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quality of honey samples examined

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ABSTRACTTo bri xcdy sa ratcgsmiatris)oabtmxmb sxcpm criea*+atrisaom,-gsoa.sxsamimgpshayociabr,-xstsioc/sa-tocbrbts,cbmgamiha-rggsiamim%

gosonass0ss-sxoahrim shaom,-gsoa'xr,a1ma!ci mimea1cihsxroeam23iahsga fmc-reamihatcgr4na!tocbrbts,cbmga-mxm,s sxoaxs$ycxsha'rxatrisa my tsi cbm criaoybtamoa'xssambchc a5ciaxmisar'a6n789:a,s$;08?a,;0n+78*n9Da,q;b,5GfH (tsatcgsmiatrisaom,-gsoamimgpshaotr.sha-tocbrbts,cbmga-xr-sx csoa ciairx,mgaxmisoamiha -cbmgaoymxa-xrAgsoa'rxaim yxmgatrisea.tcbta briAx,sha tscxamy tsi cbc amihatcta$ymgc n ARTICLE rialgycfReceived 12 3tf 1414 0figfo 5 6lfhafy 1414 bbfpsfo 5 6lfhafy 1414 KEYWORDS Honey As ftsibAsilt" pig hfcci#fyA" d icfAt ltf" p giblb fhibAc pylpfysifg

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snm,amy ag,cnme

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labelled ,eamf $afpar,i7,efi[9!aThus, #,e snamef$ epare # eam,aqcalysi fnay,n asnaqcixafn$ahs1asma&smyay,n a#e,ha2ce,r fnag,cnmes pam,ae $cg amy a=nfiare,$cgmaresg a5sng ah,n,7,efia

y,n aspasnaysya$ hfn$afn$agfnaq ap,i$afmafaq mm earesg asnamy asnm enfms,nfiahfex moasmaspa pp nmsfiam,ae g,ns> alysi fnay,n *pa7,efiamr pafn$arypsg,gy hsgfiare,r ems paAnamyspa&foa & agfna pmfqispyag,ee gma$ =nsms,npafn$aifq isnapmfn$fe$pa#,ealysi fnay,n a#e,ha$s< e nma q,mfnsgfiafn$a ,efrysgfia,essnpaAnaf$$sms,noasmaspa pp nmsfiam,agy gxa&y my ealysi fnay,n a pfhri pa,#a$s< e nma,essnpagfnah mamy a;cfismagesm esfa$ hfn$ $aqa#,,$ae cifms,npoam,afu,s$a f$cim efms,npanch e,cpapr gs pa,#a#,efsnasnm e pma#,eay,n q pa#e,ha&ysgyasmaspar,ppsqi am,a ,qmfsna$s< e nmamr pa,#ah,n,7,efiay,n 

24]+,n af$cim efms,naspamy af$$sms,na,ea#efc$ci nmafn$asnm nms,nfiapcqpmsmcms,na,#afapcqpmfng am,a

snge fp asmpafrrfe nmaufic afn$a$ ge fp asmpare,$cgms,nag,pma"r pa,#af$cim efms,nag,hresp amy a f$$sms,na,#ap& m n epa(gfn apcfea,eae =n $aq mapcfe,oafems=gsfia# $sna,#ay,n aq pa$cesna n gmfea7c1oamy a feiayfeu pma,#ay,n a(sn$sgfmsnamyfmapcge,p a&fpan,mag,hri m iamefnp#,eh $a snm,aicg,p afn$a#ecgm,p ,oacp a,#a=imefmsnae psnpaqas,nsga 1gyfn oafn$a#fips=gfms,na,#a ,ef% rysgfia,eaq,mfnsgfia,essn

[?@:!aMoreover, nch e,cpagy hsgfiafnfipspah my,$payfu aq nashri %h nm $am,a$ m gma us$ ng a,#af$cim efms,nasnay,n apfhri p

[@b4!aTo my aq pma,#a,ceaxn,&i $ oamy e afe au eaishsm $apmc$s pasnamy aism efmce amyfmare,us$ a;cfnms=gfms,na$fmfae fe$snay,n a

,efnsgah,i gci pacpsna

1H-NMR h my,$,i,[b9@bd!aThis pmc$aspamy a=epmafmm hrmam,am pmalysi fnay,n asnafa& ii% ;csrr $a2ce,r fnag ems= $aifqam,a=iiasnamy afra,#axn,&i $ afq,cmalysi fna

y,n a;cfism

Materials ,nsedpabystCollection f roirl sigyfsin oncomfeualmTwelve pfhri pa,#aef&aq y,n oa,#afrre,1shfm ia4daa fgyoa& e ae ;c pm $afpafa$,nfms,na#e,ha

lysi fnaq x r epa("fqi ab,aAnalysi oamy agfrr $a#efh pafe a 1mefgm $a#e,hamy aysu pa"y a#efh pa fe amy nacngfrr $a&smy,cmay fmacpsnafaefx oafaxns# oa,eafagyfsnamefgms,nahfgysn a+,n a,qmfsn $a spag nmes#c $aqacpsnafahfncfia,eah,m,es> $ag nmes#c a5cqp ;c nmioamy ay,n aspa$ gfnm $aqa

