[PDF] A HISTORY OF AMERICAN CIVIL WAR LITERATURE

7266_19781107109728_frontmatter.pdf A HISTORY OF AMERICAN CIVIL

WAR LITERATURE

? is book is the ? rst omnibus history of the literature of the American Civil War, the deadliest con? ict in U.S. history. A History of American Civil War Literature examines the way the war has been remembered and rewritten over time. ? is history incorporates new directions in Civil War historiography and cultural studies while giving equal attention to writings from both the northern and the southern states. Written by leading scholars in the ? eld, this book works to rede? ne the boundaries of American Civil War literature while posing a fundamental question: Why does this 150-year-old con? ict continue to capture the American imagination? Coleman Hutchison is an associate professor of English at ? e University of Texas at Austin, where he teaches courses in nineteenth-century U.S. literature and culture, bibliography and tex- tual studies, and poetry and poetics. He is the author of the ? rst literary history of the Civil War South, Apples and Ashes: Literature, Nationalism, and the Confederate States of America (2012) and the coauthor of Writing about American Literature: A Guide for Students (2014). Hutchison"s work has appeared in American Literary History, Common-Place, Comparative American Studies, CR: ? e New Centennial Review, Journal of American Studies, ? e Emily Dickinson Journal, PMLA , and Southern Spaces, among other venues. www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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More information A HISTORY OF AMERICAN

CIVIL WAR LITERATURE

Edited by COLEMAN HUTCHISON University of Texas, Austin www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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More information 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University"s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107109728 © Coleman Hutchison 2016 ? is publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2016 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A History of American Civil War Literature / [edited by] Coleman Hutchison,

University of Texas, Austin.

pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-10972-8 (hardback) 1. United States - History-Civil War, 1861-1865 - Literature and the war.

2. War and literature - United States - History. 3. American

literature - History and criticism. 4. War in literature.

I. Hutchison, Coleman, 1977- editor.

PS 217. C 58 H 57 2015 810.9 358-dc23 2015016877
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More information For ?athleen Di? ey, Dean of Civil War Literary Studies www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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More information vii Contents List of Illustrations page ix Notes on Contributors xi Preface xvii Acknowledgments xxiii Part I Contexts 1 Harriet Beecher Stowe and the "Book ? at Made ? is Great War" 3 Judie Newman 2 ? e American Book Trade and the Civil War 17 Michael Winship 3 ? e Transatlantic History of Civil War Literature 33 Christopher Hanlon 4 ? e "American Renaissance" after the American Civil War 48 Randall Fuller 5 ? e Realists" Civil War 62 Ian Finseth Part II Genres 6 Dépôt Culture: ? e Civil War and Periodical Fiction 79 Kathleen Di? ey 7 Imitation and Resistance in Civil War Poetry and Song 96 Faith Barrett 8 Children"s Literature 119 James Marten www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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Contentsviii

% Writing Lives: Civil War Diaries 8 Jane E. Schultz 83 Civil War Memoir 878
Sarah E. Gardner 88 Civil War Narrative History 8"7
T. Austin Graham 0?3? *** 67236 8 Walt Whitman 8&8 Martin T. Buinicki 8 War and the Art of Writing: Emily Dickinson"s

Relational Aesthetics 8%7

Shira Wolosky 8 Herman Melville and the Civilian Author 88 Milette Shamir 87 Looking at Lincoln !
Shirley Samuels 8" Frederick Douglass, Violence, and Abraham Lincoln  Robert S. Levine 8! Mary Boykin Chesnut: Epic and Miniature 7! Julia A. Stern 8& Mark Twain ! Neil Schmitz 8% Replay: William Faulkner and the Civil War && John T. Matthews 3 Robert Penn Warren"s Civil War 3 John Burt 8 Natasha Trethewey"s Civil War 8" Daniel Cross Turner  Afterword: Archiving the War 8 Christopher Hager and Cody Marrs Recommendations for Further Reading  Index % www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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More information ix Illustrations Figures 6.1 "Grand Central Dépôt, New York" page 81 6.2 "Waiting for the Train" 85 6.3 "Going on Board" 89 6.4 Grand Central Dépôt train shed from 45th Street and

