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ADICTIONARY

BOTANICALTERMS

A.A.CROZIER

NEW'YORK

HENRYHOLTANDCOMPANY

1892

COPYRIGHT,1892,

HENRYHOLTco.

PREFACE.

ITisnownearlytwentyyearssinceanEnglishdictionary

ofbotanicaltermswaspublished,andthedevelopmentof botanyduringthattimehasbroughtintousemanynew termsandledtotheabandonmentofsomeofthosewhich wereformerlyemployed.Thepresentwork,thoughlarger thananyofitspredecessors,isthereforewantingincertain termswhicharefoundintheearlierbotanicaldictionaries.

Afewobsoleteterms,however,whichoccurinstandard

botanicalliteratureareretainedandmarkedassuch.The scopeofthisdictionaryisnearlythesameasthatofits predecessors,exceptthatitisbroaderonthesideofagri cultureandhorticulture,asitaimstoincludealltechnical termsappliedtoplantsbothbybotanistsandothers.Very manyofthenewertermsarefromtheGermanbotanists,to whomweowebyfarthegreaterpartofmodernstructural andphysiologicalbotany.Theseterms,particularly,in cludeanunfortunatelylargenumberofsynonyms,which seemtobeanecessaryresultofactiveresearchbyinde pendentworkersinthesame(elds.Withfewexceptions, node(nitionisrepeated,allapprovedsynonymsbeing broughttogetherunderoneterm.Whereachoiceexisted thishaspermittedthepreferabletermalonetobede(ned.

Noobsoleteorwhollyundesirablesynonyms,however,

accompanythede(nitions,andYsuchoftheseasoccurin alphabeticalorderhaveusuallybeenadmittedonlytorefer iii

PREFACE.

thereadertotheproperterm.Thecross-referencesfreely giventotermsofsimilarandoppositemeaningswillbe foundusefulinbroadeningthescopeofthede(nitions.

Idesireheretoexpressmygratitudetovariousbotanical

friendsfortheircontributionstothiswork,particularlyto

Dr.W.J.Beal,oftheMichiganAgriculturalCollege,who

hasrevisedtheentiremanuscriptandimprovedmanyof thede(nitions;toProfessorV.M.Spalding,oftheUni versityofMichigan,whohasrevisedandcorrectedthe termsrelatingtofungi;toMr.F.C.Newcombeforaid uponthetermsappliedinkaryokinesis;andtoProfessor L.H.Bailey,ofCornellUniversity,foradvanceproof-sheets ofhisglossaryofhorticulturalterms.

ThemarkingofthepronunciationwasbegunbyMr.B.

PickmanMann,ofWashington,D.C.,andcompletedbyMr.F.P.Jordan,oftheUniversityofMichigan.Intheir workWebsterXsdictionarywasmainlyfollowedasauthority.

ANNARBOR,MICHJanuary,1892.

iv

000000

Eu.SIGNSANDABBREVIATIONS.

u.annuaL .biennial. .perennial. ..staminate. ..pistillate. .perfect. .numerousmorethan twentywhenappliedto stamens. .doubt certainty.Indicatesthat theauthorhasseenthe specimeninquestion. .newspecies.Usedonly withthe6rstprinted description. .theGreekwordYwell,sometimeswrittenaftera speciestoindicatethatit iscertainlyawell-de[ned species,notavariety.MEASUREMENT. foot. inch. line(T1 ?inch). c.mcentimeter. cubiccentimeter.mm.millimeter. mu(theGreekletterm),micromillimeter,T61 66of
amillimetertheunit ofmicroscopicmeasure ment.Itisabout.000039 ofaninch. xusedtoexpressmagni[ca tion.Thus,x150indi catesamagni6cationof

150diameters.Theim

properfraction1?indi catesthesame,butthis formislittleused.

ADICTIONARY

BOTANICALTERMS.

A,pre6xedtowordsofGreekoriginoftensigni6esabsence,as(ipétXdlofcs,withoutpetals. BeforeavowelitischangedtoAN,asdndn'thero[s,Withoutanthers.

ABAXXiAL,outoftheaxis.See

EXCENTRIC.ABBREXVIATED,shorterthananadjoiningorgan,oroneWithwhichitiscompared.

ABER'BANT,differingwidelyfromtheusualformorstrueture;as:theFumariacefehavebeenregardedasanaberrantgroupofPapaveraceae.

ABTGGENXESTS,seeSPONTANE

OUSGENERATION.ABJECXTION,throwingoffwithforce,assporesorseeds.ABJOINT' ,toseparateatajoint.

ABITINC'TION,theseparationofonepartfromanother;de

limitation.CompareABSTRIC TION. ABNGRXMAL,differingfromtheusualstructureorcondition.

ABGRIG'TNAL,seeINDIGENOUS.

ABGRXTION,thenon-formationorimperfectformationofanorgan,sothatitdoesnotperformitsusualfunction.ComwpareSUPPRESSION,DEGENERATION,ATROPHY.

ABOR'TIVE,imperfect,orwanting.SeeOBSOLETE.

ABR[PTX

,terminatingsud

denly,asaleafwhichendswithoutataperingextremity,acompoundleafwithoutaterminallea7et,orastemwhichissharplybent.

ABREPT'LI?Acu'miNME,havingabroadextremityfromwhichapointarises. ABREPT'L?PIN'NAIWE,pinnatewithoutaterminallea7et,and usuallywithanevennumberoflea)ets.Theremaybea.terminalpointortendril;evenpinnate;equallypinnate. CompareIMPARIPINNATE.cuttingoffsharply,astheseparationofthetrustulesofdiatoms.Compare

ABSTRICTION.

EB'sgissLAYXER,alayerofcellsformedbyrenewedcell-divisioninthebaseoftheleafstalkinautumn,theformationofwhichpermitsthefalloftheleaf.

AbsorptionADICTIONARYAcerose

ABSORPTION,themethodbywhich7uidsentertheplant.SeeOSMOSEandIMBIBITION.

ABSTRIC'TION,theseparationof

onepartfromanotherbyconstrictionandtheformationofaseptum.Appliedespeciallytotheseparationofsporesfromtheirhyphae.CompareAR

SCISSIONandABJUNCTION.

ACALXYQINE,withoutcalyx;acalycinous.

ACALYgXiNofIS,seeACALYCINE.

ACAN'THA(pl.Acan'thae),athorn,spine,orprickle.

ACANTHAXQEOIIS.havingthorns,spines,orprickles.

AcANTHoCAR'PoIWIs,havingthefruitfurnishedwithspinesorprickles.

AcANTHOC'LADotXIS,havingspinybranches.

AcANTHOPH'ORofIs,bearingprickles,spines,orthorns.

AcANTHOP'ODofIs,havingthepetioleorpedicelfurnishedwithspinesorprickles.

ACARXPOfIS,notproducingfruit.

ACAULES'QENQE,anabnormalsuppressionOfthestem.ACAULESXQENT,havingonlyaveryshortaerialleaf-bearingstem,apparentlynone,asinthedandelion;acauline;acaulose;acaulous.

ACAUXLTNE,seeACAULESCENT.

ACAU'LTS,seeACAULESCENT.ACAUXLOSE,seeACAULESCENT.ACAUXLOfIS,seeACAULESCENT.

ACQES'S[RII,additionaltotheusualnumber,oraccompanyingsomethingelse;supernumcrary.Saidoftheadditionalbudswhenmorethanoneoccurinanaxil;appliedtotheborderoftheapothecium

inlichenswhenofadifferentsubstanceorcolorfromthedisk.

ACQES'SéRYBUDS,alsocalledsecondarybudsandsuper

numelarybuds;theadditionalbudswhenmorethanoneoccurinorneartheaxil,asinthebutter.nut CCES'SORYCELL,thesistercellofaguard-;cellsubsidiarycell.

AogEsSORYFRUIT,oneinwhichsomeadditionalpartor

paitsisassociatedwiththematuredovary,asintheWin tergreen,GaulthemX apace-um

bens;anthocarpousfruit.Thetermisnotappliedtofruitswithanadherentcalyx-tube,astheappleandcurrant.CompareAGGREGATEFRUITand

COLLECTIVEFRUIT.

ACCESSORYGONID'IA,gonidialformationsinsomespeciesofMucoriniinadditiontothetypicalkind.

AoginEN'TAL,seeADVENTI

TIOUS.

ACCGMMODAXTION,seeADAPTA

TION.

ACCRESXCENT,increasinginsizeafter\owering;Vappliedtopartsaccessorytothefruit,asthecalyxofPhysalis.ACCRETEX

,growntogetherin anymanner.ACCREXTION,thegrowingofonethingtoanothergrowthbyadditionofparticlestotheout Side.

ACCTIMXBENT,lyinguponoragainstanotherbody,astheedgeofthecotyledonsagainstthecaulicleinsomeCruciferaz.

CompareINCUMBENT.

ACEPHXALOUS,headless;saidof

anovarywhenthestyleisat tachedtosomeotherpartthanthesummit.AQEROSEX ,narrow,stiff,and

AcervateOFBOTANICALTERMS.Acrogynous

pointed,liketheleavesofthe6r.IntermediateinformbetweenAcicularandSubulate.

AQERXVATE,growinginheapsorclusters;coacer.vate

CER'vULUs(pl.Acerr'vuli),asmallheap,asofspor.esACETABUXLIFORM,deepsaucershaped,withabroadconcavebottomandnearlyuprightsides.CompareCOTYLIFORM.usedforsalads.

AQXETOSE,sour;acid.

AGHJEXNIUM,seeACHENIUM.ACHEXNOCARP,anySimpledryindehiscentfruit.(Masters)ACHEIXLARII,destituteofalabel

lum,assomeorchids.ACHENEX ,seeACHENIUM.ACHEXNIUM(pl.Ache'nia),asmall,dry,indehiscent,oneseededseed-likefruitorcarpel

inwhichthecoveringdoesnotadheretotheseed,asinthesun7owerorbuttercup;acbwnium;achene;akene.CompareCARYOPSIS,UTRICLE,CYPSELA.

AcHENOXDIUM,seeCREMOCARP.ACHLAMYXDEOUS,destituteofcalyxandcorolla.ACHROMATXIC,notreadilycoloredbytheusualstainingagents.

AcERO'MATIN,thebasicsubstanceOfthenucleus,lesshighlycoloredbystainingagentsthantherest.AGIGXULA(pl.AcicGilaV

e),aneedleshapedspine,prickle,orotheIbody.

Agio'ULAR,slenderneedleor

bristleshaped,astheleavesofmostpines;aciculate;aciculiform;aciform.Compare

ACEROSE.

CICXULATE,seeACICULAR.