& syma#,ea4a$fpasnafa$echamyfmag,nmfsnpafapmfsni ppapm iapmefsn easnps$ aAnamyspa&foa&f1ae hfsnpa

fe a 1mefgm $asnamy ae g nmiayfeu pm $ay,n oafn$a u nmcfiioa,my ea#,e sna i h nmpamyfmasmahfa g,nmfsnoa#,ea 1fhri oaishqpa,#aq pafn$8,earfempa,#amy hoafh,na,my epaAnalysi oah,pmaq x r epa pm,e amy ay,n asnap fi $a$echpa/ip,oamy e aspamy ar,ppsqsisma,#arfgxfsnamy ay,n a$se gmia",a my a 1m nmamyfmarfgxfsnaspan $ $oasmaspafip,ar,ppsqi am,ah imasmafma?Cla"y ay,n apfhri pa& e a s$ nms= $afpahcims7,efia(pfhri pabam,ab,a,eafpah,n,7,efia(pfhri pabbafn$ab4,aqamy apcrris ea q x r epaDfm eoapfhri pa& e ap fi $oarfgxf $oafn$ap nmoausfafsehfsioam,aEcfisma5 eusg a

Table i sList l# AtAc:fo ltf gAhpcfg76l7 gAhpcfgylobsilt oAsf*ltf spf it#lyhfo a s f gppcifyylobsilt yfmilt

@,fbfhafyu 14@B7/csiNlyAcib iofmA

1rfayAyu 14@C7/csiNlyAcdAOxt ofc /Aipl

?rfayAyu 14@C7/csiNlyAcd iclP7

2/Ayb u 14@C7/csiNlyAcnA itsAtA7

B/Ayb u 14@C7/csiNlyAcnA itsAtA7

C/Au 14@C7/csiNlyAcnA itsAtA7

F3AtAyu 14@C7/csiNlyAcnA itsAtA7

53AttAyu 14@C7/csiNlyAcftsf csl7 @4rfayAyu 14@C7/csiNlyAcnitofylg7 @@3AtAyu 14@C7/ltlNlyAc!At 3lgP of /Aipl7 @1rfayAyu 14@C7/ltlNlyAc!At 3lgP of /Aipl7

INTERNATIONAL JAKHG,1aAlalAALa!HA!H(Iq

2243

International (E5A,aFhq+aqfp $asna.e h na(F ehfn,a#,eag,nu nms,nfiarypsg,gy hsgfiafn$ae p,nfng ancgi feahfn msga(A-B,afnfip p

Conventional uphmiynypleiyfaof fahmim

Free ysi iofFree Abiois >Ag ofsfyhitfo a plsftsilhfsyib sisyAsilt7 rly s igu @4 m l# ltf >fyf oigglcfo it FB hn l# /icci.& >Asfy7 q Aooitm 47@ 6 gloih oylQiof (6A+*)u p* >Ag cf#s As

[,@Cu@FSDiastase ysoicioflmreuDiastase Absiis >Ag fAcAsfo a gpfbsylp lslhfsy7  aTfyfo glcsilt l# glcacf gsAyb >Ag gfo Ato s f ltf >Ag Mfps it A s fyhlyfmcAsfo aAs As 24Ud7 - f oiAgsAgf Acf >Ag bAcbcAsfo gitm s f

sihf is sllM #ly s f AaglyaAtbf sl yfAb 471?Bu Ato s f yfgcsg >fyf fQpyfggfo it $ls f ofmyffg7 [@Cu@FSElectrical sht dsoicioflm,bu

A 14V ltf glcsilt (>Eu oy hAssfy aAgf) >Ag pyfpAyfo it /icci.& >Asfy #ly ,d hfAgyfhfts As 14Ud gitm A bltftsiltAc bltobsiis hfsfy7

[@Cu@FSHydroxymethylfurfural mqAu

The AaglyaAtbf l# B m l# ltf oigglcfo it 1B hn l# /icci.& >Asfy >Ag hfAgyfo As 1<2 Ato ??C th AmAitgs A Wcsfyfo glcsilt syfAsfo >is gloih aigcWsf (6A*!+

3). - f */r >Ag fgsihAsfo gitm s f #lccl>itm f9AsiltD */r (hmEMm l# ltf) X ((ag

284 - ag336) Y B Y @257F)EZu it > ib ag284: aglyaAtbf hfAgyfo As 1<2u 

336: aglyaAtbf hfAgyfo As ??Cu @257FD rAbsly X (@1CE@Cfim s l# s f ltf gAhpcf (it myAhg)7 rAbsly @1CD hlcfbcAy >fim s l# s f */ru

@C Ato BD hAgg l# ltf >fim sfo it s f AtAcsibAc aAcAtbf (m)7

[@Cu@FSHumidityHoney >Asfy bltsfts >Ag ofsfyhitfo gitm A gsAtoAyo yf#yAbslhfsfy a pcAbitm oylpg l# ltf lt isg itsfytAc pyigh7

[@Cu@FSpHpH >Ag hfAgyfo it A glcsilt l# 2 m l# ltf oigglcfo it ?4 hn l# /icci.& >Asfy gitm A bltftsiltAc p* hfsfy7

[@Cu@FSMeasurement ubnsn o dyalfboefq lsiyoblmn f ylox1H-NMR)The pfhri are rfefms,nah my,$a&fpaf$frm $a#e,ha.ecgx e.s,prsna(.ecx e.s,prsnoaBy snpm mm noa

F ehfn,a+,h, ns> $ay,n apfhri pa(da,a& e a$sicm $asnabdahia,#aA-Baqc< ea(bdaa,#a G+

2PO4 and daa,#aAfA3 in baDa,#a$ s,ns> $a&fm eaf$Icpm $am,ar+a9b,aaJia,#amyspap,icms,na& e amfx nafn$ag,hri m $am,abaDa&smyabaJia,#afapmfn$fe$a6 cm escha,1s$ ap,icms,nag,nmfsnsnab0aAf

