[PDF] TeachingtheTheoryofIslandBiogeographyasanon5campusfield




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[PDF] TeachingtheTheoryofIslandBiogeographyasanon5campusfield

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[PDF] TeachingtheTheoryofIslandBiogeographyasanon5campusfield 31504_713_Garcia_Gagne.pdf

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N!!Budget Request for SOTL Grant Year 2013 Joint Proposal? Yes X No Title of Project Teaching the Theory of Island Biogeography as an on-campus field laboratory Duration of Project 1 year Primary Investigator(s) Mr. William Garcia, Dr. Sara A. Gagné Email Address(es) wjgarcia@uncc.edu; sgagne@uncc.edu UNC Charlotte SOTL Grants Previously Received (please names of project, PIs, and dates) None Allocate operating budget to Department of Geography and Earth Sciences !!!!!!Year One!Account #!Award!January to June!Faculty Stipend!Transferred directly from Academic Affairs to Grantee on May 15!$ 3,598 !911250!Graduate Student Salaries!$7,000 911300!Special Pay (Faculty on UNCC payroll other than Grantee)!!!915000!Student Temporary Wages! $1,400 915900!Non-student Temporary Wages !!!920000!Honorarium (Individual(s) not with UNCC)!!!921150!Participant Stipends!!!

O!!925000!Travel - Domestic!!!926000!Travel - Foreign!!!928000!Communication and/or Printing!!!930000!Supplies! $1,050 942000!Computing Equipment!!!944000!Educational Equipment!!!951000!Other Current Services!!!!!!!GRAND TOTAL!$13, 048!!"%%'(*+,-%$J!!PD G**$%&Q4,+A'2#!$!($,,$*'A#!*&$*!#C41$'(0!&+I!*&#!.7(20!,#B7#0*#2!I'11!8#!70#2D!!?D R$0!.7(2'()!.+,!*&#!4,+F#%*!8##(!,#B7#0*#2!.,+6!+*&#,!0+7,%#0S!!TTT!U#0!!!TVT!@+D!!/.!-#0H!1'0*!0+7,%#0D!!!!!!!!!!!

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P\!!E. KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION 9#!41$(!*+!&$A#!0*72#(*0!'(!:>E:!NPZ[J!3'+)#+),$4&-!$(2!:>E:!O?PXQW?PXJ!K$(20%$4#!>%+1+)-!4,#0#(*!*&#!%1$00!,#071*0!i'D#DH!*&#!,#071*0!+.!*&#!*#0*!+.!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-j!$*!*&#!L@M!M&$,1+**#!L(2#,),$27$*#!f#0#$,%&!M+(.#,#(%#!$(2!*&#!O*&!G((7$1!M$6470!M+(A#,0$*'+(0J!;*72#(*0!='0%700!;70*$'($8'1'*-!%+(.#,#(%#D!9#!$10+!41$(!*+!2'00#6'($*#!+7,!#27%$*'+($1!,#071*0!$*!L@M!M&$,1+**#`0!M#(*#,!.+,!"#$%&'()!]!K#$,('()`0!I+,c0&+40H!$*!%+(.#,#(%#0H!07%&!$0!*&#!$((7$1!%+(.#,#(%#!+.!*&#!G00+%'$*'+(!.+,!*&#!;*72-!+.!R')&#,!>27%$*'+(H!$(2!8-!6#$(0!+.!$,*'%1#0!'(!F+7,($10H!07%&!$0!3'+;%'#(%#H!*&#!m+7,($1!+.!:#+),$4&-!'(!R')&#,!>27%$*'+(H!$(2!*&#!m+7,($1!+.!:#+0%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(!F. HUMAN SUBJECTS We have completed the Human Subjects Protocol Form and will be submitting it for approval. We believe our proposal should be considered exempt research under provisions described on the University website on human subjects. G. EXTRAMURAL FUNDING We do not plan to seek extramural funding at this time.

PZ!!H. TIMELINE Date Activity May 6 2013 Pitfall traps installed in islands May 13 2013 Pitfall trap contents collected & traps re-set May 14 - 17 2013 Taxa collected identified May 20 2013 Pitfall trap contents collected & traps re-set May 21-24 2013 Taxa collected identified May 28 2013 Pitfall trap contents collected & traps re-set May 29-31 2013 Taxa collected identified June 4-18 2013 Identification keys created Fall 2013 Data collection and analysis in GEOG 3190 Biogeography Spring 2014 Data collection and analysis in GEOG 4216 Landscape Ecology Summer 2014 Project evaluation Fall 2014 Results disseminated !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

