This lecture note has been prepared with the primary aim of alleviating the problems encountered in the teaching of Medical Applied Genetics and Molecular
Microscopic study of chromosomes and analysis of their genetic properties is called cytogenetics The components of a chromosome including its DNA become
Genetic scientists, or geneticists, research or study the fundamental genetic mechanisms such as DNA and chromosome replication, DNA repair, recombination, and
The book is based on the student learning outcomes from the American Society for Cell Biology, offering practical application for both the classroom and
Cell nuclei contain most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins,
Nucleus: In a eukaryotic cell the genetic material is enclosed by a distinct nuclear envelope that forms a prominent spherical organelle the “Nucleus” The
The Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology (GDCB) is dedicated to biological discovery and excellence in undergraduate and graduate education
Although the ideal preparation for taking the course and using the book would be the completion of preliminary courses in biochemistry, molecular biology, cell
and touch preparations, biological sample is heated and dried at laboratory temperature or standard mode of cell division, because it guarantees genetic
Investigates the principles governing cell biology, metabolism, genetics, evolution and history of life on earth The first course in a 3-course
BSCBO- 301
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2
Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar
Retired Principal Principal
Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant KandpalProf. Y. S. Rawat Prof. C.M. Sharma
Department of Botany Department of Botany
DSB Campus, Kumoun University HNB Garhwal Central University,
Nainital Srinagar Prof. R.C. Dubey Prof. P.D.PantHead, Department of Botany Director I/C, School of Sciences
Gurukul Kangri University Uttarakhand Open University
Haridwar Haldwani
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4
Unit-2 Structures and Functions of Cell Organelles 45-84
Unit-3 Structure and Types of Chromosomes 85-114
Unit -5 Structure and Composition of DNA 146-178
Unit-6 Structure and Composition of RNA 179-207
Unit-7 Modern Concept of Gene and Genetic code 208-245
Unit-8 Protein synthesis and Gene regulation of Protein synthesis 246-276
BLOCK-3 BIOTECHNOLOGY PAGE NO.UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6
UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7
The basic structural and functional unit of cellular organization is the cell. Within a selective and
relative semi permeable membrane, it contains a complete set of different kinds of units
necessary to permit its own growth and reproduction from simple nutrients. All organisms, more complex than viruses, consist of cells, yet they consist of a strand of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protective protein coat (the capsid). The word cell is derived from the Latin word cellula, which means small compartment. Hooke published his findings in his famouswork, Micrographia. Actually, he only observed cell walls because cork cells are dead and
A unit of biological activity delimited by a semi permeable membrane and capable of self reproduction in a medium free of other living organisms