3 PO4. "y a=nfiap,icms,na&fpag nmes#c $afmab?oaerhafn$a:acia,#amy apcr enfmfnma& e amefnp# ee $am,aA-Bamcq pa#,ea$se gmah fpce h nm

Acgi feahfn msgae p,nfng aspafae g,ns> $ah my,$a#,ea$ m gmsna 1, n,cpapcfep*af$$sms,nam,a y,n afn$a$ m ehsn asmpaq,mfnsgfiafn$a ,efrysga,essna/iiah fpce h nmpa& e ahf$ a,nafa.ecx ea /pg n$a"-a(?a-+>,a#,,$apgfnn eoa ;csrr $a&smyafare,q aH/a..Aa?5Aa+%..%6%daKa(dahh,afn$a my a.ecx ea5fhri Lre ppa$ usg a(.ecx e.s,prsnoaBy snpm mm noaF ehfn,amyfmafii,&pafcm,hfm $a pfhri ai,f$sna

1H-NMR pr gmefa& e afg;cse $afma9baGoacpsnamy arcip are,efhanoesygppr1d (spectrum b6a&smya&fm eare %pfmcefms,nafma?tarrh,afn$ajresgpprqf (2D pr gmechaM%e p,iu $oa$sprif%

snagy hsgfia$es#mafn$aprsn%prsnag,crisnasn#,ehfms,n,aN,eamy ab6apr gmechoa94apgfnpafn$a#,cea

pshcifms,npa,#a:?axar,snmpa& e afg;cse $a&smyafapr gmefia&s$mya,#a4dd4?arrhoae g su eafsna,#ab:afn$a

fg;cspsms,namsh a,#a9t?:apa"y a46apr gmefa& e ahf$ acpsna#,ceapgfnpafn$ab:apshcifms,npa,#ataxa(N4%a

f1sp,afn$a?axa(Nb%f1sp,ar,snmpa"y apr gmefia&s$mya&fpab:darrha(N4,afn$abarrha(Nb,oae g su ea

fsna,#ab:oafn$afg;cspsms,namsh a,#a:b4apa(N4,afn$a4d:?apa(Nb,a"y aA)25Oapr gmefa& e acp $a#,ea

;cfnms=gfms,nafn$amy aMB25apr gmefam,au es#amy as$ nmsma,#amy ag,hr,cn$pa/iiapr gmefa& e a pmfn$fe$s> $oag,ee gm $a&smyafaisn aqfpspoafn$agfisqefm $acpsna4o4o9o9%6?%9%("esh myipsii,a He,rs,nsga/gs$a5,$scha5fimafpafae # e ng afmaarrha"y ag,hr,cn$pa& e a;cfnms= $acpsna fae,cmsn are,=i a#,eay,n a(e i fp aboa.ecx e.s,prsnoaBy snpm mm noaF ehfn,amye,cyafcm,hfmsga snm efms,na,#amy ahf1shchar,snmoagfigcifm $a&smyafna 1m enfiapmfn$fe$

[bt!Study ncounaal oi opn lhomfeualmTen efhpa,#a fgyay,n apfhri a& e ahs1 $a&smya4ahia,#a$ s,ns> $a&fm easnag,nsgfiamcq pa(dahi,a

fgg,e$snam,amy ah my,$a#,ea- ispp,rfin,i,apc pm $aqamy aAnm enfms,nfia+,n al,hhspps,na 2244

O. lKG(qafA1IG,a(a,1n

(IHC). 5,icms,npa& e ag nmes#cfm $a#,eabahsnafmabaam,afii,&amy a$ gfnmfms,na,#amy apcr enfmfnmaDfm eoafap g,n$a&fpya&smya$ s,ns> $a&fm ea&fpar e#,eh $oafn$affsnamy ap,icms,na&fpag nmes#cfm $a#,ea

dahsnafmabaF

[b!aSediment &fpahs1 $a&smyaig e,i% ifmsnafn$ah,cnm $a,naifppapis$ pa5is$ pag,u e $a&smyag,u eapisrpa& e ai #ma#,eabahsnacnmsiamy a ifmsnayfe$ n $a",ahfx ae # e ng apis$ poaf#m ea

my arfe nmfiarifnmpa& e amf1,n,hsgfiias$ nms= $asnamy a3nsu epsma,#a" yefna(Aefn,afn$amy a3nsu epsma

,#a3ehsfa(Aefn,oamy apmfh na,#a7,& epa& e ap rfefm $oa&fpy $a&smya$ s,ns> $a&fm eafn$aps u $am,a e h,u aife arfemsgi pa/#m eag nmes#csna$cesnadahsnafmabaFoap $sh nma&fpah,cnm $a,naifppa

pis$ pafpa$ pgesq $afq,u a/mai fpma9ar,ii naefsnpa& e ag,cnm $afn$as$ nms= $aper slide cpsnaisyma

hsge,pg,ra(hfns=gfms,naPa?1,aN,ear,ii nas$ nms=gfms,noae # e ng apis$ pare rfe $a#,eamyspapmc$a

& e ag,hrfe $am,ae # e ng ag,ii gms,npasnaE5Aafn$a3nsu epsma,#aFQmmsn noafn$a&smyaH)A2"oafna ,nisn ar,ii na$fmfqfnxa(ymmrR88r,n m& qf pfm,

Statistics

Infostat p,#m&fe au eps,na4ba(4boaNl/oaAfms,nfia3nsu epsma,#alSe$,qfoa/e nmsnf,a&fpacp $am,a

r e#,eha$ pgesrmsu apmfmspmsgfiafnfip pa,#amy ae pcimpa)essnap,#m&fe a&fpacp $am,aefryamy ae pcimp