Lexington Avenue 92

22.1 John Russell Bartlett"s Literature of the Rebellion showing
manuscript addition 335 Tables 2.1 Bookstores in the Southern States before the Civil War 22 2.2 Bookstores in the Southern States after the Civil War 28 www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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More information xi Notes on Contributors Faith Barrett is Associate Professor of English at Duquesne University. She is the author of "To Fight Aloud Is Very Brave": American Poetry and the Civil War (University of Massachusetts Press, 2012) and coeditor with Cristanne Miller of "Words for the Hour": A New Anthology of American Civil War Poetry (University of Massachusetts Press, 2005). Martin T. Buinicki is Walter G. Friedrich Professor of American Literature at Valparaiso University. He is the author of Walt Whitman"s Reconstruction: Poetry and Publishing between Memory and History (University of Iowa Press, 2011) and Negotiating Copyright: Authorship and the Discourse of Literary Property Rights in Nineteenth-Century America (Routledge, 2006). Buinicki has also published essays in Witness to Reconstruction: Constance Fenimore Woolson and the Postbellum South,

1873-1894 (University of Mississippi Press, 2011), American Literary

History , American Literary Realism , the Walt Whitman Quarterly Review, and War, Literature, and the Arts . John Burt is Professor of English at Brandeis University. He is the author of Lincoln"s Tragic Pragmatism: Lincoln, Douglas, and Moral Con? ict (Harvard University Press, 2013), the book-length essay "After the Southern Renascence" in the Cambridge History of American Literature Vol. VII (Cambridge University Press, 1999), and Robert Penn Warren and American Idealism (Yale University Press, 1988). Burt, who is the literary executor for Robert Penn Warren, has also won awards for his editorial work on Selected Poems of Robert Penn Warren (Louisiana State University Press, 2001) and ? e Collected Poems of Robert Penn Warren (Louisiana State University Press, 1998). Kathleen Diffley is an associate professor of English at the University of Iowa. She is the author of Where My Heart Is Turning Ever: Civil War Stories and Constitutional Reform, 1861-1876 (University of Georgia www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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Press, 8%%) and the editor of both To Live and Die: Collected Stories of the Civil War, ?1e?-?15e (Duke University Press, 33) and Witness to Reconstruction: Constance Fenimore Woolson and the Postbellum South, ?150-?1Co (University Press of Mississippi, 388). DiK ey directs the Civil War Caucus of the Midwest Modern Language Association. *?5 656? is an associate professor of English at the University of North Texas. He is the author of Shades of Green: Visions of Nature in the Literature of American Slavery, ?55m-?1em (University of Georgia Press, 33%)Q the coeditor, with Nicole Aljoe, of a collection of critical essays titled Journeys of the Slave Narrative in the Early Americas (University of Virginia Press, 38)Q and the editor of two volumes of Civil War litera- ture, including, most recently, ? e American Civil War: A Literary and Historical Antholog y, nd ed. (Routledge, 38). Dr. Finseth"s essays have appeared in a variety of scholarly journals, including American Literary History, American Literature , Early American Literature , Leviathan , and Arizona ;uarterly . His current book project, "? e Civil War Dead and American Modernity," explores the entanglements of mortality, visu- ality, historical experience, and literary realism in the development of

U.S. culture in the decades after the war.

