Loading...
[PDF] Assembly Language Programming
We will start from assembly language but use high-level C language to help understand it Compiler often directly generates machine code The assembly language
[PDF] Assembly Language Tutorial - Tutorialspoint
Assembly language is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler like NASM, MASM etc Audience
[PDF] The Art of Assembly Language - IC/Unicamp
4 9 1 The UCR Standard Library for 80x86 Assembly Language Programmers 169 The Art of Assembly Language Page xi 8 22 5 GetArray ASM
[PDF] Beginners Introduction to the Assembly Language of - IC-Unicamp
http://www avr-asm-tutorial net Why learning Assembler? Assembler or other languages, that is the question Why should I learn another language,
[PDF] PC Assembly Language - Paul Carter
Figure 1 6: driver c code advantage of this They use C's I/O functions (printf, etc ) The following shows a simple assembly program first asm
[PDF] C & ASM & ASM
Within “C” you can insert assembly language using “asm(“ ASM is generally used to speed up C code – Typically a function is written in assembler, and
[PDF] Assembly Programming I - Washington
L07: Assembly Programming I Translation 4 What makes programs run fast(er)? Hardware User program in C Assembler C compiler Code Time Compile Time
[PDF] 4 Assembly Language Interface
Write assembly language functions that are C-callable • Use assembly language statements within a C function (by using the asm() in-line assembly construct)
[PDF] Introduction to Assembly Language Programming - CIn UFPE
Assembler language (Computer program language) 2 Microprocessors—Programming I Title II Series QA76 73 A87D36 2004 005 13?6—dc22 2004049182
![[PDF] Assembly Programming I - Washington](https://pdfprof.com/EN_PDFV2/Docs/PDF_3/20388_3CSE351_L07_asm_I_17sp_ink.pdf.jpg "[PDF] Assembly Programming I - Washington")
20388_3CSE351_L07_asm_I_17sp_ink.pdf CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
AssemblyProgrammingICSE351Spring2017AssemblyProgrammingICSE351Spring2017Instructor:
RuthAnderson
TeachingAssistants:
DylanJohnson
KevinBi
Linxing PrestonJiang
CodyOhlsen
Yufang Sun
JoshuaCurtis
CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
Administrivia
Lab1dueFriday(4/14)
Prelimsubmission(3+ofbits.c)dueonTONIGHT(4/10).
Turninwhateveryouhaveatthattime(dropboxclosesat
11:59pm),nolates.Worthasmallpart(nomorethan10%)
oftotalpointsforlab1.Homework2duenextWednesday(4/19)
2CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
Roadmap
3 car *c = malloc(sizeof(car)); c->miles = 100; c->gals = 17; floatmpg = get_mpg(c); free(c);Car c = new Car();
c.setMiles(100); c.setGals(17); float mpg = c.getMPG(); get_mpg: pushq%rbp movq%rsp, %rbp ... popq%rbp retJava:C:
Assembly
language:Machine
code:0111010000011000
100011010000010000000010
1000100111000010
110000011111101000011111
Computer
system:OS:Memory &data
Integers&floats
x86assemblyProcedures&stacks
Executables
Arrays&structs
Memory&caches
Processes
Virtualmemory
Memoryallocation
Javavs.C
CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
Translation
4Whatmakesprogramsrunfast(er)?
Hardware
User program inCAssembler
C compilerCodeTime CompileTime RunTime
.exefile.cfileCSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
CLanguage
HWInterfaceAffectsPerformance
5 x86Ͳ64IntelPentium 4
IntelCore2
Intel Corei7
AMDOpteron
AMDAthlon
GCC ARMv8 (AArch64/A64)ARMCortexͲA53
AppleA7
Clang Your programProgram
BProgram
ACompilerSourcecodeArchitecture
Differentapplications
oralgorithmsPerformoptimizations, generateinstructionsDifferent implementationsHardware
Instructionset
CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
InstructionSetArchitectures
TheISAdefines:
Thesystem'sstate(e.g.registers,memory,program
counter)TheinstructionstheCPUcanexecute
Theeffectthateachoftheseinstructionswillhaveonthe
systemstate 6 CPUMemory
PCRegisters
CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
InstructionSetPhilosophies
ComplexInstructionSetComputing(CISC):Addmore
andmoreelaborateandspecializedinstructionsas neededLotsoftoolsforprogrammerstouse,buthardwaremustbe
abletohandleallinstructions x86Ͳ64isCISC,butonlyasmallsubsetofinstructions encounteredwithLinuxprogramsReducedInstructionSetComputing(RISC):Keep
instructionsetsmallandregularEasiertobuildfasthardware
Letsoftwaredothecomplicatedoperationsbycomposing
simplerones 7CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
GeneralISADesignDecisions
Instructions
Whatinstructionsareavailable?Whatdotheydo?
Howaretheyencoded?
Registers
Howmanyregistersarethere?
Howwidearethey?
Memory
Howdoyouspecifyamemorylocation?
8CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
GeneralISADesignDecisions
Instructions
Whatinstructionsareavailable?Whatdotheydo?
Howaretheyencoded?Instructionsaredata!
Registers
Howmanyregistersarethere?