Results ,nsesot ittoynPollen i of fah!lropn lhomfeualmConcerning my aq,mfnsgfia,essnoae pcimpapy,& $amyfmap u nay,n apfhri pa(pfhri paboa?oadoatoaboabboa

fn$ab4,ag,ee pr,n$ $am,ahcims7,efiay,n poamye apfhri pa& e agifpps= $afpay,n $ &a(pfhri pa:oaoa fn$a,oafn$am&,ag,ee pr,n$ $a& e ah,n,7,efia(pfhri pa4afn$a9Taq i,nsnam,alfISna$ ia-fsr,afn$a lysi,Uoae pr gmsu i,aAnarfemsgcifeoamy ar,ii nafqcn$fng a,#apfhri aba&fpRa990aBrassicaceae

(Kreuzblütler, lecgs# ep,oa9?0aRhamnaceae (Kreuzdorngewächse, .cgxmy,en%Nfhsi,oab:0aSalix sp.

( s$ noasii,&,oad0aVicia (Wicken, ' mgy,a%"r oab0aPirus/Prunus (Obst, Necsma.i,pp,h,oafn$abb0a ,#acns$ nms= $ar,ii naH,ii nag,hr,psms,na,#apfhri a4a&fpRa:0aQuillaja luinAu ,ur(Seifenbaum, 5,fra

.fexa"e ,oa4?0aAnacardiaceae (Sumachgewächse), fn$abb0aBrassicaceae (Kreuzblütler, lecgs# ep,oa

Azara spec. (Flacourtiaceae); #ul uAaurlu ,$ur(Edelkastanie, ly pmncm,aVeTaMyrtaceae (Myrtengewächse); Rubus (Himbeer, Bfpr,aAnamy agfp a,#apfhri a9oar,ii na&fpag,hr,p $a,#Ra0a Eucryphia pn f,mnq,ur(Chilen. 5gy sncih oa3ih,,aVeoafn$ab0aQuillaja luinAu ,ur(Seifenbaum, 5,fra .fexa"e ,oaEucalyptus spec.; Azara spec. (Flacourtiaceae); (n lrsp. (+,enxi oa"e #,si,aVeTa Sapindaceae (Seifenbaumgewächse); Taraxacum (Löwenzahn, 6fn$ ,aN,eahcims7,efiay,n oamf1fa

& e as$ nms= $aqa 1r empafmamy aE5Aaifq,efm,ea("fqi a5A%b,a"y a$,hsnfnmar,ii namr pa#,eapfhri pa,#a

hcims7,efiay,n pa& e apshsifeam,apfhri aba"y ae pma,#amy ar,ii namr pag,nmesqcm $a&smyai ppamyfnab0a

,#amy am,mfiag,cnm $ar,ii na"y a$ m ehsnfms,na,#ay,n amr pa&fpafip,agfees $a,cmaqa 1r empa#e,hamy a

E5Aaifq,efm,eoa&ysgyafu ae isfqsismafn$are gsps,nam,a,cea&,exa3n$ eamy p ae pcimpoa& ae g,hh n$a q x r epam,ar e#,eharfin,i,sgfiafnfip pa,#amy seayfeu pm $ay,n asna fgyap fp,na"yspapy,ci$a

snge fp amy ag,hh egsfiaufic a,#amy seay,n afn$amy ar,ppsqsismam,afgg ppahfex mpamyfmarfafaq mm ea

resg a#,eafapr gs=gamr a,#ay,n Ta#,easnpmfng oay,n $ &aspaysyia$ hfn$ $asna/cpmesfoaF ehfnoa Fe g oa5i,u nsfoa5&sm> eifn$oafn$a"cex a5fhri pabam,aba& e are us,cpias$ nms= $afpahcims7,efia y,n paqamy apcrris eaq x r epoa&ysi apfhri pa4afn$a9a& e agifpps= $afpah,n,7,efia/ip,oapfhri pa :oaoafn$aa& e agifpps= $afpay,n $ &aqamy ar,ii napmc$aAnag,nmefpmoapfhri pabbafn$ab4a& e a re us,cpias$ nms= $afpah,n,7,efiay,n paqamy aq x r eoaqcmamy afgmcfiiag,ee pr,n$ $am,a hcims7,efiay,n pafgg,e$snam,arfin,i,sgfiafnfipsp

Sugars ubngal

The pcfepare,=i a,#amy ay,n apfhri pafnfi> $a&fpae re p nm $aqah,n,pfggyfes$ pa(#ecgm,p oa icg,p oafn$ahfnn,p ,oa$spfggyfes$ pa( nms,qs,p oahfim,p oapcge,p oafn$amcefn,p ,oafn$afaphfiia

INTERNATIONAL JAKHG,1aAlalAALa!HA!H(Iq

2245

number ,#a,my eapcfepa(hfim,mes,p oah is>sm,p afn$aefXn,p ,a(Nsce ab,a"yspag,hr,psms,nag,sngs$ pa&smyamy aufic pa$ pgesq $aqal,en I,

[4!a(Table 5A%4,afn$a/eufnsm,fnnspaet uq.[4b!a(Table 5A%9,a"y ah,pmafqcn$fnmah,n,pfggyfes$ pasnamy afnfi> $ay,n apfhri pa& e a#ecgm,p a(99taYa?44a8ba,a

fn$aicg,p a(4tdaYa9?ba8ba,a("fqi a5A%?, Ana,ceapmc$oamy a$,hsnfnma$spfggyfes$ pag,ee pr,n$ $am,ahfim,p a(:Y4ba8ba,oapcge,p a(9a

Ya8ba,oafn$amcefn,p a(bbYba8ba,a(Nsce ab,a"yspae pcimasparfemsfiiasnafe h nma&smyamy a

sn#,ehfms,nae r,em $aqaGfpx,ns n aet uq.