AgIC'ULATED,markedby6negrooves,asifscratchedwithaneedle.Finerthanstriate,andnotnecessarilyparallel.

Agic'ULIYORM,seeACICULAR.

A'gIES,anedge.

Ag'IFORM,seeACICULAR.

AgINA'gEoUs,fullofkernels.

(Rare.

AQINAQXIFGRM,scymitarshapedVhavingoneedgethinandconvex,andtheotherthickandstraightorconcave,likemanybean-pods.AQXINE,oneofthesucculentcarpelsofafruitliketheraspberry;acinus.(Originally

Acinusmeantabunchofgrapes

orsimilarfruit,asthecurl-ant,andlaterthetermwasappliedtooneoftheberriesofsuchabunchandtotheseedsofthegrape.)AQINOSEX

,consistingofgranularbodiessomewhatresemblinggrape-seed.Morerarely,resemblingagrape-berryorbunchofgrapes.AgXINUS(pl.AcXini),seeACINE.ACCTYLEDXONOUS,destituteofcotyledons,asCuscuta.

ACRAMPHIB'RYOUS,saidofplantswhosegrowthisnotcon6nedtotheapex,i.e.,whichproducelateralaswellas terminalbuds.(Rare)Compare.ACROGENOUS.ACRUBXRYOUS,seeACROGENOUS.ACROCARXPOUS,havingterminal

fructi[cation.Usedchie7yinmosses.CompareCLADOCARPOUS.ACROG'ENOUS,growingchie7yattheapex,asthestemofferns;producedattheapexofa6lament,asthesporesofsomefungi.

ACRUGXINOUS,havingthestemterminatedbyarchegoniaor

AcropetalADICTIONARYAdnate

otherfemaleorgans.Compare

ANACROGYNOUS.

ACRCPXETAL,producedinsuccessiontowardtheapex;inthedirectionofthesummit;basifugal;centripetal(whenappliedtotheorderofin\orescenceonly).CompareBASIP

ETAL.

ACRCSCCPXIC.facingtheapex.

CompareBASISCOPIC.

ACXRCSPIRE,anoldnamefor

theplumuleofagrainingermination.

ACXRCSPCRE,asporeborneatthesummitofa6lament.

ACTINOMOR'PRIC,regularandpolysymmetrical,asthe7owersofradish,i.e.,capableofbisectionintwoormoreplanesintosimilarhalves.

CompareZYGOMORIXHIC.

ACTINCMCRXPHOUS,seeACTINOMORPHIC.AC'TIVE,inagrowingcondition; OpposedtoDormant.ACU'LEATE,havingprickles,prickle-pointed;aculeated. ACUXLECLATE,havingsmallorfewprickles.ACUXLEUS(pl.Acu'lei),see

PRICKLE.ACU'MINATE,endinginaprolongedtaperingpoint.ACUXMINOSE,havingasharportaperingpoint;somewhatacuminate.(Rare)ACUMINXULATE,havingasmallacuminatepoint.ACUTEX

,endinginadistinctangle;butnotprolonged.ACYCXLIC,havingalltheOIgansofa7owerinacontinuous

SpiIal.CompaleHEMICYCLICandCYCLIC.ADAPTAXTION,themodi6cationofaplanttobetter6titforsurroundingconditions,orofanorganforaparticularfunc

tIon;accommodation.CompareMETAMORPHOSIS. ADEL'PHIA,(pl.AdélXphiaE),acollectionofstamensunitedbytheir6laments.Compare

PHALANX.

ADELXPHOUS,havingthestamensunitedbytheir6lamentsinanadelphiaorbundle.

ADEN'IFCRM,gland-shaped;

adenoid.

ADEN'OPHORE,astalksupportingagland.

AUENCPHXCRQUS,gland-bear

Ing.

ADENOPIIYL'LOUS,havingon

theleavesglands,orgland-likespotsortubercles. ADENCPXCDOUS,havingglandsorgland-liketuberclesonthepetioles.ADENCSEX

,gland-like,orbearingglands;adenoid;adenous.ADXENOUS,seeADENOSE.ADXESMY,theseparationofpartsusuallyjoined.CompareCHORISIS,DIALYSIS,FISSION.ADGLUXTINATE,seeAGGLUTI

NATE.ADHE'RENT,attachedorgrowingtoanorganorbodyofa

differentnature,asthecalyxtotheovary.Thepartsmayormaynothavegrowntogetherfromthe6rst.CompareCOBRENTandADNATE.

DHEX§ION,thestickingorgrowingtogetheroforgansofadifferentnatureasaleaftothestem.ItimplIesaunionofpartswhichinmostotherplantsorinayoungerstateofthesameplantareseparate.

DNAS'CENT,growingtooruponsomethingelse;as,mossis

anadnascentplant.ADXNATE,saidofpartsofadif

AdnationOFBOTANICALTERMS.Agamospore

ferentnaturewhicharegrowntogetherfromthe6rst,orovertheirwholesurfaceorlength.

(CompareCONNATE.)Appliedtoananther,itindicatesthatitisattachedthroughoutitslengthtotheupperorlowersurfaceofthe6lament.CompareINNATE.SeeADHERENT.

ADNAXTION,thesameasadhesion,butimplyinganearlierormorecompleteunion.

ADPRESS'ED,seeAPPRESSED.

ADSQENXDENT,seeASCENDING.

ADSUR'GENT,seeASCENDING.

ADUISXCOUS,crooked,twisted,or

vhooked;(Rare)ADVENTIXTIOUS,outoftheusualplace,asbudsonaleaforatadistancefromanode;growingspontaneouslyoutofitsnativelocality,butnotfullyestab

lished:adventive.AnvEN'TIVE,seeADVENTI

TIOUS.ADXVERSE,(1)opposite(rare):

(2)directedtowardorfacingthemainaxisorotherobject.

CompareAVERSE.

ADVERsIFo'LIATE,seeADVER

SIFOLIOUS.

ADVERsIEtW

I'LioUs,havingop

positeleaves;adversifoliate.

QIDXICSPCRE,asporepro

ducedinanmcidium. QIDXIUM(pl.EeidXiA),thecupshapedspore-casewithitscontentsincertainUredineae,in whichWthesporesareproducedseriallyfrombelow;aecidiumfruit.

AERENXCHIMA,tissuehomologouswithcork,withthincellwallsandlargeintercellularspaces,foundinthestemsofsomemarsh-plants,asI/ythrumItissupposedbySchenk,theauthoroftheterm.toserveforaeration.butbyHt

H(

O(othersitisregardedas7oatingtissue.

AE'RIAL,growingintheair,notattachedtothesoil,asaparasiteorepiphyteuponthetopofsomeotherplant.

AEXRIALROOTS,thoseappearingaboveground,whethertheyafterwardsenterthegroundornot,astheclingingrootsoftheivyandthebrace-rootsof

Indiancorn.

AEROXBIA(sing.Aero'bium),or

ganismsXwhichthriveonlyinthepresenceof.airorfreeoxygen.Appliedinbacteria.

CompareANAEROBIA.

AERICBICTXIC,thrivingonlyinthepresenceofair.

AXERCCIXST,anoldnameforairbladder.

A'EROPHYTE,seeAIR-PLANT.

A'ERCTRCPXIC,seekingtheair,ascertainroots.

ERU'GINOSE,clearlightbluishgreen;verdigris-green.

ERU'GINOUS,seeERUGINOSE.

fESTIVAL,seeEsTIvAL. ESTIVAXTION,thearrangementofthe7oralorgansinthebud; prae\oration.

ETHAXLIUM.acompoundspo

riferousbodyinMyxomycetes,formedfromalargecombinationofplasmodia. AFFINXITI,trueornearrelationship.CompareANALOGYand HOMOLOGY.AGAMXIC,destituteofsex.Formerlyappliedtoallcryp togams.AGXAMOGENXESIS,asexualreproductionofanykind.See

PARTHENOGENSISandAPOGAMY.

AGAM'CSPCRE,asporeformedwithoutfertilization;Vago

AgamousADICTIONARYAlbumen

nidiumorasexuallyproducedsporeofanykind.(Rare)AGXAMOUS,seeAGAMIC.

AGGLCMXERATE,seeACGLOM

ERATED.

AGGLOM'ERATED,clusteredor

crowdedtogetherbutnotcohering,asthestaminate7owersofpines.

AGGLUXTINATED,gluedtogether.CompareACCRETE.

AG'GREGATED,collectedtogetherbutnotcohering.

AboutthesameasAgglomerated.

AG'GREGATEFLOWERS,thosewithseveralinthesamehead,asinclover.ThetermexeludesCompositae.

AGXGREGATEFRUIT,oneinwhichdistinctcarpelsofasingle7owerarecrowdedonthereceptacleintoonemass,asintheraspberryandmagnolia;syncarp.CompareCOL

LECTIVEFRUIT.

AGGREGAXTION,thecondensa

tionoftheprotoplasmofalivingcell,orofsomeofthe

containedproteidsunderstimulation.6rstobservedinthetentaclecellsofDroseraandsubsequentlyproducedinthecellsofotherplantsbymeansofvariousbasicsubstances.

AGRICULTURALBOTANY.thatbranchofeconomicbotanywhichtreatsofweedsandcul tivatedplants.Itincludesthesystematicstudyofsuchplants

andtheirmethodsofreproduction,thelawsofimprovementanddegenerationinplants,etc.,alsovegetablepathology

initsapplicationtocultivatedplants.AGROSTOG'RAPEY,seeAGROS

TOLOGY.AGRCSTCLXCCIX

,thepartofbotanyrelatingtograsses.

AGXYNOUS,withoutpistils.

AIXGRET,anyfeatherycrownortuftattachedtotheseed,asthecomaofthemilkweedorpappusofthethistle;aigrette;egret.

AIGRETTEX

,seeAIGRET. AIR-BLADDER,anorgan6lledwithairforthepurposeof7oatingtheplantinwater,as inthesea-weedFucus;air-sac;air-cell.

AIR-CHAMBER,seeSTOMATICCHAMBERandAIR-PASSAGE.

AIR-PASSAGE,anextendedopeningbetweenthecellscontainingair,asinthestemsofmanywater-plants;lacuna;air-chamber.

AIR-PLANT,aplantgrowingintheairdetachedfromthesoil,ascertainorchids;aerophyte.

Generallyappliedonlytoepiphytic7oweringplants.

AIR-FORE,seeSTOMA.

AKENEXseeACHENIUM.

ALA(pl.AlaV

e),seeWING.ALABASXTRUM,anoldtermfor \ower-bud.AXLAR,(1)borneintheforksof astem;(2)relatingtoorhavingwings.SeeALATE.AXLATE,seeVVINGED.

