora, are known to harbour pro-patriot sentiment, although other Iroquois nations feel differently. 93
At this point in the conflict, the Thirteen Colonies, which were previously under the rule of colonial governors, are on the verge of being controlled by revolutionary organizations. However, only areas of colonies with heavy British military presence are still under the control of British governors as a result of martial law. The colonial governors of the Carolinas and Georgia feel isolated from central British power and are banding together to share and find new sources of desperately needed information. These governors look to General Thomas Gage, the commander of the British forces and governor of Massachusetts for counsel and leadership, but has previously found little support as General Gage devoted most of his attention towards the war itself. 94
Consequently, most colonists have completely rejected the legitimacy of British rule, and now the onus is on this Congress to fill this power vacuum and prove that fair, responsible, democratic governance is not only possible, but essential. 91
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/how-france-helped-win-american-revolution 92
Ibid. 93
Ibid. 94
https://clements.umich.edu/the-last-colonial-governors-in-revolutionary-america/.

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Portfolio Overviews

Samuel Adams

Samuel Adams is one of the original and most vocal proponents of the revolution and has significant power in his hometown of Boston. With a high concentration of passionate patriots who are willing to go to great lengths for the revolutionary cause, Boston and the mobilization of Bostonians may play a key part in winning the revolution. Adams is also a prominent member of the aforementioned Sons of Liberty, a deeply patriotic group which, if dealt with correctly, could be a great help to the Continental Congress and the revolutionary cause. As the son of a very successful brewer, Adams is able to provide significant funding which could prove useful in advancing personal ambitions or funded projects proposed by the Continental Congress. 95

John Adams

John Adams is a well respected Boston lawyer who has the potential to become one of the leading actors of the revolution, and - if the war is won - a prominent leader in the new nation. Adams is a delegate to the Continental Congress and was chosen to help draft the Declaration of Independence. Despite his political and legal genius, Adams does not possess the same popularity as his cousin Samuel, largely due to his controversial decision to defend the British soldiers who perpetrated the Boston Massacre in court. 96
He himself has admitted to not being the militaristic type so it may not be in the best interest of the Continental Congress to allocate military responsibilities onto him. On the other hand, Adams' law practice in Boston is relatively successful, and he has received inheritances from his parents and in-laws. Although he is financially affluent, his personal wealth pales in comparison to the wealth of some of his counterparts. 97

John Dickinson

John Dickinson is known as the "Penman of the Revolution." 98
A well spoken and vocal advocate for resistance against British oppression and possessing ties in both Pennsylvania and Delaware, Dickinson serves in the Continental Congress representing Pennsylvania, where he has found professional success as a lawyer. 99
Should the Declaration of Independence - a document he was ardently opposed to - be brought into force, he will likely give up this post. Dickonson feels that the colonies ought to acquire foriegn support and devise clear plans for governance prior to declaring independence; however, he also understands the political ramifications of voting against the declaration, so he finds himself at a vexing crossroads at the 95
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Samuel-Adams 96
https://www.biography.com/us-president/john-adams 97
Ibid. 98
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dickinson 99
Ibid.

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start of the committee. 100
Dickinson currently serves in the Continental Army as a Brigadier- General, with approximately 10,000 men under his command. He is one of the wealthiest men in the Thirteen Colonies, owning a plantation in Delaware, as well as multiple properties and a law practice in Pennsylvania. 101
In the court of public opinion, Dickinson is widely unpopular due to his moderate and anti-violent views in regard to the revolution. 102

Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin is a polymath and a political philosopher who lends experience and wisdom to the Continental Congress and is looked to for guidance from other founding fathers. He has decades of experience in business, government, and politics, currently holding a seat representing Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress. 103
He has spent significant amounts of time in Europe, especially in London; his connections could make him a key player in the realm of foriegn diplomacy and persuading potential foreign allies into joining the revolutionary cause. His formidable intellect is also widely respected and makes him an influential representative of the Congress to the public and to foriegn governments. Franklin has also established a successful printing business, which can be used as a direct line of communication to the public. This business has also brought Franklin monetary success and made him one of the richest men in

Pennsylvania.