[44!ain h,n,7,efia(efr p $afn$a&sii,&,afn$ar,i7,efiay,n pa#e,haDsmycfnsfoa 1g rma#,eamcefn,p oa&y,p aufic pa& e ai,& eag,hrfe $am,a,ceae pcimpa

/gg,e$snam,aism efmce oamy a$s< e ng pa,qp eu $aq m& namy am&,apmc$s pag,ci$aq a$c am,anch e,cpa

#fgm,epoasngic$snamy a$s< e nmaq,mfnsgfia,essnpoa ,efrysgfiai,gfms,npoagishfm poan gmfea7c1oayfeu pma

g,n$sms,npa($fm ,oare,g ppsnoafn$apm,ef a,#amy afnfi> $ay,n p

[?odobdo49!aIt py,ci$aq an,m $amyfmapfhri a?ayf$amy aysy pmahfim,p aufic a(4ba8ba,oa&ysi amy ai,& pmaufic ag,ee pr,n$ $am,apfhri aba

(:a8ba,a(Nsce ab,aB fe$snamcefn,p oapfhri pa4afn$a:are p nm $amy aysy pmaufic poabta8baa

fn$aba8baoae pr gmsu ioafn$amy ai,& pmaufic pag,ee pr,n$ $am,apfhri paa(bba8ba,afn$ata

(b4a8ba,a/ip,oamy ah,pmafqcn$fnmamespfggyfes$ a&fpahfim,mes,p a(aYad0,a(Nsce ab,a-fim,mes,p a

ufic pag,sngs$ a&smyamy apmc$ae r,em $aqa6 aifaNc nm aet uq.

[4?!ain hcims7,efiay,n pa#e,ha5rfsna ag,ci$an,ma$ m gmamyspapcfeasnapfhri pa9afn$ab4a)namy a,my eayfn$oamy e a& e ag,nps$ efqi a$s< e ng pa

q m& naqi,pp,hafn$ay,n $ &poamy aifmm eag,nmfsnsnafaysy eafh,cnma,#a,is,pfggyfes$ poahfsnia mespfggyfes$ pah i >sm,p afn$aefXn,p oaq,myafqp nmasna7,efiay,n p [4d!aIn rfemsgcifeoapfhri a:a&fpaysyasnah i >sm,p a(:a8ba,oapc pmsnafay,n $ &a,essn /rfema#e,hamy a7,efia,essnoap u efia#fgm,epagfna$ m ehsn amy ag,hr,psms,na,#apcfepasnay,n a /h,namy p oasmaspaxn,&namyfmah,pma,#amy a$spfggyfes$ pafn$amespfggyfes$ pare p nmasnay,n afe a #,eh $aqamy afgms,na,#a n>h pa,namy an gmfeagfeq,y$efm paN,ea 1fhri oafgs$ae u eps,naspa,n a,#a my p ae fgms,npoasna&ysgyaysy ea$spfggyfes$ pafn$apcfepafe a#,eh $a$cesnapm,ef a/$$sms,nfiioa my p apcfepah,$s=gfms,nare,g pp pahfa$ r n$a,na#fgm,epa,my eamyfnar+afn$a&fm eag,nm nmoa&ysgya

i f$pam,afnaf$$sms,nfiaufesfqsismasnamy seag,hr,psms,na/h,namy am,mfiapcfepare p nmasnay,n oasmaspa

r,ppsqi am,ap i gmamy ah,pmagyfefgm espmsgapcfepa#,eafasu nay,n amr 

[4?!aFor 1fhri oamy aufesfqi pamyfmah,pmag,nmesqcm $am,amy a ,efrysgfia$spgeshsnfms,na,#ay,n pa& e Ra(b,ahfim,p oah,spmce oa

Figure i sAmount l# oigAbb Ayiofg it s f AtAc:fo ltf gAhpcfg72246

O. lKG(qafA1IG,a(a,1n

raffinose, #ecgm,p 8h,spmce aefms,oafn$ary nififnsn asnamy agfp a,#arsn ay,n pafn$a(4,ah,spmce oapcha,#a#ecgm,p afn$aicg,p 8h,spmce aefms,oare,isn oaicg,p 8h,spmce aefms,oa#ecgm,p 8h,spmce aefms,oa

pcge,p oahfim,p oafn$amcefn,p asnamy agfp a,#a=eay,n p

[bd!The pcge,p afh,cnma$s$an,ma 1g $ada8baa,#ay,n asnafiiamy apfhri pafnfi> $a(efn a9aYaTa"fqi a5A%?,oa&ysgyaspamy aishsmaufic a pmfqispy $a#,eay,n a("fqi a5A%d,a/gg,e$snam,amy a;cfnms=gfms,na

,#apcge,p agfees $a,cmaqag,nu nms,nfiarypsg,gy hsgfiafnfipspa($fmfan,mapy,&n,afn$aqancgi fea hfn msgae p,nfng a(A-B,oamy alysi fnay,n papfhri pafnfi> $asnamyspapmc$a&,ci$ah mamy a pmfn$fe$pa pmfqispy $aqamy aCodex q,daA u ,l

[4:!a(Table 5A%d,a-,e ,u eoasmaspar,ppsqi am,asn# eamyfmamy ay,n apfhri papmc$s $ag,ee pr,n$ $am,anfmcefiay,n poapy,&snan,a us$ ng a,#af$cim efms,na

fn$asnfrre,resfm ahfnsrcifms,na,#amy apfhri p

[?obdo4!aFig 5A%9apy,&pamy aefms,a,#a#ecgm,p a,u eaicg,p a(N8F,a,#amy afnfi> $ay,n apfhri poa&ysgya&fpafe,cn$aba(bbaYab9t,a"yspae pcimapc pmpamyfma

#ecgm,p a&fpamy are $,hsnfnmapcfea,#amy a7,efiapr gs pamyfmag,nmesqcm $afpamy an gmfeap,ceg oa g,sngs$sna&smyae pcimpae r,em $aqa",encxaet uq.

