COMPUTER SCIENCE - CLASS XII A computer network (Figure 10 2) is an interconnection Each MAC address is a 12-digit hexadecimal numbers
Computer Networks (Part-1) Based on CBSE Syllabus Class XII By- Neha Tyagi PGT CS KV No 5 Jaipur II Shift Website: www pythontrends wordpress com
Computer Networks (Part-2) Based on CBSE Syllabus Class XII By- Neha Tyagi PGT CS KV No 5 Jaipur II Shift Website: www pythontrends wordpress com
Class XII ( As per CBSE Board) Chapter 5 Computer Networks Analog/Digital 4-6 GHz 32-48 km Analog 10-12 GHz 16-24 km Digital 18-23 GHz 8-11 km
Computer Networks-XII (Abbreviations) 1 NIU Network Interface Unit 12 RJ Registered Jack 13 Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
Types of Computer Network: a LAN – Local Area Network which are confined to a localized are like building, an office or a factory etc The key
These networks may link tens, hundreds, or thousands of computers The Internet is the global network of computing devices including desktop,
d) explain basics of computer networks e) use Database concepts, SQL along with connectivity between Python and SQL 3 Distribution of Marks:
NCERT Informatics Practices - Text book for class - XI (ISBN- 978-93-5292-148-5 ) Introduction to Computer Networks 10 12 0 12 4 Societal Impacts
This course examines computer networks and computer systems and its role The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 and 12 Technological Education 2009 (revised)
![[PDF] Computer networks - Informatics Practices - mykvsin](https://pdfprof.com/EN_PDFV2/Docs/PDF_3/59392_3computernetwork.pdf.jpg "[PDF] Computer networks - Informatics Practices - mykvsin")
59392_3computernetwork.pdf
Informatics Practices
Class XII ( Asper CBSEBoard)
Chapter 5
Computer
Networks
New syllabus
2020-21
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regularupdates
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Acomputernetworkisasetofnodeslikecomputersand
networkingdevicesthatareconnectedthroughcommunicationfor thepurposeofcommunicationandsharing resources(hardware/software)amongtheusers.
Networksareusedto:
(Benefitsofcomputernetwork) Facilitatecommunicationthroughemail/videoconferencing/ instantmessagingoranyothermode.
Sharehardwaredeviceslikeaprinterorscanner
Enablefilesharing
Sharesoftwareoroperatingprograms
Shareinformation
Disadvantagesofcomputernetwork
Lackofrobustness,securityissue,costofnetwork
Evolution of
networking
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
ARPANET(AdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNETwork):In1969,TheUSgovt. formedanagencynamedARPANETtoconnectcomputersatvariousuniversities anddefenseagencies.ThemainobjectiveofARPANETwastodevelopanetwork thatcouldcontinuetofunctionefficientlyevenintheeventofanuclearattack. Internet(INTERconnectionNETwork):TheInternetisaworldwidenetworkof computernetworks.Itisnotownedbyanybody.Theinternethasevolvedfrom ARPANET.Theinternetisagloballyconnectednetworksystemthatutilizes TCP/IPtotransmitinformation.followingservicesareinstantlyavailablethrough internet:Email,Web-enabledaudio/videoconferencingservices,Onlinemovies andgaming,Datatransfer/file-sharing,Instantmessaging,Internetforums,
Socialnetworking,Onlineshopping,Financialservices
Interspace:isaclient/serversoftwareprogramthatallowsmultipleusersto communicateonlinewithreal-timeaudio,videoandtextchatindynamic3D environments. භData Communication
Terminologies (Not part of syllabus)
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