Alexander Hamilton

Alexander Hamilton was born in the Caribbean Dutch Colony of St. Kitts and Nevis and spent his childhood in poverty and despair. 104
He immigrated to New York in 1773 and began his education at King's College before joining the New York Provincial Company of Artillery in 1775.
105
In 1774 and 1775, Hamilton released a series of pamphlets berating loyalist Samuel Seabury, proving his ability to put his prolific penmanship towards the revolutionary cause. 106

Hamilton is still a relatively small presence at this point in time with few to little financial assets,

little notoriety, no official political position, and limited connections. Nonetheless, he still embodies boundless potential should he serve the Continental Congress well.

John Hancock

John Hancock is a prominent politician and businessman in Massachusetts. He is a leading member of the Sons of Liberty and has organized many riots and protests against British rule, 100
Ibid. 101
https://history.delaware.gov/john-dickinson-plantation/dickinsonletters/john-dickinson/ 102
Ibid. 103
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-Franklin 104

https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/alexander-hamilton/

105
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/hamilton-and-his-patron-george-washington/ 106
Ibid.

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including the infamous Boston Tea Party. 107
Hancock's influence over the Sons of Liberty gives him the power to cause widespread public unrest, instigate riots, and orchestrate targeted attacks against individuals or groups in the name of the revolution. His association with the Sons has also given him connections to many prominent publishers, giving him the ability to start propaganda campaigns. 108
Although Hancock inherited a large business from his uncle, it suffered greatly under oppressive British taxation and he was left with very little financial assets. 109

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry is a powerful orator who plays an important role in communicating with the American public. He is especially talented at translating complex political ideas into simple language. Henry has served as a delegate to the Continental Congress since 1774 and is a popular presence, especially in Virginia, because of his radical beliefs and passionate oratory. 110
He is also an active member of the Sons of Liberty. Henry was born into a wealthy family and runs a law practice which allows him some financial freedom.

John Jay

John Jay is a talented lawyer from New York, who has served in the Continental Congress since 1774.
111
Like his colleague John Dickinson, he is opposed to the Declaration of Independence. Jay is initially opposed to separating from the British Empire entirely, but as tensions begin to grow, his stance may change as the Continental Congress explores its options. Personally, Jay was born into a well to do family of merchants and is financially stable with modest amounts of financial assets.

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson has played an important role in the revolution so far and will undoubtedly continue to do so. Jefferson was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1768. 112
In 1774, A Summary View of the Rights of British North America, Jefferson's tract arguing that American colonies were only voluntarily tied to the British Crown, was released to popular acclaim and amplified his voice as a leading revolutionary. 113
In his home state of Virginia, Jefferson owns a large plantation called Monticello, as well as a thriving law practice, which awards him great monetary wealth. 114
He currently serves as a delegate representing Virginia in the Continental 107
Ibid. 108
Ibid. 109
Ibid. 110
Ibid. 111
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Jay 112
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Jefferson. 113
Ibid. 114
Ibid.

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Congress. He is known as the "silent member" of congress, but what he lacks in oratory he more than compensates for in penmanship. He has the potential to draft major congressional articles and declarations in the future. He holds a multitude of sway in his home colony of Virginia,

where he is an active proponent of civil and personal liberties. Jefferson is a fierce revolutionary

with an immeasurable intellect and very much has the potential of becoming a leader of the revolutionary movement.

Marquis De Lafayette

As an immensely wealthy French aristocrat, Lafayette holds a unique position within this committee. He has traveled to the colonies at his own expense to win glory on the battlefield. He holds what could be considered the only path towards success for the revolutionaries, which is a military alliance with France. As a former member of King Louis XIV's court, he has influence within France's government. 115
Although he has no military experience, his position could earn him a high rank in the military and the opportunity to prove his prowess. Lafayette is very close with George Washington, a relationship which can afford him privileges. 116

Richard Henry Lee

Lee was born into a Viriginian family of high standing and came from a long line of businessmen, military officers and politicians. 117
He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses for seventeen years, from 1758-1775, where he openly criticized the Stamp Act and the

Townshend Acts.

118
In his time in the House of Burgesses his commitment to government transparency and democracy made him many powerful enemies. 119
He's also made important alliances with Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson. He currently serves in the Continental Congress, where he consistently asserts the need for a declaration of independence from

Britain.

120
He is an active politician, who often makes proposals and spearheads new initiatives. Lee does not possess the same social prowess as some of his Virginian counterparts, namely Patrick Henry, but he is a trusted and reliable politician and a long time supporter of the

Revolution.