?[!!B,/,&,-(,$)!!!3>G@>H!fDmDH!?[[OD!L0'()!*&#!0%$(('()!#1#%*,+(!6'%,+0%+4#!.+,!2'0%+A#,-!8$0#2!1#$,('()!!'(!7(2#,),$27$*#!%+7,0#0H!!m+7,($1!+.!:#+0%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(H!AD!W?H!(D!N!4D!?W[5?WND!!3KEE_!3D!;D!PZWXD!"$C+(+6-!+.!>27%$*'+($1!E8F#%*'A#0J!"&#!M+)('*'A#!=+6$'(D!@#I!!U+,cJ!=$A'2!_%n$-!M+!/(%D!!3Lf@K>UH!hDMDH!>lG@;H!9DH!$(2!mGff>""H!ED;DH!?[[?D!!G!%+64$,'0+(!+.!$44,+$%�!$(2!!'(0*,76#(*0!.+,!#A$17$*'()!$!)#+1+)'%$1!0%'#(%#0!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#0!4,+),$6D!!!m+7,($1!+.!:#+0%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(H!AD!WH!(DPH!4D!PW5?OD!CIEGLER, J. C. 2000. Ground beetles and wrinkled bark beetles of South Carolina (Coleoptera: Geadephaga: Carabidae and Rhysodidae). Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. !ML__/@;H!fD!RDH!9D!mD!:f>>@H!$(2!MD!>KK/E""D!?[[OD!dh,+64*#2e!'(B7',-58$0#2!1#$,('()!!'(!*&#!/(*,+27%*+,-!M'0*,-!K$8+,$*+,-D!m+7,($1!+.!M'%$1!>27%$*'+(!\PJ!?NZ5?OX!!=Gf9/@H!MD!P\WZD!E(!*&#!+,')'(!+.!04#%'#0!8-!*&#!6#$(0!+.!($*7,$1!0#1#%*'+(!+,!*&#!!4,#0#,A$*'+(!+.!.$A+,#2!,$%#0!'(!*&#!0*,7))1#!.+,!1'.#D!K+(2+(J!m+&(!_7,,$-D!!>=9Gf=;H!;DH!?[[ND!/(*#),$*#2!*#$%&'()!$(2!,#0#$,%&!'(!)#+),$4&-!$(2!*&#!#$,*&!$(2!!#(A',+(6#(*$1!0%'#(%#0!$0!#C#641'.'#2!8-!*&#!:,##(I&'%&5M-4,70!'('*'$*'A#H!!K'(c'()!*#$%&'()!$(2!,#0#$,%&!'(!*&#!)#+),$4&-H!#$,*&!$(2!#(A',+(6#(*$1!;%'#(%#0!%+(.#,#(%#H!G80*,$%*0H!4D!ZD!!g/@nH!KD!=D!?[[ND!M,#$*'()!0')('.'%$(*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#0J!G(!'(*#),$*#2!$44,+$%&!*+!!2#0')('()!%+11#)#!%+7,0#0D!m+00#-53$00H!;$(!g,$(%'0%+D!!:G9>KH!mD>DH!$(2!:f>>@:fEl>H!MDKDH!?[[WD!!=#0')('()!7(2#,),$27$*#!,#0#$,%&!!#C4#,'#(%#0!.+,!(+(*,$2'*'+($1!0*72#(*!1#$,('()!$*!0#$H!AD!WNH!(D!PH!4D!NP5NXD!!:#'#,H!fDH!hDMD!3176#(.#12H!fD!9D!_$,CH!mD!;D!n,$F%'cH!3D!g'0&6$(H!>D!;+1+I$-H!mD!M1$-5!M&$68#,0D!?[[\D!;*$(2$,2'b#2!*#0*!+7*%+6#0!.+,!0*72#(*0!#()$)#2!'(!'(B7',-58$0#2!%7,,'%71$!'(!*&#!%+(*#C*!+.!7,8$(!,#.+,6D!m+7,($1!+.!f#0#$,%&!'(!;%'#(%#!"#$%&'()!OWJ!Z??5ZNZD!!R>ff/MnH!fD;DH!PZZPD!_+*'A$*'()!*&#!7(2#,),$27$*#!*+I$,2!$!0%'#(%#!%$,##,!5!*&#!R+1-!!M,+00!M+11#)#!0766#,!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#H!!m+7,($1!+.!M+11#)#!;%'#(%#!"#$%&'()H!AD!?[H!4D!?ZO5?ZXD!!R_>KE5;/Kl>fH!MD!>D!?[[OD!h,+81#658$0#2!1#$,('()J!9&$*!2+!0*72#(*0!1#$,(S!!>27%$*'+($1!h0-%&+1+)-!f#A'#I!PXJ!?NW5?XXD!!

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??!!@G"/E@GK!;M/>@M>!gEL@=G"/E@H!PZZXD!!;&$4'()!*&#!.7*7,#J!!@#I!#C4#%*$*'+(0!.+,!!7(2#,),$27$*#!#27%$*'+(!'(!0%'#(%#0H!6$*$*'%0H!#()'(##,'()!$(2!*#%&(+1+)-H!@;g5ZX5PNZD!!@/MEKGU;>@H!nDhDH!$(2!f/"">f3L;RH!KD9DH!?[[WD!!m+7,($1!+.!:#+0%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(H!AD!!WNH!(D!?H!4D!PXX5PY?D!!EK/l>fH!fD!?[[YD!>C41+,'()!$(!'(B7',-58$0#2!1#$,('()!$44,+$%&!I'*&!.',0*5-#$,!0*72#(*0!!'(!$!1$,)#!7(2#,),$27$*#!%1$00D!/((+A$*'+(0!'(!#27%$*'+(!$(2!*#$%&'()!'(*#,($*'+($1!OOJ!N5PWD!!;"LnL;H!hD!$(2!K>@@EVH!mD>DH!PZZWD!!L0#!+.!$(!'(A#0*')$*'A#!0#6#0*#,51#()*&!1$8+,$*+,-!!4,+F#%*!'(!$(!'(*,+27%*+,-!6'%,+8'+1+)-!%+7,0#H!m+7,($1!+.!M+11#)#!;%'#(%#!"#$%&'()H!AD!?WH!4D!PNX5PNZD!!UBICK, D., P. PAQUIN, P. E. CUSHING, and V. ROTH, eds. 2005. Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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