AXLATE-PINXNATE,pinnatewithawingedpetiole.

ALBES'QENT,whitish;candicant.ALXBICANT,seeALBESCENT.ALXBINISM,seeCHLOROSIS.

ALBIXNO,aplantorvarietynear

lydestituteofchlorophyll,orofwhichthefruitisabnormal ly_whiteorcolorless.ALBUXMEN,nutritivematerialinmanyseedssurroundingor

AlbumenCrystalsOFBOTANICALTERMS.Ambigenus

adjoiningtheembryo,endo~ spermorperisperm.

ALBUXMENCRYSTALS,

CRYSTALLOIDs.

ALBUXMINOID.anorganicsubstancecontainingnitrogeninitscomposition,asprotoplasm;proteid.

ALBUXMINOUS,furnishedwithalbumen.

ALBURXNOUS,having,consistingof,orpertainingto,albur nulll. ALBURXNUM,sap-wood;asome.whatdistinct.usuallylightercolored,outerzoneofwoodinmanyexogenoustreesand

Shrubs.

ALECTOXRIOID,[liform,likethethallusofthegenusAlectoria inlichens.ALEUXRONE,proteine-grainswhichreplacestarchinthecotyledonsoralbumenofcertainoilyseeds.

ALGCLXCCI,thepartofbotanyrelatingtoalgae.ALIFXEROUS,havingwings.AL'IFORMwing-shaped.ALIG'EROUS,seeAnsnnocs.sausage-Shaped;botuliform;narrowlyoblong;cylindricalwithsomewhathemisphericalterminations.

ALLAssoToN'IcMOVEMENTS,atermappliedbyVriestothemovementsofmatureorgans,asthesleepofplants;movementsofvariation.CompareAUXO

TONICMOVEMENTS.

ALLIAXgEOUS,havingtheodororotherqualitiesofthegenus Allium,whichincludestheonionandgarlic.ALLIXANQE,seeCOHORT. ALLCGXAMOUS,habituallycrossfertilized.ALLCG'AMY,cross-fertilization.

CompareAUTOGAMY.

ALLOTXRCPI§M,appearanceunderanunusualform.

ALPES'TRINE,growingonhighmountainsbelowthetimberline,oronthetopsofinferiormountains;mountainous.

ALPHITOMOR'PHOUS,resemblingbarleymeal.saidofcertainfungi(Rare)AL'PINE,growingonmountainsabovethetimber-line.ALTERNATE,appliedtoleaves,indicatesoneatanode;appliedtopartsofthe7ower,in

dicatesthatthemembersofonewhorlareplacedOppositetheintervalsbetweenthemembersofthenextwhorl.ALTERXNATELYPINXNATE,pinnatewiththepinnaeorleafletsalternatingonopposite

Sidesoftherachis.ALTERNAXTIONorGENERATIONS,thegrowthofIeproductivebodiesintostructuresdif

feringfromthatonwhichtheywereproduced,toreturnafteroneormoregenerationstotheoriginalstageorform.Thus,thesporeoffernsproducesasmallprothallus,anduponthissexualbodiesarebornewhichafterfertilizationreproducetheoriginalfern-plant.See

METAGENESIS.

ALUTAXQEOUS,ofapalebrowncolor;resemblingsofttannedskinincolorortexture. (Rare)AL'VEOLATE,deeplypittedsoastoresemblehoney-comb,likethereceptacleof'many

Compositae;faveolate;favose.

AMBIGXENUS,havingtheoutersurfaceoftheperianthresemblingacalyxandtheinnersurfaceacorolla.

AmbiguousADICTIONARYAmphitropous

AMBIG"UOUS,indistinctordoubtful,sothatitcannotwellbereferredtoanyde6niteconditionorplaceinasystemofclas.

si[cation,asabractwhichhasnearlytheappearanceofanordinaryleaf.oraspecieswhichisdoubtfullyofhigherrankthanavariety,oronewhichitisdif[culttodetermineintowhichoftwogeneraitshouldbeplaced.AMBIPXAROUS,producingtwokinds.asabudwhichproducesdirectlyboth7owersandleaves.AMXENT.aSlenderspikeofnakedandusuallyseparated7owerswithimbricatedscalesorbracts;amentum;julus;catkin.Staminateamentsareusuallydeciduous.AMENXTA.plseeAMENTUM

AMENTAXQEOUS,resembling,consistingof.pertainingto,orbearingaments;asanamenta ceousin7orescenceorplant.AMENTXIFCRM,amentaceous; juliform.AMENXTUM(pl.AménXta),see AMENT.AM'IDOPLAST,seeLEUCOPLAST.AMMOPH'ILOUS,growinginsandyplaces.

AMXNICS,thecontentsofthe

embryo~sacbeforetheformationoftheembryo.Seldom

used.AMGEXBOID,assumingvariousshapes,liketheAmoebaAMORXPHOUS,withoutde6niteform.structure,orposition.AMPHANXTHIUM,seeCLINAN

THIUM.AM'PHIASTER,atermforthecombinednuclearspindleandcytastersinkaryokinesiswhenthelatterarepresent,whichisrareinplants.Thetermis

8alsoappliedtothecombinedcytastersonly.

AMPHIBXIOUS,growingreadily

eitherinwaterorupondryland.

AMPHIBXRYOUS,growingbyad

ditionsoverthewholesurface.AMPHICARXPIC,producingtwokindsoffruit.eitherasregardsformorperiodofripening;amphicarpous.CompareHET

EROCARPOUS.AMPHICARXPOUS,seeAMPHICARPIO.

AMPHIGXAMOUS,seeAGAMIC.AMPHIGAS'TER,usedbyBennettandMurrayforAmphigas trium.AMPHIGASXTRIA(sing.Amphi gastrium),peculiarscale-likeleavesaccompanyingthoseofordinaryformasathirdrow upontheundersideofthestem incertainHepaticae.AMPHIGXENOUS,growingoneithersurfaceofaleaf.Said

chie7yofcertainparasiticfungi.AMPHISARXCA,anyindehiscentfruit,hardanddryexternallyandpulpywithin,asagourd.

(Rare)AMPHISPER'MOUS,closelyinvestingtheseedsoastohavethesameform,astheovaryin

Gramineae.AMPHITXROPAL,seeAMPHIT

ROPOUS.AMPHITXROPOUS,havingthefu

niculusattachedtotheovuleorseedforhalfthedistancebetweenthechalazaandmicropyle;semianatropous;half

anatropous;half-inverted;hemitropous;heterotropoustransverse;amphitropal.Appliedtotheembryoitmeanscurvedsothatbothendsarebroughtclosetogethe

Amphora.OFBOTANICALTERMS.Anamorphism

AMXPHCRA.thelowerdivisionofa.pyxis.

AMPLECXTANT,embracingorclasping,astendrils,orthesheathofgrasses. AMPLEX'ICAUL,partiallysur~roundingorclasping.thestem,asthebaseofmanyleaves.

CompareSHEATHINGandPER

FOLIATE.

AMXPLIATED,enlarged,ormod

eratelydilated.AMPULXLA,seeBLADDER. AMPULLA'gEoUs.in7ated,andswellingouttowardthebaselikeabladderorshort7ask.

CompareLAGENIFORM.AMYGXDALINE.pertainingtoorresemblingthealmond.AMYLAXQEOUS,pertainingto,composedof,orresemblingstarch;AMYLCGEN'ESIS,starch-formation.

AMYLCGENXIC,starch-forming.

Appliedtochlorophyll-granulesandsimilarbodieswhichoriginatestarch.AMXYLOID,acolloidsubstancehavingnearlythepropertiesofboiledstarchwhichisfound

inmanysea-weedsandintheseedsofthebean,thealmond,etc. AMYLCLYTXIC,pertainingtothetransformationofstarchintoothersubstances,asamylolytzW cdiastase.

AM'YLUM,starch.

AMYLUMBODIES,seePYRE

NOIDS.

AMYLUMSTAR,seeSTARCH

STAR.

ANXABIX(pl.AnAbXieés),astemlikethatofmanyferns,etc.,whichcontinuallydiesbelowandgrowsabove.(Rare)ANABOL'IC,appliedbyGeddes

9totheseriesofascendingmeta

bolicchangesinprotoplasmbywhichfoodisassimilated.

CompareKATABOLIC.See

ASSIMILATION.

ANACANXTHOUS,withoutspines.

AnACROG'YNoUs,appliedin

JungermannieaebyLeitgebtoformsinwhichthearchegoniadonotariseuponorneartheapexoftheshoot,whichthereforeusuallycontinuestogrowaftertheirformation.CompareACROGYNOUS.

ANAEROXBIA(sing.Anaerobium),organismsunabletoliveorthriveinthepresenceoffreeoxygen.Appliedtocertainbacteria.CompareAEROBIA.

ANAERCBXIC,seeANAWEROBIOTIC.

ANAERCBICTXIC,beingunabletoliveincontactwithairorfreeoxygen.assomebacteria.orcapableoflivinginanat mospheredestituteOfoxygen;anaerobious;anaerobic.

ANAERCBXIOUS,seeANAEROBIOTIC.

ANAE'RoPHYTE,aplantwhichdoesnotneedadirectsupplyofair.AN'ALCGUE,anorganorbody resemblingorhavingthefunctionofanotherwithwhichitiscompared.

ANALXCGY,resemblanceincertainrespects,asingeneralappearanceorfunction.Appliedtoorgansortoclassesofplants.CompareAFFINITY,

HOMOLOGY,andMORPHOLOGY.ANALXYSIS,thesystematicexaminationofaplantpreliminarytodeterminingitsposition

intheclassi6cation.Compare

DETERMINATION.ANAMCRPHXI§M,seeANAMORPHOSIS.

Anamorphosis

ANAMOR'PHOSis,(1)agradualchangeofform(generallyascending)tracedinagroupofplantsthemembersofwhichhavesucceededeachotherinpointofgeologicaltime;(2)asimilargradationofformbetweenthemembersofagroup

nowexisting;(3)aremarkableorprofoundalterationofformresultingimmediatelyfromachangeintheconditionsofgrowth.