James Madison

Madison is a relatively small and timid Virginian but he is still capable of greatly contributing to

the revolutionary movement. He was born to a wealthy family and is set to inherit a large plantation called Montpelier from his father James Madison Sr. Madison's chronically weak 115
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marquis-de-Lafayette 116

Ibid.

117
https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/lee-richard-henry-1732-1794/#heading1 118
Ibid. 119
Ibid. 120
Ibid.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 20

health will prevent him from taking on any military roles, but he has the potential to assume many important positions within government. 121
Currently, he is a member of the Virginia Convention and has built strategic working relationships with other important revolutionary figures, namely Thomas Jefferson. 122
Madison has a wealth of political knowledge and is very likely to spearhead important aspects of developing the new government of the Thirteen

Colonies.

John Marshall

John Marshall is an emerging figure in the revolution, currently serving as a Lieutenant in the

Continental Army.

123
He is family friends with George Washington, and his personal ties and military capability put him in a position to rise through the ranks of the army. He comes from a relatively affluent family but has little formal education and very limited social influence. If he wants to become a well known figure in governance after the war, he must find a way to educate himself and gain a public position or choose to remain in the military.

George Mason

George Mason is known to shy away from public office, but his insight and advocacy could play a key role in the formation of a new country. Mason is a wealthy landowner in Virginia and has a decent amount of disposable income. 124
As a member of the Virginia Convention, he played a key role in drafting Virginia's constitution, which the Declaration of Independence drew inspiration from heavily. 125
He currently serves in the Virginia House of Delegates, but his poor health precludes him from serving in the military. Mason is passionately opposed to a strong centralized government, which will place him in an important position in the later periods of the revolution. 126

James Monroe

James Monroe was born to a moderately wealthy family, and is one of the youngest members of the council. Monroe currently studies at the College of William and Mary in his home colony of Virginia, and has many important contacts within the revolutionary cause, including John Marshall, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and George Washington. 127
He has the potential to 121
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Madison 122
Ibid. 123
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Marshall 124
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Mason. 125
Ibid. 126
Ibid. 127
https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-monroe

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 21

become a great legal mind and a powerful political force. 128
Monroe has military aspirations, and could go on to play an important role as a member of the Continental Army.

Gouverneur Morris

An eclectic and loquacious man, Governeur Morris is a staunch conservative who was hesitant to become a revolutionary. However, his belief in independence overpowered and he has become a vocal advocate for revolution. Born in New York, Morris was educated at King's College and became a lawyer in 1771. 129
He currently serves in the New York Provincial Congress and acts as a lieutenant colonel in the New York state militia. 130
His connection to militias can help the committee organize the military and put up a united front against the redcoats. He is highly adept

in fiscal, and can be looked to in times of financial decision making or crisis. He is also a skilled

penman, and may play a role in drafting congressional documents. Morris believes in a centralized government, and is distrustful of Democratic-Republicans. 131

Thomas Paine

Thomas Paine is placing his literacy skills to work through the construction of the pamphlet Common Sense. Paine hasproved his talents as a writer and a propagandist in the past, two positions which will be essential for the success of this revolution. He is not especially wealthy and is not expected to make significant amounts through financial compensation in writing. 132
He has only recently immigrated to the colonies from England; although his writing gives him powerful sway with the public, he has few contacts in politics or government. Currently, Paine is working as an assistant to General Nathaniel Greene of the Continental Army. 133

Paul Revere

Paul Revere is a Boston silversmith, spy, and revolutionary. He is a member of the Sons of

Liberty and took part in the Boston Tea Party.

134
He holds significant influence over other artisans in Boston, which can be used to assuage anger about taxation and unite more people behind the patriot cause. He is the principal rider for Boston's Committee of Safety, and is tasked with alerting the populace of oncoming attack from the British. 135
As an industrialist, he has resources to supply the Continental Army with necessary equipment they desperately need. Additionally, Revere leads the "Mechanics", a group of spies that became active in 1774. 136
128
Ibid. 129
Ibid. 130
Ibid. 131
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gouverneur-Morris 132
Ibid. 133
Ibid. 134
Ibid. 135
Ibid. 136
Ibid.

CAHSMUN 2022 HCC Backgrounder 22

These spies are entrenched in loyalist society, and will be an invaluable source of information for the committee.