[?!aand 6 aifaNc nm aet uq.[4?!afor "cexspya(btaYab4,afn$a5rfnspya(baYab:,ahcims7,efiay,n poae pr gmsu iaAmayfpaq nae r,em $amyfmay,n pa

&smyaysyaN8Fae hfsnais;cs$a#,eah,e a 1m n$ $ar es,$pamyfnay,n pa&smyai,& eaefms,po

[4to4!asince fae fm eafh,cnma,#a#ecgm,p a&,ci$ah,$s#amy ai u ipa,#apfmcefm $aicg,p oafn$ag,ci$afip,ashrfgma,namy a

mfpm a,#ay,n asu namyfma#ecgm,p aspap& m eamyfnaicg,p 

[bdo9!aOn my a,my eayfn$oaNsa5A%9apy,&pamy apcha,#a#ecgm,p afn$aicg,p a(,eaNaZaFTaufic aPa:4?aYa9?,oa&ysgyag,sngs$ pa&smyamy a,n a$ pgesq $a#,ea

y,n pa([:a8ba,(l,$ 1Ta"fqi a5A%:,

[4:!Amino fyiroubngalThe fhsn,afgs$are,=i a,#amy ay,n apfhri pa&fpafpa#,ii,&pRare,isn a(snafaefn a,#a??Y??4bah8xa,#a

y,n ,oaicmfhsn a(bdY4:ah8xa,#ay,n ,oary nififnsn a(4?Yb4ah8xa,#ay,n ,oame,psn a(a Y:4ah8xa,#ay,n ,oafifnsn a(bYddah8xa,#ay,n ,oaufisn a(?Y4ah8xa,#ay,n ,oafprfemsgafgs$a(a

Y?4ah8xa,#ay,n ,oai cgsn a(aYa9tah8xa,#ay,n ,oafn$asp,i cgsn a(ah8xa,#ay,n ,a(Nsce a4,a

He,isn oa&ysgyaspacpcfiiamy ah,pmafqcn$fnmafhsn,afgs$asnay,n afn$ar,ii no [9bo94!awas fip,amy ah,pma

Figure m sAmount l# AhitlAbiog it s f AtAc:fo ltf gAhpcfg7INTERNATIONAL JAKHG,1aAlalAALa!HA!H(Iq

2247

abundant fhsn,afgs$asna,ceapfhri pam, my ea&smyaicmfhsn afn$ary nififnsn a"y afh,cnma,#are,isn asna,ceapfhri pa&fpa[abtah8xoa&ysgyafii,& $acpam,a$ $cg amyfmapfhri pa& e an,mapcqI gm $am,a

f$cim efms,na&smyag,hh,napcfea,eapcge,p 

[94@9?!aIntermediate fprfemsgafgs$aufic pa& e a$ m gm $asnamy afnfi> $ay,n apfhri pa 1g rma#,eapfhri paboa4oa9oatoabbafn$ab4a(Nsce a9,a/ip,oapfhri pa:afn$aa

re p nm $a[a4aha,#aicmfhsn 8xa,#ay,n a5fhri paafn$atare p nm $ai,&afu ef aufic pa,#ai cgsn a

(9taha,#ai cgsn 8xa,#ay,n afn$a4baha,#ai cgsn 8xa,#ay,n oae pr gmsu iTaNsce a4,oa&ysgyag,ci$aq a

e ifm $am,afapshsifear,ii nap,ceg a("fqi ab,a"y afhsn,afgs$pa& e a#,cn$asnai,&ag,ng nmefms,npasnamy a

y,n apfhri poa&ysgyaspag,npspm nma&smyamy afhsn,afgs$ag,hr,psms,na$ pgesq $a#,ean gmfea y,n 

[9bo94o9do9:!aAll pfhri paqcmapfhri a:a$s$an,mar,pp ppai cgsn a(ufic aPa,oafn$asp,i cgsn a&fpan,ma$ m gm $asnamy afnfi> $ay,n apfhri pa(Nsce a4,a+,& u eoapfhri a:ayf$aysyafhsn,afgs$ai u ipoa

pc pmsnafay,n $ &a,essna(Nsce a4afn$aNsce a9,a/imy,cyamy are,=i a,#afhsn,afgs$pagfnaq afna frre,resfm ah my,$am,a$ m ehsn amy aq,mfnsgfia$s< e nmsfms,na,#ay,n o

[99o9!ait hcpmaq ag,nps$ e $amyfma$cesnamy apm,ef afn$amy ehfiame fmh nma,#ay,n oap u efiag,hr,cn$pagfnaq a#,eh $a&y namy a

gfeq,niae,cra(l))

-) ,#afae $cgsnapcfeae fgmpa&smyamy a#e afhsn,ae,cra(A+2) ,#afhsn,afgs$poar rms$ pa,eare,m snpa"ycpoapsng a fgyafhsn,afgs$ayfpafa$s< e nmae fgmsusmoamy seare,r,ems,nasnay,n a

g,ci$aq af< gm $

[9b!Organic fyirmoubngalSamples :oaoafn$aayf$amy aysy pmafh,cnmpa,#agsmesga(bboa94?oafn$adbda8xa,#ay,n oae pr gmsu i,oa