ANANXDROUS,withoutstamens.ANAN'THEROUS,withoutanthors.ANANXTHERUM(obs),seeSTA MINODIUM.ANAN'THOUS,without7owers.StrasburgerXstermforthephenomenaofkaryoki nesisfollowingthemetaphases

(whichsee)uptotheformationoftherestingdaughternuclei,seeLEUCOPLAST.ANASXTCMCSE,tocommunicateorunitewithoneanother,astheveinsofleaves.ANASToMo'sIs(pl.Anastom6'

ség),theinosculationorjunctionofsimilarparts,oftenforminganetwork,asintheveinsofleaves.ANAT'OMI'i,VEGETABLE,VEGETABLEANATOMY.ANAT'RoPoUs,appliedtoanovuleorseedwhichgrowssothatthefuniculuscoherestoandformsaraphealongitswholelength"bringingthehilumneartheforamenandthechalazaattheapparentapex,asinLiliaceae;anatropal.ANQIPXITAL,7attenedandtwoedged,asthestemofPanicum

anceps;ancipitous.ANQIPXITOUS,seeANCIPITAL.ANDROCLINXIUM,seeCLINAN

DRIUM.S86ADICTIONARYAndrous

ANDRCGXYNAL,seeANDROGY

NOUS

ANDRoG'Ynism,thechangefromadioecioustoamonce

ciouscondition. ANDRCCXYNOUSmonoeciouswiththestamlnateandpistillate7owersinthesamein\o rescence.SaidmainlyoftheheadsofcertainCompositae.

ComparePOLYGAMOUS.

ANDROMONcE'CIoUs.havingstaminateandperfect7owersonthesameplant,butnopis tillate7owers.CompareAN

DRODIcEcIOUs.SeePOLYGA

MOUS.ANDROPETXALOUS,saidof\owerswhichhavebecomedoublebytheconversionofpetalsintostamens.(Rare)AN'DROPHORE,acolumnofunited6laments,supportingtheanthers;staminealcolumn.

ANDRCPHXCRUM,seeANDROPHORE.ANDROSPORAN'GIUM,asporan~giumcontainingandrospores.ANXDRCSPCRE,akindofasexual

lyproducedzoogonidiumorswarm-porein(EdogoniezewhichdevelopsintosmallmaleplantscalledYdwarfmales;androgonidium.ANXDROUS,pertainingtostamens;male.

10ANDRODItE'gIofIS,havingperfeet7owersononesetofplantsandstaminate7owers

onanotherset,butnoindi vidualswithpistillate)owers.

CompareANDROMONtECIOUs

andGYNODICECIOUS.SeePO

LYGAMOUS.

ANDRtE'gItWIM,thestamensofa7owertakentogether.

ANDRCGCNIDXIUM,seeANDRO

SPORE

AnnularADICTIONARYAntherozoid

ANXNULAR,intheformofacircleorzone.

ANNULARDUCTS,seeVESSELS.

ANNULARvES'SELs,vesselsmarkedwiththickeningsintheformofaring.ANXNULATE,markedwithringsorcirculartransverselines;an

nulated.ANXNULATED,seeANNULATE.ANNULAXTION,aringorbelt.AN'NULOSE,furnishedwithorcomposedofrings.ANXNULUS(pl.AnXn[li),anybodyintheformofaring;theringorbandofthick-walledcellsinthesporangiumOfmostfernswhichbycontraetionburststhesporangiumandliberatesthespores;theringofcellsupontheinnersideofthebaseoftheperistomeattheori6ceofthethecainmanyspeciesofmosseswhichisthrownofftodetachtheoper

culum;theringonthestemofmushrooms;theabortivefoliarsheathatthebaseOfthespike inEquisetum.ANXCDAL,seeANODIc. NCDXIC,appliedtotheedgeofaleafwhichaleaf-spiralleaves

initsupwardcourse.Inaright-handedspiralitwouldbetherightedgeoftheleaf,andmiceverse.CompareCATHODIC.ANOM'ALOUS,unusualinappearance;contrarytorule;abnormal;irregular.ANCMXALY,anydeviationfromtheessentialorusualcharacter.ANXSULATE,coiledattheapexandthewholecoilbentoversoastomakealoopprojectingabovethecoil,asthegrowingextremityofthevineofthemusk-melon.ANXTECHAMBEB,theupper.

12(outer)angleorspacebetweentheguard-cellsofastoma.

CompareVESTIBULE.ANTENXNE(sing.twoslenderhorn-likeprolongationsoftherostelluminthegenusCatasetuminorchidswhich,uponbeingtouchedbyaninsectorotherobject,causetheliberationoftheretinaculumattheirbaseandtheejectionofthepollinium.ANTEP6§iXTION,seeSUPERPOSITION.

AnTEXRiO-Posrn'moaPLANE,seeMEDIANPLANE.ANTEXRiéR,thesideofa7ower,leaf,orotherorganawayfromthemainstemoraxis;inferior;exterior;infront.

CompareDORSAL.

ANTHE'LA,apaniculatecymewiththelateralaxesovertoppingthecentral,asinmanyspeciesofJuncusand

Luzula.

ANXTHEMY,a\ower-clusterofanykind.(Obs)AN'THER,thepollen-bearingpartofastamen.ANXTHERiDXifJM(pl.Anther

idXia),themaleorganinthehighercryptogamsWithinwhichantherozoidsarepro. duced.

ANTHERiFXERo[s,anther-bear

ing. ANXTHER-LOBES,thecellsorsacsofananther,usuallytwo innumber,containingthepollen.

ANXTHEROID,anther-like.

ANTHERGSPORAN'éiuM(pl.Antherosporan'gia),seeMICRO

SPORANGIUM.

AN'THERozom,oneofthemotilefertilizingbodiesproduced inanantheridium;spermatozoid.

Anthesis

ANTHEXSTS,thetimeoractof)owering;\orescence.

ANTHOCAR'PousFRUIT,generallyusedforCollectivefruit,butmoreproperlyforAccessoryfruit. ANTHGCLiNXifIM,seeCLINANTHIUN,ANTHG'lIM,thecapitulumorheadof7owersinCompositae (popularlycalleda7ower).

CompareCLINANTHIUM.

ANXTHOID,resemblinga7ower.

ANTHéLiTE,afossil7ower.

ENTHGLXimis,aretrogrademet

amorphosisofa7owerbywhichnormallyunitedorcon

tiguouspartsareseparated;solutionofa7ower.Thepartsofthealtered7owermayormaynotbechangedincharacter.

[NXTH[PHGRE,astalkorinternodesometimesdevelopedbetweenthecalyxandcorolla,asinSilene. ANTH[TRX'iS,thearrangementof7owersinanin7orescence;anthotaxy.

ANXTHOTAXTLseeANTHOTAX

1s.

ANriCLi'NZiL,saidofcell-walls

oranylineswhenperpendiculartotheoutersurface.ComparePERICLINAL.

ANTI'CO[S,faciuganteriorly.

ANTTDXR[MAL,twistedorcoiled

inanOppositedirectiontothatwithwhichitiscompared,aswhentheleaf-spiralofabranchturnsintheopposite directionfromthatofthestem;antidromous.Compare

HOMODROMOUSandHETEROD

Romons.

[NTiDXRGMOfIS,seeANTIDRO MAL. ANTiDXROM?,havingthecourseOFBOTANICALTERMS.ApicalCell ofaspiralreversedfromthe usualdirection.

ANTlM?06T'iC,see

DALFUNGICI

situatedANTiPATHETXiC,saidofplantswhichdonotunitereadilywhengrafted.

Aurirnnuu'cuLAR,oppositetoapeduncle.

ANTiPETXALOfISsituatedoppositetoapetal,i.e.,directlybetweenthepetalandtheaxis; antepetalous.

Aurir'onflLCELLS,agroupoffourcellsatthelowerendoftheembryo-sac,oneofwhich,destituteofawall,isthelowerpolarnucleus.CompareEGG

APPARATOs

ANTlSEPXTlC,preventingputrefaction.

ANTiTXRéPAL,seeANTITROPOUS.

ANTTTXRGPO[S,havingtherad

icleoftheembryodirectedawayfromthehilum,asin orthotl'opousseeds.

Aurizrmor'ic,preventingorcheckingfermentation.

ANTRORSE'

,directedupwardorforward.CompareANTI COUS.

APERTSP[R'MiC,seeEXALBUMI

Nous

APETXALofIs,destituteof0010]la.

A'PEX(pl.ApexesorAp'ices),theextremityoppositethepointofattachment. APHnLio'rRoP'ic,turningfromthesun;negativelyheliotrop ic.

ArHvL'Lofls,withoutleaves.

APHi'H/LS'Ltheabnormalsuppressionofleaves.

Ap'icaLCELL,thegeneratingcellofagrowingpoint.

ApicalConeADICTIONARYAquatic

APXiCALCONE,seePUNCTUM

VEGETATIONIS.

APTCX[LATE,terminatedbyanabruptshortacutepoint.

APICXIZJLATED,seeAPICULATE.APICXULUS(pl.ApicXuli),asmallacutepoint. APLANXOSPORE,appliedbyWilletononmotilereproductivecellsformedbyrejuvenescence inConjugateaeandsomeothergreenalga. APLASXTTC,notcapableofbeingorganized,orconvertedintoanimalorvegetabletissue. APOCARXPO[S,havingthecarpelsseparateoreasilyseparable,asinRanunculus;dialy'carpous. APOGXAMihabitualnon-sexualreproduction,especiallyvege tativereproductionwheresexualreproductionusuallyoccurs,asinthebuddingofaprothallusinferns.Compare

PARTHENOGENESISandVEGETIVEAPOGAMY.

APGGEOTRGPTC,growingawayfromtheearth,asordinarystems.Arbrnr'lWimfls,havingthepet.alsofthecorollaunattachedtoeachother;eleutheropetalous;polypetalous.APGPHXYLXLOTIS,sometimesusedforaposepalous,especiallyin7owershavingbutoneperianthwhorl.AP62HX?SATE,havinganapOph~

ysrs.

APOPHXYSTS,anenlargementofthesetabelowthethecaincertainmosses;athickeningonthescalesoftheconesofcertainpines;anyirregularswelling.APGSEP'ALOfTS,havingtheleavesofthecalyxunattachedtoeachother.

14APGSXTASIS,atermappliedby

Engelmanntotheseparationoforgansbyanunusualextensionoftheinternodes;solution.CompareDIALYSIS.

ArbsrabrnE,thecollectionoftheprotoplasmandchlorophyllgrainsalongthesidewallsofacellinsteadoftheoutersurfaceVoftencausedbycoldorexcessorde6ciencyoflight.Whencausedbyde6ciencyoflight,asatnight,itiscallednegativeapostrophe";when

causedbytoobrightalight,positiveapostrophe.CompareEPISTROPHEandSYSTROPEE. APOTHE'g[TM(pl.Apothecia),theascocarpinlichens.See

DISCOCARP,SHIELD,andPERITHECIUM.

APPEND'AGE,anysuperaddedorsubordinatepart;ashairs,prickles,leaves,etc.,uponastem. havinganunusualappendageorappendages,asawingedpetiole,orspurredcorolla.

APXPLANATE,7attenedoutor

horizontallyexpanded.CompareEXPLANATEandCOMPLANATE.