Benjamin Rush

Benjamin Rush is a highly educated activist, physician and professor, whose enlightened opinions had a major impact in revolutionary America. 137
He has relatively little inherited wealth and despite his thriving medical practice, is relatively poor in comparison to other Founding Fathers. Through speeches, essays, and resolutions, Rush actively supports of many civil causes, including the abolition of slavery, the advancement of women, and the betterment of education. 138
He is also an active member of the Sons of Liberty. 139
He supports the proposition of a declaration of independence from Britain and serves in the Continental Congress representing Pennsylvania. 140
Moreover, he currently acts as Surgeon General of the Middle Continental Army, an important job for a military force that is notoriously undernourished and ill. 141

Roger Sherman

Roger Sherman is a prominent statesman from Connecticut, who has held many positions in the public sector such as the Connecticut House of Representatives. 142
He has been a surveyor, a merchant, a justice of the peace, and a representative in Connecticut's legislature. 143
He has been a member of the Continental Congress since 1774, and supports the ratification of a declaration of independence from Britain. 144
He believes strongly in representation for smaller colonies, and is a talented and diplomatic politician, who can often facilitate compromise. Sherman is known to be conservative and somewhat of a terse, ineloquent speaker, yet is still an active proponent of the revolutionary cause. 145
He is mostly a self-made man, with little inheritance, putting him at a disadvantage in terms of being able to financially sponsor various actions in comparison with some of the other members in this committee. 146
137
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benjamin-Rush. 138
Ibid. 139
https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/benjamin- rush#:~:text=Rush%20was%20a%20member%20of,Generals%20of%20the%20Continental%20Army. 140
Ibid. 141
Ibid. 142
https://www.biography.com/political-figure/roger-sherman 143
Ibid. 144
Ibid 145
https://tempestatdawn.blogspot.com/2013/09/roger-shermanthe-forgotten-founder.html 146
Ibid.

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George Washington

As commander of the Continental Army, George Washington has a pivotal role within the committee and will be the leading voice in all military matters. Washington has a large plantation in Virginia known as Mount Vernon, and he has inherited sizable wealth from his parents and in- laws. 147
Washington gained a reputation for military brilliance from his leadership as a general in the Seven Years War and is expected to be appointed as commander of the Continental Army by the Continental Congress. 148
The Continental Army has approximately 27,000 soldiers, most of whom have no training and are notoriously difficult to command. 149
In comparison to the British forces, the Continental Army is at a distinct disadvantage. Furthermore, the Continental Army will need to work in cooperation with many regional militias. Some Militias, such as the minutemen, are highly trained, while others, such as those in the southern colonies, are undisciplined and riotous. Washington is faced with the gargantuan task of training, organizing and mobilizing his forces, as well as making strategic military decisions. 150

Bloc Positions

Federalists

Most Federalists are urban elites from New England and the Midatlantic States. They envision a modern United States of America that is economically competitive and globally influential. 151
Federalists share a strong desire for a centralized government that holds power over the economy and dominates state leadership. 152
The Federalists plan for an economy that includes the establishment of a national bank, which would assume state debts and have the capability to incur further national debt. 153
They want to shift the focus of the American economy towards manufacturing and support further urbanization. 154
In terms of managing foriegn affairs after the

revolution, the Federalists still favour trading with the British Empire as partners despite the two

only recently being enemies. 155
They believe that with the British Empire holding such immense trading power, continuing economic relations with them could open the door for American prosperity. 156
Federalists also support the idea of a constitution which clearly outlines the role of 147
https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Washington 148
Ibid. 149
Ibid. 150
Ibid. 151
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Federalist-Party 152
Ibid. 153
Ibid. 154
Ibid 155
Ibid. 156
https://www.history.com/topics/early-us/federalist-party

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government. 157
Prominent Federalists include John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams and

Gouverneur Morris.

Democratic-Republicans

Founded under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson along with other prominent members including Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams, Democratic-Republicans, also known as Jeffersonian Republicans, are largely plantation owners from the agrarian southern states, whose economies rely heavily on slave labour. 158
Democratic-Republicans consider the Federalists' proposed centralization of power to be antithetical to the core values of the revolution, going as far as calling it monarchalistic and equating a centralized presidential system to the monarchical system which sparked the revolution as both had immense centralized executive power, and ran the risk of losing touch with many Americans. 159
Instead, they favour a system in which states' rights are paramount. Additionally, they had an immense distaste for Federalist economics and wished to preserve the American South's agricultural economy. 160
Democratic-Republicans, chiefly Thomas Jefferson, were ardently opposed to tradi