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The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago During the evolution of the solid
The role of the atmosphere and the hydrosphere in crustal evolution BY H D HOLLAND Department of Geological Sciences, Harvard University,
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Introduction to
Atmosphere,
hydrosphere and biosphere
B.Sc. Sem-1
Ge-1
Dept. of geology
Dspmu, ranchi
The Atmosphere
Atmosphereisamixtureofdifferentgasesanditenvelopestheearthallround.Itcontains lifegivinggaseslikeoxygenforhumansandanimalsandcarbondioxideforplants.
Inotherwords
TheEarthissurroundedbyablanketofair,whichwecalltheatmosphere. ͻTheatmosphereconsistsoffouruniquelayers(thetroposphere,thestratosphere,the mesosphere,andthethermosphere). Theatmospherereachesover350milesupfromthesurfaceofthe
Earth.
COMPOSITIONOFTHEATMOSPHERE
Theatmosphereiscomposedofgases,watervapouranddustparticles.Theproportionof gaseschangesinthehigherlayersoftheatmosphereinsuchawaythatoxygenwillbe almostinnegligiblequantityattheheightof120km.Similarly,carbondioxideandwater vapourarefoundonlyupto90kmfromthesurfaceoftheearth. Or Studytheabovetableshowingthecompositionoftheatmosphereandanswerthe followingquestions.
1.Whichgasconstitutesthehighest%ofatmosphere?
2.Namethegaswhichconstitutesleast%ofatmosphereGases
CarbondioxideismeteorologicallyaveryimportantgasasitistransparenttotheIncoming solarradiationbutopaquetotheoutgoingterrestrialradiation.Itabsorbsapartof terrestrialradiationandreflectsbacksomepartofittowardstheearth͚ssurface.Itis largelyresponsibleforthegreenhouseeffect. Thevolumeofcarbondioxidehasbeenrisinginthepastfewdecadesmainlybecauseof theburningoffossilfuels.Thishasalsoincreasedthetemperatureoftheair. Ozoneisanotherimportantcomponentoftheatmospherefoundbetween10and50km abovetheearth͚ssurfaceandactsasafilterandabsorbstheultra-violetraysradiating fromthesunandpreventsthemfromreachingthesurfaceoftheearth.
WaterVapour
Watervapourisalsoavariablegasintheatmosphere,whichdecreaseswith altitude.Inthewarmandwettropics,itmayaccountforfourpercentoftheairby volume,whileinthedryandcoldareasofdesertandpolarregions,itmaybeless thanonepercentoftheair.Watervapouralsodecreasesfromtheequatortowards thepoles.Italsoabsorbspartsoftheinsolationfromthesunandpreservesthe HMUPO¶Vradiatedheat.Itthus,actslikeablanketallowingtheearthneitherto becometoocoldnortoohot.Watervapouralsocontributestothestabilityand instabilityintheair.
DustParticles
Atmospherehasasufficientcapacitytokeepsmallsolidparticles,whichmay originatefromdifferentsourcesandincludeseasalts,finesoil,smoke-soot,ash, pollen,dustanddisintegratedparticlesofmeteors.Dustparticlesaregenerally concentratedinthelowerlayersoftheatmosphere;yet,convectionalaircurrents maytransportthemtogreatheights.Thehigherconcentrationofdustparticlesis foundinsubtropicalandtemperateregionsduetodrywindsincomparisonto equatorialandpolarregions. Dustandsaltparticlesactashygroscopicnucleiaroundwhichwatervapour condensestoproduceclouds.
STRUCTUREOFTHEATMOSPHERE
1.Theatmosphereconsistsofdifferentlayerswithvaryingdensityand
temperature.2.Densityishighestnearthesurfaceoftheearthanddecreases withincreasingaltitude.
3.Thecolumnofatmosphereisdividedintofivedifferentlayersdependingupon
thetemperaturecondition.
Namethelayersofatmosphere
Theyare:troposphere,stratosphere,mesosphere,thermosphereandexosphere.
Thetroposphere
1.Itisthelowermostlayeroftheatmosphere.
2.Itsaverageheightis13km
3.extendsroughlytoaheightof8kmnearthepolesandabout18kmatthe
equator.
4.Thicknessofthetroposphereisgreatestattheequatorbecauseheatis
transportedtogreatheightsbystrongconvectionalcurrents.
5.Thislayercontainsdustparticlesandwatervapour.
6.Allchangesinclimateandweathertakeplaceinthislayer.
7.Thetemperatureinthislayerdecreasesattherateof1°Cforevery165mof
height.
8.Thisisthemostimportantlayerforallbiologicalactivity.
9.Thezoneseparatingthetropospherefromstratosphereisknownasthe
tropopause. Theairtemperatureatthetropopauseisaboutminus800°Covertheequator andaboutminus45°Coverthepoles. Thetemperaturehereisnearlyconstant,andhence,itiscalledthetropopause.
Thestratosphere
1.Itisfoundabovethetropopauseandextendsuptoaheightof50km.
2.Oneimportantfeatureofthestratosphereisthatitcontainstheozonelayer.
3.Thislayerabsorbsultra-violetradiationandshieldslifeontheearthfromintense,
harmfulformofenergy.
Themesosphere
1.Itliesabovethestratosphere,
2.whichextendsuptoaheightof80km.
3.Inthislayer,onceagain,temperaturestartsdecreasingwiththeincreaseinaltitudeand
Uptominus100°Cattheheightof80km.
4.Theupperlimitofmesosphereisknownasthemesopause.
Theionosphere
1.Itislocatedbetween80and400kmabovethemesopause.
2.Itcontainselectricallychargedparticlesknownasions,andhence,itisknown
asionosphere.
3.Radiowavestransmittedfromtheeartharereflectedbacktotheearthbythis
layer.
4.Temperatureherestartsincreasingwithheight.
5.Theuppermostlayeroftheatmosphereabovereachesuptominus100
Exosphere
1.thethermosphereisknownastheexosphere.
2.Thisisthehighestlayerbutverylittleisknownaboutit.
3.Whatevercontentsarethere,theseareextremelyrarefiedinthislayer,andit
graduallymergeswiththeouterspace.
Definition of Biosphere
Origin of Biosphere
Use of the term Biosphere
Concepts of Biosphere
Levels of Organization
Physical Properties of Biosphere
Factors effects on Biosphere