APXPLiCATiVE,seeCONDUPLI

CATE.

Ar'rost'rE,closetogether;sidebyside.

APPRESSED'

,lyingclose,asleavestoastem;adpressed.

Arrnox'iMArE,closetogetherbutnotunited.CompareRE~

MOTE. AP'TERous,havingnodilatedappendageorwing.CompareALATE.

AQUATIC,growinginwaterorwetsoil.SeePALUSTRINE.

AqueousOFBOTANICALTERMS.Armed

AXQUEOfIS,nearlycolorless.See

HYALINE.

ARACHXNOID,coveredwithlong

andlooselyentangledhairs,thehairsfewerandlonger thaninTomentose;cobwebby.

ARAXNE[S,seeARACHNOID.

ARXEGR,seeTREE.

ARBO'REAL,pertainingtotreesorforests.

ARBOXREOfIS,havingthenatureofatree;pertainingtotrees.

AEBORESXQENT,tree-likeinsizeorform.

ARBOREXT[M,abotanicaltreegarden.

ARXB[SQLE,alowshrubhavingtheformOfatree.

ARgESXTHiDAseeGALBunus

AEeHEBiO'sis,theoriginoflife.SeeSPONTANEOUSGENERATION.

AReHEGO'NIiXIM(pl.Areheg6X

nia),thefemaleorganinthehighercryptogams.CompareOOGONIUM.SeeANTHE

RIDIUM.

ARCHESPO'RIITM,thecell,group.orlayerofcellsfromwhichthespore-mother-cells,andtapetumifany,arederivedinthehighercryptogamsand7oweringplants.

ARCHXETWYPE,theoriginaltypeorcondition.

ARCHXICARP,thebeginningofa

fructi[cation;acellorgroupofcellsfertilizedbyasexualact,asanascogoniumorcarpogomum.

ARXCfIATE,curvedlikeabow.

A'REA,aratherlargespaceboundedbycracks.lines,veins,orpartdifferingincolorortexture.CompareAREOLA.

ARENAXQEO[S,growinginsandy

15places;arenareous;arenose;sabuline;sabulose.

ARENAXRlOfIS,seeARENA

CEOUS.

ARXENOSE,seeARENACEOUS.

AREXéLA(pl.AreXolae),diminutiveofarea,anysmallspacesur~roundedbyapartdilferinginstructureorcolor,asthespacesboundedbytheveinsinreticulateleaves,bythecracksinthesurfaceofthethallusof081"

tainlichens,orbythecellwallsintheleavesofmosses;areolation;areole.AREXGLATE,dividedintoareolze.

AREGLAXTION,(1)seeAREOLA;

(2)theformandarrangementoftheareolaeinmosses,etc.

AXREGLE,seeAREOLA.

ARGEN'TE[S,whitewithatingeofgray;silvery.

ARGTLLAXQBOfTS,growinginaclayeysoil;argillose.

ARGiLLOSE,seeARGILLACEOUS.ARHiXZAL,withoutrootWs.

ARXiL,afalsecoatwhichsometimessurroundstheseed,growingfromthefuniculus,hilum,orplacenta,asthemaceofnutmeg.CompareSTROPHIOLE.

ARiLXLA,seeARIL.

ARXiLLATE,havinganaril.

ARXiLLATED,seeARILLATE.

ARXiLLODE,afalsecoveringtoaseedresemblinganaril.

ARILXL[S,seeARIL.

ARTS'TA,seeAWN.

ARTSXTATE,havinganawn.

ARiSXTfILATE,havingasmallawn.

ARM,inhorticulturealarge

branchofavinetralnedhori zontally.

ARMED,havingthorns,spines,orprickles.

ArmillaADICTIONARYAscus

ARMTLXLA,anannulusintheformofaplaitedfrillsuspendedfromthetopOfthestipebelowthecapincertainmushrooms.

ARO'MA,apleasantcharacteristic

Odor.

AROMATXIC,possessingaroma,especiallyifspicy.

ARBECTX

,directedupwardfrom aninclinedbase,asthepods Ofmilkweed.(Asclepias.)ARXROW-HEADXED,seeSAGITTATE.

ARROW-SHAPED,seeSAGITTATE.

ARXTHONOID,resemblingtheapotheciumofthegenusAr~

thoniainlichens. ARXTHROSPORE,usedmainlyinbacteriaforasporeformedbysegmentation,asOpposedto

Endospore.

BTHROSTERIGXMA(pl.Arthro

sterigXmata),ajointedsterigma inmanylichens,composedOfarowofcellsfromeachofwhichsporesareabstricted.

ARTiC'fJLATE,jointed;articulated.

ARTiCXfILATED,seeARTICU

LATE. ARTiILAXTION,(1)anode,joint,septum,orseparableplace;(2)oneofthesegmentssomarkedofforseparated.

ARTiC'[LfIS,formerlyusedbothfornodeandinternode.

ARTIFi'gIALSYSTEM,asystemofclassi6cationbasedononeorafewfeaturesonly,andnotintendedtoshowtruerelationship,asthatofLinnaeus.

ARfI VNDiNAXQEOfTS,reed-like.ASQENDXENT,seeASCENDING. ASQENDXiNG,risingobliquely,orcurvingupwardsfromnearthebase,asthestemsOf

16Stellariaorthebranchesof

Norwayspruce;adscendent;ascendent:assurgent;adsurgent.Saidofovuleswhichareattachedtothemiddleportionoftheplacentaorsidesoftheovaryandaredirectedupward.Also,directedupwardinanymannerincontrasttodescending,asthe

ascendingaxis.

Amup'inGAxis,thestem.

AnND'iNGMETAMORXPHO

SiS,seePROGRESSIVEMETA

MORPHOSIS.

ASXQT,pl.,seeASCUS.

SQIDXTA,pl.,seeASCIDIUM.

SQlDXiF[RM,ascidium-shaped.

sginXlum(pl.AscidXia),ahollowpitcher-shapedleaf,likethatofSarracenia. sgiFXERofIs,seeASCOPHOROUS.

SQTGXERO[S,seeASCOGENOUS.

ASXCOCARP,thesporocarpof

Ascomycetes.SeeAPOTHE

OIUM,PERITHECIUM,and

CLEISTOCARP.

ASCOGXENOTIS,producingasci;ascigerous.

ASXCOGGNE,seeASCOGONIUM.

ASCOGO'Ni[M,thecarpogonium,orfemaleorganinAsco

cetesbeforefertilization. ASXCOPHORE,theascus-bearinglayerofhyphaelininganascocarp. AscOrH'ORofJS,ascusVbearing;asciferous.CompareASCOGE Nous

ASXCOSPORE,asporeproduced

inanascus.Ofteninappro priatelycalledsporidiumorsporule.

AS'CfIS(plAsXci),oneofthechar

acteristicspore-casesofAsco mycetesborneinanascocarp.

Itconsistsofanenlargedterminalcellcontainingfree

Ascus-apparatusOFBOTANICALTERMS.Auriculate

spores,mostfrequentlyeightinnumber. AsXciis-APPARAXTfTS,theasci,togetherwiththeascogenouscells.SeeENVELOPE-APPARAtus.

SQ?XPHOfIS,withoutscyphi.

AsEPXTiC,notliabletoputrefaction.

ASEX'I'

IAL,withoutsex'destituteofstamensandpistilsin7oweringplants,orothersexualorgansincryptogams.

AsnqLGENERATION,thesecondstageorgenerationinplantshavinganalternationofgenerations.Itproducessporesasexually,butisitselftheresultoffertilization.Infernstheprothallusisthesexual,andtheleaf-bearingplanttheasexual,generation.SeeSPOROGONIUM.

ASXPERATE,seeSCABROUS.

AS'PERGIL'LTEORM,resembling

anaspergillus(aroundbrushusedtosprinkleholywaterin

RomanCatholicchurches),asthestigmasofsomegrasses.

CompareMUSCARIFORM.

ASPERIEO'LIATE,havingleavesroughtothetouch.

ASPERiFOXLiOfIS,seeASPERFO

LIATE.

ASPERXMOfIS,withoutseeds.

ASXPERO[S,seeSOABROUS.

ASSIMTLAXTION,theconversionofforeignmaterialintothesubstanceoftheplant;constructivemetabolism.

ASS[R'éENT,seeASCENDING.

ASXTER,seeMOTHER-STAR,DY

ASTER,AMPHIASTER,andCY~

TASTER.

ASXTEROID,having)owersliketheAster.CompareACTINI FORM.

ASXTICHOfIS,notinrows.

17ASXTOMOIIS,withoutaperture,asmosseswhichhavenotade

ciduousoper.culum

ASYMMETXRICAL,notsymmet

rical,whichsee.ATXAVI§M,resemblancetoadistantancestor;remoteheredity. A'TER(incomposition,dtropureblack,asdistinguishedfromNiger.withoutthallus.ATXROPAL,seeORTHOTROPOUS.

ATXROPEIX

,adwarfedorstuntedconditionofanorganascomparedwithothers,orwiththeusualstate.Especiallyappliedtopartswhichseemwastedawayfromlackofnourishmentorothercause.

CompareABORTIONandDE'

GENERATION.

ATXROPOIIS,seeORTHOTROPOUS.

ATRoP[RPu'REus,darkpurple

ATTEN'IWIATE,taperinggladuallytoapointornarrowex

tremity.

ATTENXI'

IATED,seeATTENUATE.

AUGMENTAXTION,increasebeyondthenormalnumber,espe

ciallytheproductionOfaddi tional7oralwhorls. AUXLGPHITE,aplantwhichliveswithinanotherforshelteronly.notasaparasite,assome

Protococcaceaa.

AURANTIAXCEOUS,orange-colored.DalkerthanAureus.

AUXREUS,yellow,withaslightadmixtureofred;golden.

AUXRICLE,anyear-likeappendage,asthelobesatthebaseoftheleavesinsorrel.

AUXRICLED,seeAURICULATE.

AURIC'I'

ILA(pl.Auric'tilae),see

AURICLE.

AURIC'IILATE,havingauricles,orear-likelobesorappendages.

AuriculatedADICTIONARYAx-shaped

AURICXfILATED,seeAURIOU

LATE.

AU'RIF[RM,havingtheformofthehumanear.

AUSTEREX

,astringentorharshtothetaste. AUTOCARXIXOIJS,saidofovarieswhicharenotadherenttothecalyx;superior.

AUTfEXgIOITS,saidofaparasiticfunguswhichinhabitsthesamehost-plantthroughallitsstagesofgrowth.Compare

HETERCECIOUS.AppliedinmosseswhenthemaleandfemaleY7owersareinseparateinvolucresuponthesame plantwVAUTOGXAMOUS,self-fertilizing. AUTOG'AMY,close-fertilization;thefertilizationofa)owerbyitsownpollen.CompareAL

LOGAMY.