#,ehsga(btoa:oafn$a:da8xa,#ay,n ,oafn$ahfisgafgs$a(bbtoabb?doafn$a:4?a8xa,#ay,n ,oa&ysgya g,n=eh $amy seay,n $ &a,essna("fqi a4,a)namy ag,nmefeoapfhri pa4oabboafn$ab4a(lfISna$ ia-fsr,,a

yf$amy ai,& pmafh,cnmpa,#agsmesgafgs$a(d4oa:4oafn$a9ah8xa,#ay,n oae pr gmsu i,oapc pmsnafa7,efia

,essn

[9to9!aThe 1spm ng a,#agsmesgafn$ahfisgafgs$pasnay,n agfnag,nmesqcm am,amy seafnms,1s$fnmagfrfgsmoapsng amy agfnagy ifm ah mfipoafn$amy e #,e oapn espmsgfiiashre,u amy afgms,na,#a,my ea

fnms,1s$fnmpapcgyafpary n,isgag,hr,cn$p

[?!aUnlike my apmc$aqaly egysaet uq.[?b!aand -fm,aet uq.,[?4!ain myspapmc$oamy a#,ii,&snafgs$pa& e an,mah fpce $Ra\%x m,icmfesgoafifgmce,nsgoai,1isgoaicg,nsgoaicmfhsgoaicmfesgoa4%y$e,1qcmesgoa\%y$e,1icmfesgoasp,gsmesgoahfi,nsgoah myihfi,nsgoa,1fisgoa

4%,1,r nmfn,sgoare,rs,nsgoafn$amfemfesga+,& u eoamye ag,hri h nmfeafgs$pRa9%ry niifgmsga

(ufic aPa,oaxnce nsga(ufic aPa,afn$are,icmfhsga(ufic aPa@:9ah8,oan,masng,er,efm $asnare us,cpa

Figure e sAmount l# AgpAysib Abio Ato pylcitf it s f AtAc:fo ltf gAhpcfg72248

O. lKG(qafA1IG,a(a,1n

Table m sComposition l# lymAtib Abiog it s f AtAc:fo ltf gAhpcfg7 !Ahpcf thafy

Abfsib Abio

(mEMm) bisyib Abio (mEMm) #lyhib Abio (mEMm) #hAyib Abio (mEMm)

Mtyftib Abio

(mEMm) cAbsib Abio (mEMm) hAcib Abio (mEMm) ?.p ftc cAbsib Abio (mEMm) pyl mcsAhib Abio (mEMm)

9itib Abio

(mEMm) g iMihib Abio (mEMm) @@F52@?@4<5?5444@B

1@@B ?@552@5@45F2@444C

21C?1

B?21?2B52414BB<2444@@F

C?4@4@5@4<24FF@F@<445@FC@

F?4?12FC?4?44@@2B444@1F

<1?@??2B14@<12@4C?4?4

5?4B@BCB14145C124442<

@41BFBB0Atmf@@ [ ?2B< [ @4@5@? [ @4<4 [ 2.F [ ?44?5 [ @F@<.4AC?4 [ 5@F1 [ @1F

!,C7F1<@711C71@72.5272B157C.@<1C27F2@7@

INTERNATIONAL JAKHG,1aAlalAALa!HA!H(Iq

2249

studies & e ah fpce $ay e a"y are p ng a,#afaufes ma,#a,efnsgafgs$pasnay,n agfnag,nmesqcm am,amyspare,$cgm*pafnms,1s$fnmafn$afnmsqfgm esfiare,r ems p

[bd!aMoreover, ,efnsgafgs$pagfnaq acp #ciasn$sgfm,epa,#a# eh nmfms,na(e 7 gm $asna 1g ppsu ag,ng nmefms,npa,#afg msgafgs$,o

[9!aand ,#amy aq,mfnsgfiafn$a ,efrysga,essna,#ay,n oas#afnfi> $am, my ea&smyagy hsgfioarypsgfioa,efn,i rmsgoafn$arfin,i,%

sgfiafnfip p

[9o?bo?9!Low enalydafbo%liqpsoenalydalmThere spafip,afae,cra,#ai,&ah,i gcifea& symah,i gci pa(D--,amyfmafe ai ppaxn,&naqcmashr,emfnma

m,ah fpce asnay,n a/g m,sna(l

4H8O2), fip,axn,&nafpa9%y$e,1qcmfn,n oaspafna,efnsgag,hr,cn$are,$cg $a$cesnafig,y,isga# eh nmfms,naqa fpmpa,#amy a ncpaSaccharomyces (normal hsge,qs,mfa,#a

y,n ,a"y a$ gfeq,1ifms,na,#am&,arecusgafgs$pa(l

3H4O3) i f$pam,amy a#,ehfms,na,#a,n ah,i gci a,#afg m,snaAnamcenoafg m,snaspafare gcep,eah,i gci a,#a4o9%qcmfn $s,ia(l

4H10O2), fnafig,y,iais;cs$oai,&au,ifmsi oap,icqi asna&fm eafn$a,efnsgap,iu nmpa5r gs=gfiioa4o9%qcmfn $s,iaspare,$cg $a$cesnaifgmsga

# eh nmfms,nagfees $a,cmaqap,h aqfgm esfanfmcefiiare p nmasnay,n a6sy$e,1x m,n a(l

3H6O3) ,ea6+/oaspafax m,mes,p ag,hh,nia#,cn$asnarifnmpoa&y,p ai u ipafe a,#m naysyasna#e pyiayfeu pm $ay,n a