1?5??? 62??63 is Chapman Professor of English at the University of Tulsa. He is the author of From Battlea elds Rising: How the Civil War Transformed American Literature (Oxford University Press, 383) and Emerson"s Ghosts: Literature, Politics, and the Making of Americanists (Oxford University Press, 33!). Fuller"s essays have appeared in American Literature , American Literary History , Early American Literature , ES;, and New England ;uarterly . His study of Civil War literature, From Battlea elds Rising, won the 388 Christian Gauss Award from Phi Beta Xappa. #?3? . 5?3563 is Professor of History and Director of the Center for Southern Studies at Mercer University, Macon, GA. She is the author of Blood and Irony: Southern White Women"s Narratives of the Civil War, ?Ce?-?C05 (University of North Carolina Press, 33) and an Associate Editor of Voices of the American South (Longman Green, 33). Her manuscript, "Reviewing the South: ? e Literary Marketplace and the Making of the Southern Renaissance, 8%3-8%8," is in production at Cambridge University Press. She is currently at work on a study of reading during the Civil War. 9. $2?5 53??0 is an assistant professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University. He is the author of ? e Great www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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American Songbooks (Oxford University Press, 38), a musicological study of American ? ction and poetry. He has also placed articles in ELH, American Literature, American Literary History, New Literary History, and other venues. Currently, he is at work on a study of the American his- torical novel in the twentieth century. 93?4Z63 ??763 is Associate Professor of English at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. His essays and reviews have appeared in American Literature, American Literary History, Civil War History , and J?C , among other venues, and his research has been supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the American Philosophical Society. He is the author of Word by Word: Emancipation and the Act of Writing (Harvard University Press, 38), which was awarded the Frederick Douglass Prize and was a ? nalist for the Lincoln Prize. Currently he is writing a book about Civil War letter-writing, and, with Cody Marrs, coediting

Timelines of American Literature .

93?4Z63 ??5?45 is Associate Professor of English at the School of Humanities, Arts, and Cultural Studies at Arizona State"s New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences. He is the author of America"s England: Antebellum Literature and Atlantic Sectionalism (Oxford University Press, 38), as well as essays in American Literature, American Literary History, New Literary History, Pedagogy, and College Literature. 1463? #. 26\56 is Professor of English and Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland. He is the author most recently of ? e Lives of Frederick Douglass (Harvard University Press, 38") and Dislocating Race and Nation: Episodes in Nineteenth-Century American Literary Nationalism (University of North Carolina Press, 33&). Levine is the general editor of ? e Norton Anthology of American Literature and the editor and coeditor of a number of volumes, including a cul- tural and critical edition of Frederick Douglass"s ? e Heroic Slave (Yale

University Press, 387).

94 8?33 is Assistant Professor of English at the University of Georgia.
He is the author of Nineteenth-Century American Literature and the Long Civil War (Cambridge University Press, 387), as well as essays that have appeared in American Literature , J?C: ? e Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists , and other venues. With Christopher Hager, he is currently coediting a book of essays entitled Timelines of American Literature . www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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Society for the History of Children and Youth. <45 9. 8???6^ is Professor of English at Boston University. He is the author of three books on William Faulkner: William Faulkner: Seeing ? rough the South (Wiley-Blackwell, 33%), ? e Sound and the Fury: Faulkner and the Lost Cause (Twayne, 8%%3), and ? e Play of Faulkner"s Language (Cornell University Press, 8%&). Matthews has also edited A Companion to the Modern American Novel (Wiley-Blackwell, 33%) and two collections on Faulkner: William Faulkner in Context and ? e New Cambridge Companion to William Faulkner (both Cambridge University Press, 387). <26 6^0?5, OBE, is Professor of American Studies at ? e University of Nottingham. She is the author or editor of ten books, and a scholarly edition of Harriet Beecher Stowe"s Dred (Edinburgh University Press, 8%%&). In addition to her expertise in contemporary U.S. ? ction, Newman has written at length about the representation of slavery in British and American literature and culture. She is cur- rently editing (with C-M Bernier and Matthew Pethers) ? e Edinburgh Companion to Nineteenth Century American Letters and Letterwriting (Edinburgh University Press, 38"). #3?6 #?026? is Professor of English and American Studies at Cornell University. She is the author of Reading the American Novel, ?51m-?1en (Wiley-Blackwell, 38), Facing America: Iconography and the Civil War (Oxford University Press, 33), and Romances of the Republic: Women, the Family, and Violence in the Literature of the Early American Nation (Oxford University Press, 8%%"). Samuels recently edited the Cambridge Companion to Abraham Lincoln (Cambridge

University Press, 38).