AUTOGENXESIS,seeSPONTANE~

OUSGENERATION.

AUTOG'ENOIIS,self-originating.Appliedtodiseaseswhichhavetheiroriginorcausewithinthe e\ectedorganism.Compare

INFECTION,ESOTERIC,andEx

OTERIC.

AuroG'ENusorMONoe'ENuS,termsproposedinplaceofMonotypic,toindicatethatagenuscontainsbutasinglespecies.

AUTGNXOMOIIS,completeinitself.Appliedtoformswhichcontinuallyanddirectlyreproducethemselves,andarenotmerestagesinthelifeofaplant.

AUTOYHYLLOG'ENY,thegrowthofoneleafuponanother.

AUXTOPLAST,seeCHLOROPHYLLBODY.

AUTGTEMXNOIIS,capableofspon

taneousdivision,asordinarygrowingcells.AUXXGSPGRE,alargerenewalcellinDiatomaceae,formedeitherbyrejuvenescence,ordevelopedfromazygosporeproducedbyconjugation.

AuxoTON'ICMOVEMENTS,thosemadebygrowingorgans,asthetwiningofstems.CompareALLASSOTONICMOVE

MENTS.

AVERSE'

,turnedorfacingawayfromthecentralaxisorotherobject.CompareADVERSE.

AWE-SHAPED,seeSUBULATE.

AWN,abristle-shapedappendage,likethoseoutheglumesofmanygrasses;arista;beard.

AWNED,havinganawnorbeard;alistate.AXX-EGEM,seeDOLABRIFORM.AX'IAL,pertainingtoanaxis;extendinginthedirectionof

anaxis;forminganaxis.CompareAXILE.

AXIF'EROIIS,havinganaxisproducingstemsbutnoleaves.AXXIL,theupperanglebetweenleafandstem;anyangle.AXXILE,occupyingorbelongingtotheaxis,asanaxileplacenta.

AXILXLA(pl.seeAXIL.AXXILLAR,seeAXILLARY.Ax'iLLARY,pertainingtooroc

cupyinganaxil.AXXIS,thecentrallineofanybody;anorganaroundwhichothersareattached,especiallyamainstemorroot.

AXIS,ASCENDING,seeASCEND

INGAXIS.

AXIS,DESCENDING,seeDE

SCENDINGAxrs.

AXISOFINFLORESXQENQE,thepartOfthestemorbranchalongwhich7owersareborne.SeeRECEPTACLEandRACHIS.

AXX-SHAPED,seeBOLAREI

FORM.

Basipetal

apexofanapple.Compare

CAVITYandEYE.

BASIPXETAL,proceedingorpro

ducedinsuccessiontowardthebase;downward;centrifu gal(whenappliedtotheorderofin\orescenceonly).CompareACROPETAL.

BASISCOP'IC,onthesidetowardthebase;facingthebase.

BASS,seeBAST.

BAST,theliberorinnerbark;particularlythelong,taper ing,thick-walledphloem-cellscharacteristicofsuchbark. BASXTARD,Spurious;resemblingsomethingelse.UsedimproperlyforHybrid.

BAST-QELLS,thick-walledelongatedspindle-Shapedcellsinthephloemportionof[brovascularbundles.Theygivestrengthand\exibilitytothetissues;hast-[bres.

BAST-FIBRES,seeEAST-CELLS.

BAST-SHEATH,seePHLOEM

SHEATH.

BAST,SOFT,seeSOFTBAST.

BAST-TISSUE,seePHLOEM

BAST-VESXSEL,seeSIEVE-TURE.

BEAK,aprocesslikethebeakofabirdterminatingthefruitofmanyleguminousandotherplants;rostrum. BEAKED,endinginaprolongednarrowrigidtiplikeabeak;rostrate.

BEARD,theawnsofgrasses.singlyorcollectively;atuftofhairs,especiallyifstiffandlong;sometimesappliedimproperlytothelowerlipOflabiatecorollas.

BEARDXED,havingabeard;besetwithhairs,especiallyifstiffandlong.

BEARDXLETED,havingminutebeardsorawns.ADICTIONARY

EigErxXALons,Bicrenate

BELLXSHAPED,seeCAMPANO

LATE. BEL'LYING,swellingoutononeside,asthetubeofthecorolla inmanyLabiateae.

BBRXRIED,seeBACCATED.

BER/RY,anindehiscentfruitpulpyor)eshythroughout,asthegrape,currant,andtomato.

BIACIIXMINATE,two-pointed.

BIANXGIILATE,havingtwoanglesorcorners.

BIARTIC'IILATED,havingtwojoints.

BIAURIC'IJLATE,two-eared.

BIBRACXTEATE,withtwobracts.

BIBRACXTEOLATE,havingtwobractlets.

BICALXCARATE,spurs.

BICALXLOSE,havingtwosmallhardspotsorprotuberances.

BICAPXSIILAR,havingtwocapsules.Sometimesappliedtocapsuleswhicharedividedbeforedehiscenceintotwoparts.

BICARXPELLARY,seeDICARPEL

LARY. BICARXINATE,two-keeled,asthepaletofgrasses.havingtwo havingtwoheads.

BIgIPXITAL,dividedintotwoparts.

BICIPXITOIIS,seeBICIPITAL.

BICOLLATXERALBUNDLE,a

[brO-vascularbundleinwhichastrandofxylemliesbetweentwostrandsofphloem.

BIXCDLDR,oftwocolors.

BIXCOLORED,seeBICOLOR.

BICONXJI'

IGATE,seeBIGEMI

NATE.

BICORXNIW

ITE,withtwohorn-likeprocesses.

BICRE'NATE,withtwocrena

BicruralOFBOTANICALTERMS.Binate

turesorroundedteeth.CompareDOUBLY-CRENATE.

BICRUXRAL,havingtwolegsor

narrowelongations,asthelipoftheman-orchis.Z BICIJSXPID,havingtwosharpstiffpointsorcusps;bicuspidate.

BICIISXPIDATE,seeBICUSPID.

BIDENXTATE,havingtwoteeth.

CompareDOUBLY-DENTATE.

BIDIGXITATE,havingtwo[ngerlikedivisions.

BIDXDOITS,lastingtwodaysonly.

BIENXNIAL(adj.livingtwoyear,sorrequiringtwoseasonstocometomaturity. BIENXNIAL,aplantwhichusuallymaturesitsfruitthesecondyearandthendies. BIFAXCIAL,appliedtoleaveswhichhaveadistinctupperandlowersurfacedifferingintexture.CompareCENTRIC. BIFAXRIOIIS,pointingintwodirections;two-ranked;distichous.

BIXFER,aplantwhichripensfruittwiceayear.

BIFXEROIVJS,fruitingtwiceayear.

BIXFID,dividedabouttothemid

dleintwoparts;two-cleft.

BIFXIDATE,seeBIFID.

BIFISXTfILAR,containingtwotubularOpenings.

BIFLOXRATE,seeBIFLOROUS.

BIFLGXROIIS,two-\owered.

BIFO'LIATE,havingtwoleavesorlea7ets.

BI

IFOXLIGLATE,havingtwoleafets.

BIFOLLICXIW

ILAR,withadoublefollicle.

BIFOXRATE,havingtwoperforations,astheanthersofRhododendron.

BIFXGRINE,apeculiarcellcon

21tainingraphidesfoundinarumsandcertainotherplants

Vsocalledbecausewhenplacedinwatertheybecometurgidanddischargetheircontents,oftenfrombothends.

BIFXGROIJS,seeBIFORATE.

BIXFRDNS,havingtwofacesoraspects;growingonbothsurfacesofaleaf(amphigenous).

BiE[R'CATE,forked;dividedintotwobranches.

BIECR'CATED,seeBIFURCATE.

BiruRCA'TION,divisionintotwobranches.

BIFDRXCOIIS,seeBIFURCATE.

BIGEMXINATE,twicepaired,asadecompoundleafwithtwopairsoflea)ets,i.e.,havingaforkedpetiolewithapairoflea7etsattheendofeachdivision;biconjugate.

BIXGENER,seeGENUs-HYBRID.

BIGLAND'I'ILAR,havingtwoglandsorgland-likebodies.

BIJIIXGATE,havingtwopairs,asaleafwithtwopairsoflea)ets.

BIJDXGOIIS,seeBIJUGATE.

BILAXBIATE,seeLABIATE.

BILAMXELLAR,seeBILAMEL

LATE.

BILAMXELLATE,oftwoplates

orlamellm.

BILAMXELLATED,seeBILAMEL

LATE.

BILAT'ERAL,two-Sided.

BILGXBATE,two-lobed.

BILGXBATED,seeBILOBATE.

BIXLGBED,seeBILOBATE.

BILDCXIILAR,two-celledVappliedtoovaries,anthers,etc.

BIMACXIILATE,havingtwospots.

BIMACXIILATED,seeBIMACU

LATE.

BIXNABY,intwos;double.

BIXNATE,intwosorpairs'conjugateVsaidoftwobodiesof

ADICTIONARY

thesamenaturespringingfromthesamepoint.Inspeakingofpinnateleavesthetermconjugateisgenerallyused. BINE,atwiningorclimbingstem.Rareexceptincomposition,aswood-bine. BINERVXATE,havingtwonervesorveins,ortwowhicharees peciallyprominent.

BINOXDAL,containingtwonodesonly.

BINDXMIAL,oftwonames,asthegenericandspeci6cnameswhichcomposeabotanicalname.Z

BI'NOIJS,seeBINATE.

BINDXCLEAB,seeBINUCLEATE.

BINDXCLEATE,havetwonucleiorcentralpoints;binuclear.

BINDXCLEOLATE,withtwonu

cleoli.

BIOQXELLATE,withtwoeye-like

_S_pt0ts'

vBIOGEN'ESIS,(1)theoriginoflife;(2)theproductionoflivingbeingsfromotherlivingbeingsinanymannerVtheconverseofspontaneousgencration(abiogenesis).

BIDGXENODS,growingonlivingplants,eitherparasiticornot.

BIGG'ENI,thegenesisorevolutionoflivingforms,orthesciencewhichtreatsofit,includingOntogenyandPhyllogeny

BIGLXGGY,zoologyandbotany.

BIGLYTXIC,injuriousordestructivetolife.

BI'GN,anindividualmorphologi

_callyindependent. BIGPHXAGOIIS,feedingonlivingorganisms.Appliedchie7ytoinsectivorousplants.

BIXOPLASM,anyliving\uid';thesameasprotoplasm.

22Bipinnatisect

BIPALXEOLATE,withtwolodicules;bilodiculate.