CommunicationChannel(Transmissionmedia):Acommunicationchanneliseitheraphysical transmissionmediumsuchasawire,ortoalogicalconnectionoveramultiplexedmedium suchasaradiochannelintelecommunicationsandcomputernetworking. Bandwidth:Theamountofdatathatcanbetransferredfromonepointtoanother.itisa measureoftherangeoffrequenciesatransmittedsignaloccupies.Indigitalsystems, bandwidthisthedataspeedinbitspersecond.Inanalogsystems,bandwidthismeasuredin termsofthedifferencebetweenthehighest-frequencysignalcomponentandthelowest- frequencysignalcomponent.BandwidthisexpressedinHz,KHz,andMHz.Thehertz(symbol: Hz)isthederivedunitoffrequencyintheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)andisdefinedas onecyclepersecond.ItisnamedafterHeinrichRudolfHertz.Hertzarecommonlyexpressed inmultiples:kilohertz(103Hz,kHz),megahertz(106Hz,MHz),gigahertz(109Hz,GHz) Datatransferrate:DTRistheamountofdataindigitalformthatismovedfromoneplaceto anotherinagiventimeonanetwork.Dataratesareoftenmeasuredinmegabits(millionbits) ormegabytes(millionbytes)persecond. bpsbitspersecondBpsbytespersecond
KbpskilobitspersecondKBpskilobytespersecond
MbpsmegabitspersecondMBpsmegabytespersecond
GbpsgigabitspersecondGBpsgigabytespersecond
TbpsterabitspersecondTBpsterabytespersecond
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
WiredNetworks-ItisalsoknownasEthernetnetworks,thatismostcommontypeofLANtechnology.A wirednetworkissimplyacollectionoftwoormorecomputers,printers,andotherdeviceslinkedby Ethernetcables/anyformofwiredmedia.Ethernetisthefastestwirednetworkprotocol,withconnection speedsof10megabitspersecond(Mbps)to100Mbpsorhigher.ComputermusthaveanEthernetadapter (sometimescalledanetworkinterfacecard,orNIC)toconnectwithwire.Mostofthenetworktopology useswirednetworks.Cable Twisted pairCoaxial cableFiber optic
Signal formelectricityelectricityLight
costleastmoderateHigh speedlowmoderateHigh Ease of useEasy to installProfessional installationProfessional installation reliabilitylowmoderateHigh
Real life applicationTelephone
network
Tv cableData transmission &
telephone line
Data transmission rate10Mbps -bps100Mbps>100Gbps
Data transfer range100m185m -500m-
image
Transmission media
(Not part of syllabus)
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
WirelessNetworks-Ituseshigh-frequencyradiowavesratherthanwiresto communicate.Wirelessallowsfordevicestobesharedwithoutnetworkingcable whichincreasesmobilitybutdecreasesrange. InfraredWaveTransmission-ShortRangeCommunication:Infraredwavescan travelfromafewcentimetrestoseveralmeters.(Approx.5m).LineofSight Propagation:Infraredusespointtopointcommunication,bothtransmitterand receivershouldbeplacedinlineofsightofeachotherandthereshouldnotbe anyobstacleinbetween.CannotPenetrateSolidobject.ItisInexpensivemodeof Communication.Secure:Atatimeonlytwodevicescancommunicatetherefore informationpassedtoonedeviceisnotleakedtoanotherdevice. RadioWaveTransmission:-LongRangeCommunication:Radiowavescancover distancesrangingfromafewmeters(inwalkie-talkies)uptocoveringanentire city.Omnidirectional:Radiowavesarepropagatedinalldirections.Therefore sendingandreceivingantennasdonothavetobealigned.PenetratesSolid Objects.Inexpensivemodeofcommunication.Radiowavecommunicationis insecurecommunication.
Transmission media
(Not part of syllabus)
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Microwaveradio,aformofradiotransmissionthatuse.Ultra-highfrequencies.Itisapoint- to-point,ratherthanabroadcast,transmissionsystem.Additionally,eachantennamustbe withinlineofsightofthenextantenna.FrequencyBandsMaximumAntennaSeparation Analog/Digital4-6GHz32-48kmAnalog10-12GHz16-24kmDigital18-23GHz8-11km
Digital.
SatelliteCommunicationItprovideworldwidecoverageindependenttopopulation density.SatelliteommunicationSystemsoffertelecommunication(SatellitePhones), positioningandnavigation(GPS),broadcasting,internet,Mobile,TV,etc. ItsupportVeryLongRangeCommunicationwithLineofSightPropagation.ItCannot PenetrateSolidObjects.ItisVeryExpensivecommunicationmode.