6? #0?_ is Professor of English at the University at Bu` alo. He is the author of White Robe"s Dilemma: Tribal History in American www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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Literature (University of Massachusetts Press, 333) and Of Huck and Alice: Humorous Writing in American Literature (University of Minnesota Press, 8%&), as well as articles in American Literary History, American Literature, American Studies, and Arizona ;uarterly . ?56? 934 923563 is Associate Professor of English at Coastal Carolina University and the author of Southern Crossings: Poetry, Memory, and the Transcultural South (University of Tennessee Press, 38). In addition, he has two forthcoming books: a scholarly col- lection, Undead Souths: ? e Gothic and Beyond in Southern Literature and Culture (Louisiana State University Press, 387), and a poetry anthology, Hard Lines: Rough South Poetry (University of South Carolina Press, 38"). His essays appear in journals including Five Points, Genre , Mississippi ;uarterly , Mosaic , South Carolina Review , Southern Literary Journal , Southern ;uarterly , as well as in a number of edited collections. www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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8?6? }5Z is the Iris Howard Regents Professor of English II at ? e University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of American Literary Publishing in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: ? e Business of Ticknor and Fields (Cambridge University Press, 8%%7) and the coeditor of ? e Industrial Book, ?1om-?11m, Volume ? ree of A History of the Book in America (University of North Carolina Press, 33!). Winship is also responsible for the ? nal three volumes of the Bibliography of American

Literature (Yale University Press, 8%&-8%%8).