BIPALXMATE,saidofleaveswhicharepalmateuponsec

ondarypalmatepetioles.

BIPXAROIIS,bearingtwoobjects,

asaleafwithtwolea7ets.

BIPARXTED,seeBIPARTITE.

BIPARXTIBLE,divisibleintotwoparts.

BIPARXTILE,seeBIPARTIBLE.

BIPAR'TITE,two-parted;dividedintotwopartstothebaseornearlyso.

BIPARTIXTION,theactofdi

vidingintotwoequalparts.

CompareBISECTION.

BIPECXTINATE,toothedlikea

_combontwosides.

BIPELXTATE,havingtwoshieldshapedparts.

BIPERENXNIAL,saidofapartwhichlivestwoyears,butreproducesitselfinde6nitely,asthetubersofthepotato. (Rare)

BIPETXALOIIS,havingtwopetals.

BIPINXNATE,saidofapinnateleafwithsecondarypetioles,eachbearingmorethanonelea7et,asthehoney-locust;doublypinnate;twicepin

nate.

BIPINXNATED,seeBIPINNATE.

BIPINNATXIFID,havingthedivisionsofapinnati[dleaf pinnati[d;twicepinnatelycleft. BIPINNATIPABXTITE,havingthedivisionsofapinnatipartiteleafpinnatipartite;twicepin natelyparted.Itdiffersfrom Bipinnati[dinhavingthedivisionsextendtonearthemidrib. BIPINNATXISECT,havingthedivisionsofapinnatisectleaf

BiplicateOFBOTANICALTERMS.Blastocolla

pinnatisect;twicepinnate]ydi vided.Thedivisionsextendtothemidrib,butthesegmentsaresessile.

BIPLIXCATE,twiceordoublyfolded.

BIPGXRGSE,havingtwosmall

Openingsorpores.

BIPIINC'TATE,havingtwosmallspots.

BIBAXDIATE,havingtworays.

BIBIXMGSE,Openingbytwoslits,asmostanthers;havingtwoclefts,slits,ornarrowOpenings.

BISACXCATE,havingtwosacsorpouches.

BISCIJXTATE,resemblingtworoundbucklersplacedSidebyside.

BISECT'

,todivideintotwoequalparts. BISEC'TION,theactofcuttingordividingintotwoequalparts;bipartition.

BISEPXTATE,havingtwopartitionsorsepta.

BISEXRIAL,intworowsorseries.

BISERXRATE,havingtheteethorserraturesserrate;doublyserrate.Thelattertermispref erable,andBz'

serrate,thoughinmorecommonuseinthissense,shouldbeappliedinanalogywithBidentatetoleavesormarginsbearingtwoserratures.

BISE'TOSE,havingtwobristles;bisetous.

BISE'TOIIS,seeBISETOSE.

BISEX'IIAL,containingbothsexes,asa7owerwithbothstamensandpistils;hermaphrodite;monoclinous;synoecious.

BISPIXNOSE,havingtwospines.

BIXSPORE,atwo-sporedtetraspore.

23BISTIPXIILED,havingtwostipules.

BISIILXCATE,havingtwolongitudinalgroovesorfurrows. BITERXNATE,dividedintothreeparts,eachofwhichisdividedintothree.

BITXTEN,seeEROSE.

BI'VALVEhavingtwovalves,assomecapsules;bivalvular.

BIXVALVEacapsuleoftwovalves.

BIvALv't'

ILAR,seeBIVALVE.

BilS'cflLAR,havingtwovesses.

BIVIT'TATE,havingtwovittae.

BLAD'DER,(1)anin7atedmembramonspericarp;(2)amem~

branousair-sacinsomewaterplantswhichenablesthemto7oat.SeeAIR-BLADDER. BLADXDERY,thinandin)atedlikeabladder,asthecalyxof

Selenein\ata.

BLADE,theexpandedportionofaleaf;lamina.Theterm

bladeismorecommonlyappliedingrassesandlaminainotherplants. BLANCHED,whitenedbyabsenceoflight;etiolated.Compare

CHLOROSISandALBINISM.

BLAND,fair:beautiful.

BLASTEXMA,theembryoasidefromthecotyledons;alsousedforanypointofgrowthorbuddingpart.(Rare)

BLASTEXMAL,rudimentary;nascent.(Rare)

BLASTOCARXPOES,appliedtoafruitwhentheseedgerminateswithinthepericarp,assometimesoccursinthemangrove.

(Rare) BLASTGCDL'LA,thegummysubstanceonmanybuds,asonthehorse-chestnut.

BlastogenesisADICTIONARYBotany

BLASTOGEN'ESIS,reproductionbybuds;gemmation.(Obs)

BLASXTIIS(obs),seeBUDand

PLUMULE.

BLIND,appliedtoamalformation,chie7yincertainculti vatedplants,ascabbageand

cauli7ower,inwhichthestemterminateswithoutproducingaheadorin7orescence.Ablindbudisonewhichfailstodevelop.Togoblindistofailtoproduce\ower-budswhereexpected.

BLISXTERED,seeBULLATE.

BLOOM,acoatingonthesurfaceoffruits,leavesetc.,Oftengrayishorbluishincolor,consistingofminute,waxyparti

clesintheformof6laments,granules,orlayers.SeeGLAU COUS.

BLOSSOM-BUD,seeFLOWER

BUD. BLOTCHED,havingdistinctirregularspotsofcolor.CompareCLOUDED.

BLIINT,obtuse.

BOAT-SHAPED,seeNAVICULAR.

BOB,apopularnameforthein

\orescence(thyrse)ofsumach.

BOLE,thebodyofatree.

BOLL,aglobularpericarp,asthatofcotton.

BOLT(Hort),torunpremature

lytoseed,ascarrotswhentheyseedthe6rstyear. BONXT,hard,brittle,andcloseintexture,asthestoneofthepeach. BOOT,apopularnameforthesheathofgrainsandothergrasses. BOB/DER,theexpandedportionofagamopetalouscorollaconsistingoftheunitedlimbs.SeealsoBORDEREDPIT.

BORXDERED,havingthemargin

24differentfromtheremainder

inform,color,ortexture. BORXDEREDPIT,athinspotoropeninginacell-wallcovered

oneachsidebyathickenedconvexbodyhavingacentralperforation;areolateddot;discoidmarking.BorderedporeofGregory.Thesemarkingsarecharacteristicofthewood-cellsofConiferae.The

borderisthemoreorlessdi~latedcentralportionofthepitorpassagebetweenthecells.

BORXDEBEDPORE,seeBORDER

EDPIT.

BOSS,aroundedprotuberance.

BOSSED,havingaboss.Compare

UMBONATE.

BOSXTRYCHOID,gYMEseeHam

COIDCYME.

BOSXTRYCHOV

InDICHOT'OMY,see

HELICHOIDDICHOTOMY.

BOSXTBIIX,seeHELICOIDCYME.

BOTANXICALCEOG'RAPHY,see

GEOGRAPHICALBOTANY.

BOTANXICALNAME,thegenericnamefollowedbythespeci[cname.

BOTANXICALNOMENCLATURE,

anaccountofthenamesofplants,andofthelawsfortheirapplication. BOTANICALTERMINOL'OCYanaccountofthespecialwordsusedindescribingplants. BOTANXICGARXDEN,acollectionofgrowingplantssystematicallyarrangedforthepurposeofstudy. BOTXANIZE,toseekforgrowingplantsforthepurposeofbo tanicalinvestigation. BOTXANY,thescienceofplants;phytology.SeeSTRUCTURAL,

PHYSIOLOGICAL,andSYSTEM

ATICBOTANY,BOTANICALNO

Bothrenchyma

MENCLATURE,andBOTANICAL

TERMINOLOGY.

BOTHREN'CHYMA(obs.

PITTEDTISSUE.

BOT'RIIS,anOldtermforaclusterlikethatofthegrape.

BOTXRYOID,havingtheformofabunchofgrapes;botryoidal;botryose.

BOTXRIIOSE,seeBOTRYOID.

BOTRYOIXDAL,seeBOTRYOID.

BOTTLE-SHAPED,seeLACENI

FORM.

BOTIIXLI-FORM,seeALLANTOID.

BRACIVIXIATE,appliedtobrancheswhicharedecussateandspreading,asintheash,andsometimesimproperlytothosewhicharelongandwidelyspreading,butnotdecussate.

BRACRYP'ODOUS,short-stalked.

BRACT,aleafofanin7orescence,generallysubtendinga7oweror\ower-branch.Bractsareintermediateinpositionbetweenfoliageleavesand7oralleaves,andareusuallymuchsmallerthantheordinaryleaves,andinotherrespectsmoreorlessmodi6ed.

BRACXTEA(pl.BricXtéa[),

BRACT._

BRACXTEAL,ofthenatureofabract.

BRACXTEATE,furnishedwithbracts;subtendedbyabractorbracts;bracted.

BRACTEXOLA(pl.Bracteolee),see

BRACTLET.

BRACXTEOLATE,furnishedwithbractlets.

BRACXTEOLE,seeBRACTLET.

BRACXTEOSE,havingmanyorconspicuousbracts.

BRACTXLET,asmallbract,orbractuponapedicelorsecondarybranchofanin7orescence.

BRACT'LESS,withoutbracts.see

seeOFBOTANICALTERMS.Brownian

BRAIRD,togerminateScotch.)

BRANCHadiv1s10nofastem

Orotherelongatedorgan;sec

ondaryaxis.

BRANCH(v.toproducebranches;toramify.

BRANCHXLET,alittlebranchorsubdivisionofabranch;twig. BREAK(v.i.)(l)todepartwidelyfromthetypeandsuddenlyproduceanewvariety(nearlythesameassport); (2)toYboltZorrunprema turelytoseed,asabiennialthe6rstyear;(3)toputforthnewbudsorleaves. BREAST-WOOD(Hort),brancheswhichprojectoutwardfromawallorespalier.

BREATHING-BORE,seeSTOMA.

BREED,seeRACE.

BRIXDLES,stringsOfprotoplasmwhichoftenconnectthenu olenswiththelayerofprotoplasmnextthecellwall.

BRISXTLE,astiff,shorthairorhair-likebody.

BRISXTLE-POINTXED,endinginabristle;terminatinggradually ina6nesharppoint,astheleavesofmanymosses.

BRISXTLIX

,besetwithbristles.

BROODX-BUD,adeciduousleafbudcapableofgrowingintoanewplant,suchasthebulbilsofthetiger-lilyandthedeciduousbudsofcertainlycopodiums;alsoappliedtothesore

diumoflichens.

BROODX-CELL,anyreproductiveunicellularbodyproducedasexuallywhichseparatesfromtheparentplant,asthegonidiaoffungi.