Transmission media
(Not part of syllabus)
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
MicrowavelinkvsOpticalfiber
MicrowavewhichisalsoknownasRadiolinkshavebeenusedbymanycompanies fordecades.MostoftheMobile(Cellular)networksusemicrowavetoconnecttheir celltowerstotheirbackhaulnetworks.Formobileoperators,areasonusing microwaveisnotthespeedwhichmicrowaveprovides.Itisusedtoconnecttheir remotesites(Ruralareas),becausemicrowaveisafasterandcheaperdeployment optioncomparetofiber. Whenmorecapacity(bandwidth)isrequired,fiberbecomesmoreeconomical. Actualcostoffiberdeploymentsislaboringcost.Diggingatrenchandlayingthe fiber,gettingtherequiredpermissionsfromthelandownersandfromthe municipalities.wehavetodigatrenchthat͛shundreds(orthousands)ofkilometers long,orleaseaccesstoductsthathavealreadybeenlaidbyinfrastructure companies.Geographyofthelandisveryimportantforthefiberdeployments.For example,whenfacedwithamountainorriver,dowegostraightacrossatgreat expense,ordoyoumakeadiversiontothenearestbridgeortunnel?Combineallof thesefactorsandyou͛llunderstandwhymostoftheworld͛sterrestrialfibre networksaredeployedalongsideexistingroadsandrailways.
Computer Network
(Not part of syllabus)
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Computerhardwaredeviceswhichareusedtoconnect
computers,printers,oranyotherelectronicdevicetoa computernetworkarecallednetworkdevices.These devicestransferdatainafast,secureandcorrectway withsomespecificfunctionalityoversameordifferent networks.
Somedevicesareinstalledonthecomputer,like
Internalmodem,NICcardorRJ45connector,whereas
somearepartofthenetwork,likerouter,switch,etc.
Network devices
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
NIC-Thisisattopamongothernetworkingdevicesandmostlyusednetworkingdevice. Thisisalsoknownasnetworkadaptercard,EthernetCardandLANcard.ItallowsourPCto communicatewithotherPCs.APCusesparalleldatatransmissiontotransmitdatabetween itsinternalpartswhereasthemediathatconnectsthisPCwithotherdevice/PCsusesserial datatransmission.ANICconvertsparalleldatastreamintoserialdatastreamandvice versa. RJ-45(RegisteredJack-45)isaneightwiredconnectorthatisusedtoconnect computersonalocalareanetwork(LAN),especiallyEthernet.
Network devices
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Repeater-Inanetworksignaltravelsalongdistanceintransmission media.Duetoresistanceofmediasignalbecomesweak.Repeateris anetworkingdevicewhichregeneratesthesignalandforwards thesesignalwithmorepower.
Network devices
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Modem-ModemisshortforModulatorDemodulator.It͛san electronicdeviceusedtoaccesstheInternetthatmodulatescarrier wavestoencodeinformationtobetransmittedandalso demodulatesincomingcarrierwavestodecodetheinformationthey carry.Modulationmeansdigitaltoanalogsignalconversionandits viceversaisknownasdemodulation.
Network devices
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
HUB-HUBisusedtoconnectmultiplecomputersinasingleLANnetworkofone workgroup.GenerallyHUBsareavailablewith4,8,12,24,48ports. Whenahubreceivessignalonitsport,itrepeatsthesignalandforwardsthatsignalfrom allportsexcepttheportonwhichthesignalarrived.Inbelowdiagramleftmostnodetryto sendsignaltorightmostnode,butsignalsaredistributedtoallports(nodes).TherearetwotypesofHUB
PassiveHUB:-Itonlyforwardsthesignalon
allportswithoutamplifyingthesignal.
ActiveHUB:-itforwardsthesignalwith
improvementinthequalityofdatasignal byamplifyingit.Thatwhysuchhubsneed additionalpowersupply.
Basedonporttype,therearetwotypesof
HUB:-
EthernetHUB:-AllportshaveRJ-45
connectors.
ComboHUB:-Severaldifferenttypesof
connectorssuchRJ-45,BNC,andAUI availableasportsinsuchHUB.
Network devices
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
SWITCH-SwitchisalsousedtoconnectmultiplecomputerstogetherinaLAN workgroup,justlikehub.Switchesareavailablewith4,8,12,24,48,64ports.Switchmakes theirswitchingdecisionsbyusingapplicationspecificintegratedcircuits(ASICs).Dueto switchingdecisioncapability,switchsendssignaltorecipientonlyandthat͛swhyswitches arecalledasintelligenthub.Inbelowdiagramleftmostnodesendingsignaltorightmost node.
Network devices
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Router-Routersoperateinthephysical,datalinkand
networklayers.Routerisanetworkingdevicewhich choosesthebestoptimalpathfromavailablepatstosend thesignals.Itinterconnectsdifferentnetworks.The simplestfunctionofarouteristoreceivedpacketsfrom oneconnectednetworkandpassthemtosecond connectednetwork.