#3? }4?4; is Professor of English and American Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She is the author of the book-length essay, "Poetry and Public Discourse (8&3-8%83)" in Volume Four of ? e Cambridge History of American Literature (Cambridge University Press 33), ? e Art of Poetry (Oxford University Press, 338), and Emily Dickinson: A Voice of War (Yale University Press, 8%&). www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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More information xvii Preface ? ere can be little doubt about ongoing scholarly and popular interest in the American Civil War. More than 150 years after Appomattox, read- ers throughout the Anglophone world remain riveted by studies of and stories about this great internecine con? ict. Indeed, estimates suggest that there have been 60,000 Civil War-related books or pamphlets published since 1865. ? at is a publication rate of a book a day, every day, since the cessation of hostilities. As with the "founding fathers" and Shakespeare, there is a robust publishing industry at work here, one that ensures that the Civil War is never far from mind. Not surprisingly, then, literary representations of the war are an obses- sion for critics and lay readers alike. For instance, the Civil War poetry of Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, and Herman Melville are main- stays in high school and college curricula, while postwar narratives such as Stephen Crane"s ? e Red Badge of Courage (1895), Margaret Mitchell"s Gone with the Wind (1936), and Shelby Foote"s ? e Civil War: A Narrative (1958-1974) prove "steady sellers" decade after decade. ? is is to say noth- ing of contemporary writers like Geraldine Brooks, E.L. Doctorow, and Natasha Trethewey, who continue to produce new literature about the war well into the twenty-? rst century. In response to this seemingly ceaseless literary boom, scholars from a number of disciplines - English, history, American studies, and southern studies, to name a few - have produced a lively and at times contentious critical conversation about that literature. Yet, despite perpetual interest in literary representations of the con? ict, this volume is the ? rst omnibus history of the literature of the American Civil War. It also provides an uncommon opportunity to rede? ne the boundaries of that literature and rethink its place in American culture. ? e twenty-two essays that follow make at least three key contributions to the current scholarship. First, rather than simply restate the age-old consensus about the American Civil War and its literature, this volume"s www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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essays take account of new directions in Civil War historiography and cul- tural studies. For instance, several of the essays emphasize the transna- tional and transatlantic aspects of this purported "war between brothers." By emphasizing the ways that the con1 ict implicated nations other than or in addition to the United and Confederate States, the volume expands the mental map on which the American Civil War is played out. Too often this bloody struggle has been read in provincial terms, as a mostly domestic dispute in a "house divided." But as writers like Don H. Doyle, Amanda Foreman, Howard Jones, Paul ~uigley, Peter Rawlings, and Xathleen DiK ey have shown, at any number of moments the American Civil War threatened to become an international con1 ict, one into which Mexico, France, England, and others might well have been drawn. 8 Similarly, A History of American Civil War Literature embodies an emergent fascination with Civil War memory - that is, how the war has been remembered over time - which became a hot topic following the publication of David W. Blight"s magisterial Race and Reunion (338). Enlivened by theories of collective or cultural memory, a new genera- tion of historians have turned their attention to the sometimes vexed and always muddy relations between history and memory. ? is has resulted in exciting new work on the memory of speci? c Civil War events or peopleQ reburial e` orts, monuments, and statuaryQ memorial holidays and reen- actment culture. Needless to say, literature has played an outsize role in these reconstructions of Civil War memory.  After all, the convergence of history and memory is the subject of a great deal of literature, as the subsequent chapters on realism, postwar memoir, Mark Twain, William Faulkner, Robert Penn Warren, and Natasha Trethewey argue. ? e second key contribution of A History of American Civil War Literature involves its representation of southern literary cultures. Put sim- ply, southern literature has gotten short shrift in previous works of literary history. Take, for example, the three best studies of Civil War literature in the past half century: Edmund Wilson"s Patriotic Gore (8%"), Daniel Aaron"s ? e Unwritten War (8%!), and Randall Fuller"s From Battlea elds Rising (388), all of which give disproportionate attention to northern writers. (Another classic study, George M. Frederickson"s ? e Inner Civil War [8%"7], betrays its commitments in its subtitle: "Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union.")  Such critical neglect is in keeping with a commonplace assumption about the paucity of Confederate literature and a general dubiousness about the strength of southern nationalism. Yet recent studies by Gary Gallagher, Anne Sarah Rubin, Michael T. Bernath, and Coleman Hutchison, among others, refute that paucity www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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and con? rm the strength of Confederate cultural nationalism.  Indeed, the relative success of Confederate cultural nationalists to produce a "native literature" is, Bernath notes, "startling, almost unbelievable," particularly in light of the various scarcities and shortages they faced (87). ? us, while one must acknowledge Wilson, Aaron, and Fuller"s respective, prodigious achievements, it is time to look again at the literature produced in the South before, during, and after the war. Moreover, it is time to tell a com- plete story about how literature helped shape the coming of the war, its outcome and its memory, on both sides of the Mason-Dixon line. To this end, the present volume shuttles back and forth between the North and the South, striving to ? nd balance between Union and Confederate texts. Indeed, of the ten ? gures treated in Part III , ? ve were or are self-described southerners. ? e two tenses in the previous sentence signal the ? nal key contribu- tion of A History of American Civil War Literature: it employs a capacious de? nition of "American Civil War Literature." Although the Civil War era is the primary focus of this history, it also considers antebellum contexts and postbellum genres. More to the point, while the ? rst seven ? gures treated in Part III lived through the Civil War, the ? nal three, William Faulkner (8&%!-8%"), Robert Penn Warren (8%37-8%&%), and Natasha Trethewey (8%""-), experienced the con1 ict from an increasing historical distance. Yet these twentieth- and twenty-? rst-century writers also pro- duced "Civil War literature." Indeed, Absalom, Absalom7 (8%"), ? e Legacy of the Civil War (8%"8), and Native Guard (33") remain three of the most urgent meditations on the ongoing relevance of the war. ? us, through its expanded historical scope, this volume brings us back to those "3,333 books or pamphlets. It also begins to answer one of the most perplexing questions in Civil War studies: Why does this 873-year-old con1 ict con- tinue to capture the imagination? ? e tripartite structure of A History of American Civil War Literature allows readers multiple ways to approach to that question. Rather than adhere to a strict chronological order - antebellum, bellum, postbellum - the essays are arranged under the categories "Contexts," "Genres," and "Figures." ? is organization encourages readers to see connections among the individual essays and to consider issues of historical contingency, lit- erary form, and author function. Part I draws on an older, more literary de? nition of the word context : "the parts which immediately precede or follow any particular passage or text" and determine its meaning." 7 While the essays included in Part I address the periods that immediately pre- ceded and followed the American Civil War, their primary interest is in www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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seeing how those periods helped determine the meanings of the con1 ict. ? is cluster of essays reveals, for instance, antebellum tensions between abolitionist and secessionist print cultures, as well as stark di` erences between northern and southern publishing industries. Similarly, the clus- ter also weighs the literary legacies of the war, emphasizing the profound e` ect the con1 ict had on several generations of writers, both foreign and domestic. Part II acknowledges the importance of genre to nineteenth-century conceptions of the literary. In canvassing a far-from-exhaustive list of genres, these essays limn the variety of modes through which the Civil War has been represented. Taken together, the essays also intimate the multiple audiences addressed by that literature. As suggested by the chap- ters on popular poetry and song, children"s literature, and diaries, Civil War literature often troubled traditional hierarchies of race, class, and gender. ? us, genre emerges from this cluster as a powerful interpretive tool, one that helps us make sense of the diverse and di` use cultural work undertaken by these literary texts. Part III , with its litany of "Figures," seems like the most traditional of the three sections. (In fact, this portion of the volume is reminiscent of Wilson"s Patriotic Gore and Aaron"s ? e Unwritten War, both of which are organized by literary ? gures.) However, the essays in this section distin- guish themselves with the scope of their inquiries. Nearly all of these ? g- ures had or have had long writing careers. ? is fact allows contributors to gauge how literary projects change in relation to cataclysmic historical events (as in the essays on Walt Whitman and Herman Melville) and what happens when writers revisit such events again and again throughout their lives (as in the essays on Mary Boykin Chesnut, William Faulkner, and

