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Power Flow Equations Dr Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Communications and Control in Smart Grid Texas Tech University 27 • Given the power injection values at all buses, we can use to obtain the voltage angles at all buses • Let P ij denote the power flow from bus ito bus j, we have: N j P k B kj k j 1 ( ) P ij B ij (
Economic Operation of Power System: Distribution offload between units within a plant, Transmission losses as function of plant generation, Calculation of loss coefficients, Distribution of loads between plants with special reference to steam and hydel plants, Automatic load
generator would lose 300MW of its power in the (very hot) cables to the loads The main consideration with a power system is to maintain the consumer’s voltage within a few percent of its nominal value For this reason the network is run with low source impedance and high load impedance V r R R = r R V 2 V 1 V R r V I r V 2 I V R P R r V 2 P
The power system of North America is divided into four major Interconnections which can be thought of as independent islands • Western – Generally everything west of the Rockies • Texas - Also known as Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) • Eastern – Generally everything east of the Rockies except Texas and Quebec • Quebec
•The operator (system/market) knows what units are available to the system •The operator has an updated (more accurate) projection of system demand •The operator knows what are the conditions of the transmission system, and has good knowledge of possible contingencies • Objective: to schedule existing generation to