Howwidearethey?Sizeofaword
Memory
Howdoyouspecifyamemorylocation?Differentwaysto
buildupanaddress 9CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
MainstreamISAs
Macbooks &PCs
(Corei3,i5,i7,M) x86Ͳ64InstructionSetSmartphoneͲlikedevices
(iPhone,iPad,RaspberryPi)ARMInstructionSet
Digitalhome&networking
equipment (BluͲray,PlayStation2)MIPSInstructionSet
10CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
Definitions
Architecture(ISA):Thepartsofaprocessordesign
thatoneneedstounderstandtowriteassemblycode "Whatisdirectlyvisibletosoftware"Microarchitecture:Implementationofthe
architectureCSE/EE469,470
Arethefollowingpartofthearchitecture?
Numberofregisters?
HowaboutCPUfrequency?
Cachesize?Memorysize?
11CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
Definitions
Architecture(ISA):Thepartsofaprocessordesign
thatoneneedstounderstandtowriteassemblycode "Whatisdirectlyvisibletosoftware"Microarchitecture:Implementationofthe
architectureCSE/EE469,470
Arethefollowingpartofthearchitecture?
Numberofregisters?Yes
HowaboutCPUfrequency?No
Cachesize?Memorysize?No
12CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
CPUAssemblyProgrammer'sView
ProgrammerͲvisiblestate
PC:theProgramCounter(%ripinx86Ͳ64)
•Addressofnextinstruction
Namedregisters
•Togetherin"registerfile"
•Heavilyusedprogramdata
Conditioncodes
•Storestatusinformationaboutmostrecent
arithmeticoperation •Usedforconditionalbranching
13 PCRegisters
Memory
•Code •Data •StackAddresses
DataInstructions
Condition
CodesMemory
ByteͲaddressablearray
Codeanduserdata
IncludestheStack(for
supportingprocedures)CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
x86Ͳ64Assembly"DataTypes"Integraldataof1,2,4,or8bytes
Datavalues
Addresses(untyped pointers)
Floatingpointdataof4,8,10or2x8or4x4or8x2
Differentregistersforthose(e.g.%xmm1,%ymm2)
Comefromextensionstox86(SSE,AVX,...)
Noaggregatetypessuchasarraysorstructures
Justcontiguouslyallocatedbytesinmemory
Twocommonsyntaxes
"AT&T":usedbyourcourse,slides,textbook,gnutools,... "Intel":usedbyInteldocumentation,Inteltools,...Mustknowwhichyou'rereading
14Notcovered
InCSE351
CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
WhatisaRegister?
AlocationintheCPUthatstoresasmallamountof
data,whichcanbeaccessedveryquickly(onceevery clockcycle)Registershavenames,notaddresses
Inassembly,theystartwith%(e.g.%rsi)
Registersareattheheartofassemblyprogramming
Theyareapreciouscommodityinallarchitectures,but
especiallyx86 15CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
x86Ͳ64IntegerRegisters-64bitswide CanreferencelowͲorder4bytes(alsolowͲorder2&1bytes) 16 %r8d %r8 %r9d %r9 %r10d %r10 %r11d %r11 %r12d %r12 %r13d %r13 %r14d %r14 %r15d %r15 %rsp %esp%eax %rax %ebx %rbx %ecx %rcx %edx %rdx %esi %rsi %edi %rdi %ebp %rbpCSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
SomeHistory:IA32Registers-32bitswide
17 %esi %si %edi %di %esp %sp %ebp %bp %eax %ax %ah %al %ecx %cx %ch %cl %edx %dx %dh %dl %ebx %bx %bh %bl16Ͳbitvirtualregisters
(backwardscompatibility) generalpurpose accumulate counter data base source index destination index stack pointer base pointerNameOrigin
(mostlyobsolete)CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
Memoryvs. Registers
Addressesvs.Names
0x7FFFD024C3DC %rdi
Bigvs.Small
~8GiB (16x8B)=128BSlowvs.Fast
~50Ͳ100ns subͲnanosecondtimescaleDynamicvs.Static
Can"grow"asneeded fixednumberinhardware
whileprogramruns 18CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
ThreeBasicKindsofInstructions
1)Transferdatabetweenmemoryandregister
Loaddatafrommemoryintoregister
• %reg=Mem[address]Storeregisterdataintomemory
•Mem[address]=%reg
2)Performarithmeticoperationonregisterormemory
data c = a + b; z = x << y; i = h & g;3)Controlflow:whatinstructiontoexecutenext
Unconditionaljumpsto/fromprocedures
Conditionalbranches
19Remember:Memory
isindexedjustlikean arrayofbytes!CSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
Operandtypes
Immediate:Constantintegerdata
Examples:$0x400,$-533
LikeCliteral,butprefixedwith'$'
Encodedwith1,2,4,or8bytes
dependingontheinstructionRegister:1of16integerregisters
Examples:%rax,%r13
But%rspreservedforspecialuse
Othershavespecialusesforparticular
instructionsMemory:Consecutivebytesofmemory
atacomputedaddressSimplestexample:(%rax)
Variousother"addressmodes"
20 %rax%rcx%rdx%rbx%rsi%rdi%rsp%rbp%rNCSE351, Spring 2017
L07: Assembly Programming I
MovingData
Generalform:mov_ source, destination
Missingletter(_)specifiessizeofoperands
NotethatduetobackwardsͲcompatiblesupportfor8086 programs(16Ͳbitmachines!),"word"means16bits=2bytes inx86instructionnamesLotsoftheseintypicalcode
movb src, dstMove1Ͳbyte"byte"
movw src, dstMove2Ͳbyte"word"
21movl src, dst