BROODX-GEMXMA,seeGEMMA.

BROWNXIANMOVEMENT,atremblingmovementcommontoallminuteparticlessus

Brunneus

pendedinaliquid.CalledalsoBrunonianmovement,

Pedesis,Non-Vitalmotion,and

(improperly)Molecularmovement.Thecauseisnotknown.

BRCNXNEIIS,deepbrown,amixtureofdarkgrayandred.

BRIJSHXSHAPED,seeAsrnncm

LIFORM.

BRYOLXOGY,thedivisionofbotanyrelatingtomosses;muscology.

Bucx'LER-SHAPED,seeTATE.

BCD,anundevelopedstemorbranch,oritsextremity,bearingrudimentaryleaveswhicharespeciallymodi6edforitsprotection.SeeLEAF-BUD,FLOWER-BUD,andGEMMA.

BCDXDING,puttingforthbudsorgemmae.AlsoappliedtoPul lulation,whichsee.

BIIDXLET,alittlebudattachedtoalargerone.

BIID-RIJXDIMENT,theSpecialcellswhichoriginatetheleafbearingaxisinthepro-embryoofCharaceae.

BITEVSCALE,oneofthemodi6edleavesofabud;perule.

BEN-SPORT,secBUD-VARIATION.

BUD-VARIATION,thedevelopmentofabudinamannerunusualtothespeciesorvariety,anddifferentfromtheotherbudsupontheplant.Itmaybetheproductionofanewvarietyorareversiontoanearlierform.Bud-variations,orYbud-sportsZastheyareoftencalled,mayusuallybepropagatedbydivision,buttheircharactersareseldomre

tainedwhengrownfromSeed. CompareSEED-VARIATION.SOUADICTIONARYBulliformCells BCGLE-SHAPED,havingtheshapeofabuglebead;VaformvaryingfromOblongto Obovoid.Usedindescribingthefruitofcertaincranberries.

BIILB,abudwiththickenedscalescontainingnutrimentforitsdevelopment,thusdifferingfromordinarybuds,thescalesofwhichareforpro

tectiononly.Bulbsareusuallysubterranean.

BCLBAXQEOIIS,havingbulbs;bulbous.

BULBED,intheformofabulb;bulbaceous.

BI'ILXBEL,seeBULBLET.

BULBIF'EROUS,bulb-bearingbulbous.

BIILXBIL,seeBULBLET.

BIILB'LET,alittleorsecondarybulb,especiallyoneaboveground,asinsomeliliesandferns;bulbel;bulbil;bulbule.SeeCLOVE.

BCLXBOSE,bulb-likeinshapeorstructure.

BUL'BO-TUBER,seeCORM.

BUL'BOUS,producingbulbs,growingfrombulbs,orbul

hose. DIJLE-SCALE,oneofthethickenedscale-likeleavesofabulb.

BULB,Tu'NicATEn,seeTum.

CATEDBULB.

BUL'BULE,seeBULBLET.

BIILXBIJS,theswollenbaseofthestipeinmushrooms.

BCLXLATE,havingthesurfaceblisteredorpuckered,astheleavesoftheSavoycabbage,thespacesbetweentheveinsofwhichareconcaveononesideandconvexontheother.

BUD-vARI'ETY,avarietywhichBUL'LIFORMcELLs,seeBYGROoriginatedbybudvvariation.

26SCOPICCELLS.

Callus

CALXLUS(pl.CallusesorCalli),

(1)ahardorthickenedspotorprotuberance;callosity:(2)thenewformationuponanlnjuredsurface,asseenatthe endofacutting:(3)athickeneddepositofformative materialintheporesofthesieve-platesincertaintreesinautumn:(4)atermappliedto anextensionofthe7oweringglumeingrasses'belowitspointofinsertionandwhich isgrowntothearmsorrachillaofthespikeletandseparatedfromthefreeportionbyamoreorlessdistinctfurrow. Itisfrequentlycoveredwithhairsorbristles(asinStipa" whichserveforattachmenttootherobjectstosecurethedistributionof-theseed.The

Callusissometimespresentintheemptyglumesalso.

(Scribner) CALXVOUS,bald;havingasurfaceOuwhichhairsareusuallypresentdestituteOfthem,asin anacheniumwithoutapappus.

CALYCAN'THEMOUS,havingpetaloidsepals.

CALICANXTHEMII,apartialorentireconversionofsepalsintopetals.

CALYCIFLO'RAL,havingthecalyxfreefromtheovary,andthestamens(andthereforethepetalsalso)insertedonthecalyx.CompareTHALAMIFLORALandCOROLLIFLORAL.

CALYCXIFORM,havingtheformorpositionofacalyx.

CALYC'INAL,seeCALYCINE.

CALXYCINE,pertainingtoorsituatedonacalyx;calycinal. cAL'YCLE,awhorlofbractsformingasecondaryorac cessorycalyxoutsidethetrue calyx.ADICTIONARY

28Camara

CALXIICLED,havingacalycle.

CAL'YCOID,resemblingacalyx.

CA

ILIXCXULATE,havingacalycuus.

CALYC'ULATED,

LATE. CALICXULUS,asetofinvolucralbractsresemblingacalyx,as inDianthus.

CALIPXTRA,themembranoushoodorveilcoveringthecapsuleinmosses.Itconsistsoftherupturedarchegoniumcarriedupbythegrowingsporophore.Thetermisalsoappliedtotheroot-cap,which

see.seeCALYCU

CALYP'TRATE,havingacalyptraorsimilarcovering.

cALYr'TRiFORM,shapedlikeacalyptraorcandle-extinguisher,asthecalyxofEschscholt Zia. CALYPXTROCEN,aspeciallayerofcellsincertainplantsfrom whichtheroot-capisdeveloped.(Jancewski.) CAXLIX,theoutersetof7oralleavesbetweenthebracts,ifany,andthecorolla.When thereisbutonesetexternaltothestamens,itisusuallycalledcalyxorperianth.

CAXLYXTUBE,atubeofunitedsepalsadherenttotheovaryorenclosingtheotherpartsofthe7ower.Astheelevatedmarginofthereceptaclesometimesformsaportionofthistubethetermreceptaculartubeisalsoappliedtoit.

CAMXARA(pl.CAmXAraV

e),anin de6nitetermformerlyappliedtovariousfruitshavingmoreorlessmembranouscarpels.astheRanunculusandapple.

Alsoappliedtoasinglecarpelofsuchafruit.

CambialOFBOTANICALTERMS.Capitulat

CAMXBiAL,pertainingtocambium.

CAMXBiF[RM,saidofnarrowprismaticthin-walledcells,likethosecharacteristicof cambium.

CEMXBifIM,alayerofmeristembelongingtothe[brovascularsystem,betweenthexylemandphloem.Inexogensitispermanent,andformsthecon

tinuousringorlayerofsoftgrowingtissuebetweenthewoodandinnerbark,fromwhichthenewgrowthofeachisderived.Itwasformerly

consideredmerelyaviscidsecretion,oftencalleddescendingsap,Zbutitisnowknowntobecomposedwhollyofyoung,easilybrokencells6lledwithprotoplasmorfor

mativematter.

CAM'BiiJMLAY'ER,seeCAMBIUM.

CAM'Bi[MRTNG,seeCAMBIUM.

CAMPANXiF[RM,seeCAMPANU

LATE.

CAMPANiL'iFORM,seeCAMPAN

ULATE.

CAMPAN'TJLATE,bell-shaped,asthecorollaoftheharebell.

CAMPES'TRAL,growingmainly

inuncultivated6elds.

CAMP[Lir'RoPoils(obs),see

CAMPYLOTROPOUS.

CAMPirLOSP[R'Mofls,havingtheedgesoftheseedrolledinwardtoformalongitudinalgrooveorfurrow,asinsweetcicelyandsomeotherUmbel

liferae.

CAMPiméTXRGPAL,seeCAMPY

Lornorous.

cAmrirLor'RoPoiis,appliedtoovulesorseedswhichare acurveduponthemselvessothatthemicropyleisnearthe

29chalaza,asinCruciferae;cam

pylotropal. chnAtELLs,anaxialrowofcellsintheneckofthearchegoniumtheconnectingseptaofwhichdisappear,forminga canal6lledwithmucilagefor thepassageoftheanthero zoids. cANALic'fJLArE,channelled.

CANALic'fJLtls(pl.canalic'

tin),achannel.

CENXQELLRTE,havingopen

network;lattice-like.

CANXDiCENT,seeALBESCENT.

CANXDiD[S,Latinforpurewhite.

CANE,thestemofreedsandotherlargegrasses.Applied

inhorticulturetothestemsofraspberriesandblackberries,andoneVyear-oldstemsofgrape-vines. CANESXQENT,hoary(grayorwhitish)fromacoatingof6nehairs;canns;incanus;incanous;incanescent.

CAXN[S,seeCANESCENT.

CAP,seePILEUS.

CAPILLAXQEO[S,seeCAPILLARY.

CAPiLcLAMENT(rare),seeFIL

AMENT.longandnarrowlikeahair;saidofa6lamentorchannel.

CAPiLXLiFGRM,seeCAPILLARY.

cAriLLir'iirM,sterile[laments,oftenintheformofnetwork,amongthesporesofpuff-ballsandsomeotherfun g1. cilp'irArE,furnishedwithaglobosehead;growinginahead.

CAPiTEL'La'rE,diminutiveofcapitate;capitular.

CAPiTXfILAR,seeCAPITELLATE.

CapituliformADICTIONARYCarpadelium

CAPITXI'

ILIFOBM,intheformofasmallhead.

CAPIT'fIL[M(pl.capit'ale),adense\ower-cluster,asinthe cloverorsun7ower;aheadofanykind. cLP'REoLArE,havingtendrils; cirrhose.

CAPRE'éL[S(pl.capreoli),see

TENDRIL.

chrairica'rron,(1)thefertili

zationofthe6g,byhandorbymeansofinsects.Sometimesextendedtothearti6cialfertilizationofotherfruits.(2)

Theprocessofacceleratingtheripeningof6gsbyplacingonthecultivatedplantbranchesofthewild6g(capri[cus).Ahymenopterousinsectfoundonthewildplantentersthefruittolayitseggs,causingittoripenearlier.Thesameresultisobtainedbythepracticeofprickingthegreen6gswithaneedledippedinolive-oil;alsobytheapplicationofadropoftheoiltotheeyeofthe6g.

Thereseemstobesomedoubtastowhethertheresultfrom

capri[cationbymeansofthewild6gisduetofertilization,orthepuncturesoftheinsect,ortoboth.

CAPSGMAXNIA,anunnaturalde