Gateway-Anetworkingdevicecapabletoconvert
protocolssothattwodifferentnetworkarchitecturebased systemcancommunicatewitheachother.Itworksas protocolconvertor.
Network devices
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Network devices
Hub Vs. Switch
Ahubworksonthephysicallayer(Layer1)ofOSImodelwhileSwitchworks onthedatalinklayer(Layer2).Switchismoreefficientthanthehub.A switchcanjoinmultiplecomputerswithinoneLAN,andahubjustconnects multipleEthernetdevicestogetherasasinglesegment.Switchissmarter thanhubtodeterminethetargetoftheforwardingdata.Sinceswitchhasa higherperformance,itscostwillalsobecomemoreexpensive.
SwitchVs.Router
IntheOSImodel,routerisworkingonahigherlevelofnetworklayer(Layer
3)thanswitch.Routerisverydifferentfromtheswitchbecauseitisfor
routingpackettoothernetworks.Itisalsomoreintelligentandsophisticated toserveasanintermediatedestinationtoconnectmultipleareanetworks together.Aswitchisonlyusedforwirednetwork,yetaroutercanalsolink withthewirelessnetwork.Withmuchmorefunctions,arouterdefinitely costshigherthanaswitch.
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Network devices
Router vs Gateway
Gatewayregulatestrafficbetweentwodissimilarnetworks,whilerouter regulatortrafficbetweensimilarnetworks.Arouterisahardwaredevice thatforwardsdatapacketsbetweencomputernetworks.Routersperform thetrafficdirectingfunctionsontheInternet. ConnectionInOneNetworkWithRouter-Forexample,thereare30 computersconnectedinsideNetworkA.Allthesecomputers communicatewitheachother.Inthissituation,nogatewayisneeded. Becausearouterwitharoutingtablethatdefinesthehopswithinthose
30computersisenough.
ConnectionBetweenDifferentNetworksWithGateway-Inanother hand,wesupposethattherearetwonetworks,thatareNetworkAand
NetworkB.ComputerXfromNetworkAwantstosenddatato
ComputerYfromNetworkB,thenthereneedtohavebothaGatewayA andaGatewayBsothatthetwonetworkswillbeabletocommunicate.
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Wi-Ficards-aresmallandportablecardsthatallowyour
computertoconnecttotheinternetthroughawirelessnetwork.Wi- Fitransmissionisthroughtheradiowaves,thesesignalsarepicked upbyWi-Fireceiverssuchascomputersandcellphonesequipped withWi-Ficards.ThedevicesneedtobewithintherangeofaWi-Fi networktoreceivethesignalsandproducesawirelessinternet connection.Onceaconnectionisestablishedbetweenuserandthe network,theuserispromptedwithaloginscreenandpasswordfor establishingisasecureconnection.Wi-Ficardscanbeexternalor internal.IfaWi-Ficardisnotinstalledinsideyourcomputer,you maypurchaseanexternalUSBantennaattachmentandconnectitto yourdevice.Manycomputersandmobiledevicesarenowadays equippedwithwirelessnetworkingcapabilityanddonotrequirea
Wi-Ficard.
Network devices
(Not part of syllabus)
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Structureofanetwork-Thegeometricalarrangementofcomputer resources,networkdevicesalongwithcommunicationchannelis knownasNetworkstructureorNetworktopology.
Topologycanbephysicalorlogical
PhysicalTopology-physicallayoutofnodesandcablesinthenetwork. Logicaltopology-thewayinformationflowsbetweendifferentcomponents.
TypesofPhysicalNetworkTopologies
BusTopology
StarTopology
RingTopology
MeshTopology
TreeTopology
HybridTopology
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
BusTopology
Nodesareconnectedthroughacommoncommunicationmedia
likediagramgivenbelow.