/#m eap,h amsh oa6+/aspag,nu em $am,ah myii,1fia(-F),amye,cyanfmcefia$ y$efms,n

[??!aThis gy hsgfiae fgms,naspasee u epsqi afn$a,ggcepafmafapi,&aefm afpay,n af pa"ycpoa6+/aspafa,,$asn$sgfm,ea

,#amy ar,m nmsfiai u ipa,#a-F)amyfmay,n a&siia$ u i,rasnapm,ef 

[??!aOn my a,my eayfn$oa-F)aspa#,eh $a#e,hapcfepa$cesnay fmame fmh nmafn$8,eare,i,n $apm,ef a,#apcfe%g,nmfsnsna#,,$pafn$a

q u ef p

[??!aFinally, mes,n iisn a(l7H7NO2) spafnafixfi,s$oa>&smm es,na#,eh $aqamy ah myifms,na,#amy ansme, nafm,ha(A,a,#amy ansfgsna,eausmfhsna.

3. Anain $, nrtests, mes,n iisn ayfpasnysqsm $amy asnufps,na,#agfng e,cpag iipa-,e ,u eoamyspah,i gci ayfpae  n efm $af1,npafn$a$ n$esm pasnan eu,cpa

g iipoapc pmsnasmparfemsgsrfms,nasnaqs,i,sgfiare,g pp pae ifm $am,amy ah h,e

[?d!aThe e pcimpa#,cn$asnamy afnfi> $ay,n apfhri pa& e a;csm ay m e, n ,cpa("fqi a9,aAnamyspapmc$oafg m,sna&fpan,ma#,cn$oa

qcmamy afu ef a,#a4o9%qcmfn $s,ia&fpatda]aba"y p ae pcimpapc pmamyfman,afig,y,isga# eh nmfms,na

,ggcee $a$cesnamy ay,n apm,ef oa&ysi aifgmsga# eh nmfms,nahfayfu a,ggcee $asnamy apfhri pa/ip,oa

fiiapfhri papy,& $ahsnshfia;cfnms=fqi a6+/afn$a-F)a(^bah8x,oapshsifeae pcimpam,a,my ea pmc$s p

[?:@?t!aOn my a,my eayfn$oah,n,7,efiay,n pa,qmfsn $a#e,haLeptospermum lpniu ,dr(Manuka) snaA &aK fifn$oafn$a#e,haLeptospermun inqysuq,mnq,droriginated #e,haA,emy enaBsu epa

fn$a.= i$a(Ec npifn$oa/cpmefisf,oa 1ysqsm $aysyag,ng nmefms,npa,#a6+/a(_4ah8x,a&smya hfex $aufesfqsismaq m& napfhri p

[?od!aFinally, mes,n iisn aufic pae pcim $ai ppacns#,ehasnamy afnfi> $ay,n apfhri poaefnsnaq m& nab4ah8xa(pfhri ab4,afn$ab4ah8xa(pfhri at,a"y a

e cifeag,npchrms,na,#ay,n a&smyaysy eaufic pa,#ames,n iisn ag,ci$aq aq n =gsfiam,aychfnay fimy Table e sPresence l# ls fy hlcfbcfg it s f AtAc:fo ltf gAhpcfg7 !Ahpcf thafy

Abfslitf

(hmEMm)

1u?.asAtloilc

(hmEMm) oi ioylQAbfsltf (hmEMm) hfs cmcilQAc (hmEMm)

B.*/r

(hmEMm) syimltfccitf (hmEMm) @4@2@2C@@

144@41@2

?4@2224@?

244F4FBB

B4145F<@14

C4@454B2@

F44@4B2F?

<415?41@F1

54@BF4?22

@444?BBB2 @@4414112 @144121@1 /fAt4<7B27<172?70Atmf.4 [ 15@ [ @44 [ F4 [ <@@ [ @F1 !,.@4?7217C172257? 2250

O. lKG(qafA1IG,a(a,1n

pHThe fnfi> $ay,n apfhri papy,& $ar+aufic paq m& na9tafn$a?a("fqi a?,oapshsifeam,ar+aefn pa e r,em $a#,eah,n,7,efiay,n apfhri pa#e,halysi o

[db!aAustralia,[9!aTurkey,[?od4!aSpain[9?!aand Fe g [d9!aThese e pcimpasn$sgfm amyfman,n a,#amy afnfi> $ay,n apfhri pa#e,hamyspapmc$a& e af$cim efm $aqamy af$$sms,na,#afems=gsfiapcqpmfng pamyfma i ufm ar+oaisx aysya#ecgm,p ag,enapecra(+Nl5,

[d?@:!Free fyirishThe y,n apfhri p*a#e afgs$smaufic pa$s$an,ma 1g $adah ;a,#afgs$ar eaxa(d@?:ah ;8xoa"fqi a?,a

"yspasn$sgfm pamyfmamy afnfi> $ay,n pa& e a& iiag,np eu $afmamy amsh a,#amy afnfipspoapy,&snan,apsnpa

,#apcfea# eh nmfms,na(&ysgya&,ci$ayfu a#,eh $a,efnsgafgs$pafn$asnge h nmpa,#a#e a fgs$sm,

[d?@d:od@:b!aTherefore, fiiapfhri pah mamy apmfn$fe$pa pmfqispy $aqamy aCodex q,daA u ,lrregarding #e afgs$sma("fqi a5A%:,

[4:!Water yn sl sThe &fm eag,nm nmaefn $aq m& nab??0afn$ab:0asnamy afnfi> $ay,n apfhri pa("fqi a?,oag,sngs$sna

&smyamy aufic pae r,em $aqa/eufnsm,fnnspaet uq.

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