Advantages of a Bus topology
ͻ Easy to install
ͻ Minimal Cable
Disadvantages of a Bus topology
ͻ Difficult reconnection
ͻ Difficult to find the problem
ͻ Difficult to add new deǀices
ͻ Break stops all transmission of data
node node node node node node
Communication media
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
StarTopology
Thestartopologyusesaseparatecableforeach
node/workstation.Thecableconnectsthenodetoacentral devicetypicallyaHUB. Hub/ switch node node nodenode node
Advantages of a Star topology
ͻ Less edžpensiǀe than mesh
ͻ Easy to install, easy to configure
ͻ If one link fails the network can still
function
Disadvantages of a Star topology
ͻ Eǀerything depends on the hub
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
RingTopology
Inringtopologyeverycomputerisconnectedtothenext
computerintheringandeachtransmitthesignal,whatit receivesfromthepreviouscomputer.Themessagesflowaround theringinonedirection. node node nodenode node
Advantages of a Ring topology
ͻ Easy to install
ͻ Easy to reconfigure
ͻ Easy to detect a problem
Disadvantages of a Ring topology
ͻ Break means the whole system is dead
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
MeshTopology
Inmeshtopology,separatecableisusedtoconnecteachdevice toeveryotherdeviceonthenetwork,providingastraight communicationpath. node node nodenode node
AdvantagesofaMeshtopology
ͻAvoidtrafficsinceeachlinkcancarryitsowndataand nonearebeingshared
ͻIfonelinkbreaks,therestofthenetworkisstill
functional
ͻEasytodetectaprobleminthenetworkbydiscovering
whichdeviceishavingproblemsandexaminingthelink thatconnectstoit.
DisadvantagesofaMeshtopology
ͻAlotofcablesareneeded
ͻToomanycablesmeanstoomuchcost
ͻToomanycablesmeanscomplexnetwork
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
TreeTopology
Inwhichacentralrootnode(thetoplevelofthehierarchy)is connectedtooneormoreothernodesthatareonelevellower inthehierarchy node node node node node
AdvantagesofaMeshtopology
It is scalable.
Easier fault identification and isolation.
DisadvantagesofaMeshtopology
Maintenance of the network may be an issue
when the network spans a great area. if the backbone fails, the entire network is crippled.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
HybridTopology
useacombinationofanytwoormoretopologiesinsuchaway thattheresultingnetworkdoesnotexhibitoneofthestandard topologies(e.g.,bus,star,ring,etc.). node node node node node
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Typesofnetwork
1.PersonalAreaNetwork(PAN)-communicationbetweentwo-
threemobiledevicesorPCforpersonalpurpose.
2.LocalAreaNetwork(LAN)-limitedarea(withinbuilding)
3.MetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN)-withincity
4.WideAreaNetwork(WAN)-withinmultiplecity/state/
countries
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
1.PersonalAreaNetwork(PAN)-
Spreadintheproximityofanindividual.Coveranareaofafew metersradius.Setupusingguidedmedia(USBcable)or unguidedmedia(Bluetooth,Infrared).Owned,controlled,and managedbyasingleperson.
Examples:Anetworkofdevicessuchascomputer,Phone,
MP3/MP4Player,Cameraetc.Transferringsongsfromonecell phonetoanotherisaPANoftwophones.Transferringfilesfrom aPCtoanMP3playerisaPANbetweenthetwo.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
2.LocalAreaNetwork(LAN)-LANsarethemostfrequently
used/discussednetworks.Itisoneofthemostcommononeof thesimplesttypesofnetwork.Itisdesignedforsmallphysical areassuchasanoffice,groupofbuildings.Anyofdifferenttypes oftopologiescanbeusedtodesignLANlikeStar,Ring,Bus,Tree etc.
CharacteristicsofLAN
privatenetworksmeansnoneedofregulatorycontrol.
Operateatrelativelyhighspeed.
Ethernet,Tokenringetctypemediaaccesscontrolsareused
Connectscomputersinasinglebuilding,blockorcampus.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Advantages of LAN
Resource Sharing
Software Applications Sharing
Easy and Cheap Communication
Centralized Data
Data Security
Internet Sharing
Disadvantages of LAN
High Setup Cost
Privacy Violations
Data Security Threat
LAN Maintenance Job
Covers Limited Area
Computer Network
Examples:Anetworked
officebuilding,schoolor home.Sometimesone buildingcancontainafew smallLANs(Likesome schoolshaveindependent
LANsineachcomputer
lab.).
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
3.MetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAN):-Spreadwithinacity.
Coveranareaofafewkilometrestoafewhundredkilometres radius.Setupusingalltypesofallguidedandunguidedmedia.
Ownedandoperatedbyagovernmentbodyoralarge
corporation.
Examples:Anetworkofschools,orbanks,orGovernment
officesetc.withinacity.AMANisusuallyformedby interconnectinganumberofLANsandindividualcomputers.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
4.WideAreaNetwork(WAN)-Slightlymorecomplexthana
LAN,aWANconnectscomputersacrosslongerphysical
distances.TheInternetisthemostbasicexampleofaWAN, connectingallcomputerstogetheraroundtheworld.Becauseof aWAN͛svastreach,itistypicallyownedandmaintainedbyany singlepersonorowner.
Characteristics of WAN
Covers large distances(states, countries, continents). Communication medium like satellite, public telephone networks etcand routers are used establish connection.
Examples:AnetworkofATMs,BANKs,NationalGovernment
Offices,InternationalOrganizations'Officesetc.,spreadovera country,continent,orcoveringmanycontinents.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Advantages of WAN
Long distance business can connect on the one network.
Shares software and resources
Messages can be sent very quickly to wide range of nodes
Hardware devices can be shared.
Disadvantages of WAN
Need a good firewall to restrict unauthorized access Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow and complicated.
Maintaining a network is a full-time job
Security is a mazorissue when many different people have the ability to use information
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Network Layout -
Theplanordesignorarrangementofnetworkwingsandnodes tobelaidoutisknownasnetworklayout.
Agoodnetworklayoutprovidesthefollowingfeatures
Communication speed
File sharing
Back up and Roll back is easy
Software and Hardware sharing
Security
Scalability
Reliability
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
HowtodecideNetworkLayout-
Thenetworklayoutcanbebestwhichprovide
lessinstallationandmaintenancecostaswellas easyinstallationandmaintenance.Itisonly possiblewhenitisproperlydesigned,design withshortestcablelengthandfulfillour networkrequirements.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
HowtodecideNetworkLayout-Example
FreyaTechCorporation(FTC)isaprofessionalconsultancycompany.The companyisplanningtosetuptheirnewofficesinIndiawithitshubat Udaipur.Asanetworkadviser,youhavetounderstandtheirrequirementand suggestthemthebestnetworklayout.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
HowtodecideNetworkLayout-Example
->Possiblebustopologies a)->->=110+80=190m b)->->=80+40=120m c)->->=40+110=150m
Allcanbearrangedinroundrobinmanner
Ringtopologywillbediscardedasitwillincreasethecablelength
Computer Network
Human ResourceConferenceFinance
FinanceConferenceHuman Resource
FinanceHuman ResourceConference
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
HowtodecideNetworkLayout-Example
->PossibleStartopologies a)=110+40=150m b)=80+40=120m c)=80+110=190m
Computer Network
Human Resource
ConferenceFinance
Finance
ConferenceHuman Resource
FinanceHuman Resource
Conference
Here best layout is
b) finance to confereceand finance to Human resourseas it require minimum cable length
Tree topology will
be also same due to only three blocks are here
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
HowtodecideServerlocation-Example
Serverlocationcanbedecidedbyseeingthenumberof
computers/nodesrequiredineachblockofnetwork.
Servermustbeinstalledatthewing/blockwithMaximum
numberofComputersduetomaximumload/requirement ofservicesinthatblockinwholenetwork.Soinabove exampleServercanbeinstalledatFinanceblock.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
HowtodecideRepeaterlocation
Weneedarepeaterwhenthetotallengthofasinglespanof networkcable(Twistedpair)exceeds100meters(328feet). Weneedarepeaterwhenthetotallengthofasinglespanof networkcable(Coaxialcable)exceeds500meters. maximumdistanceofafiberopticlinkcanbe80-100kmbutit dependsonvaryingfactorslikethebitrateandthequalityofthe splicesandthetotalattenuationofdistance.Italsodependson thepowerofthetransmitterandreceiverquality. Satellitelinkisrequiredwhennetworkblocks/wingsaretoomuch farfromeachotherorwhereinstallationofcableishard.
Fordatasecurityfirewallcanbeinstalledinnetwork.
Foreconomicinternetconnection-dialupinternetconnection wouldbepreferredbutforfasterinternetbroadbandinternet connectionwouldbepreferred.
Computer Network
Visit : python.mykvs.in for regular updates
Howtodecidehub/switchlocation
Theanswerisalwaysswitchwhenwecanaffordit.AHub
isalwayshalf-duplex,andsimplyactsasarepeater.The resultingpacketcollisions,evenwithonly2devices,will makeitslowerthansimplyusingacable,whereasaswitch intelligentlydirectstrafficbasedontheEthernet address(MACaddress),andisfullduplex,resultinginfull speedbetweenanydevicesonthenetworkatthesame time.
IngeneralsenseHuborswitchanydevicecanbeinstalled
whentherearemorethanonecomputerinawing/block.
Computer Network