Robert Penn Warren).

? at sort of recurrence - a nearly compulsive returning to the events of

8&"8-8&"7 - is, ? nally, a de? ning characteristic of the literature and culture

of the United States more broadly. Literary representations of the deadli- est war in U.S. history have helped several generations of readers de? ne American identity and interrogate American ideals. Civil War literature has also served to remind readers how far the country has come since the abolition of slavery - and how much work there is left to do. More urgently, the literature of the American Civil seems to speak to something fundamental in generation after generation of readers, via an elusive, humanistic, and eventually a` ective appeal. Robert Penn Warren surely had that appeal in mind when he wrote in the ? rst year of the Civil War

Centennial that

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? e Civil War is our only "felt" history - history lived in the national imag- ination. ? is is not to say that the War is always, and by all men, felt in the same way. ~uite the contrary. But this fact is an index to the very complex- ity, depth, and fundamental signi? cance of the event. It is an overwhelm- ing and vital image of human and national experience. " ? e following pages show just how important literature has been to the representation of that image. ? ey also suggest that literature will con- tinue to shape the ways readers think and feel about the American Civil

War for several generations to come.

Notes 8 Don H. Doyle , ? e Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War ( New York : Basic Books , 38 ) Q Amanda Foreman , A World on Fire: Britain"s Crucial Role in the American Civil War ( New York : Random House , 383 ) Q Howard Jones , Blue 8 Gray Diplomacy: A History of Union and Confederate Foreign Relations ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 383 ) Q Paul ~uigley , Shifting Grounds: Nationalism and the American

South ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 388 ) Q Peter Rawlings and Xathleen

DiK ey , eds., " Writing the Civil War: Transnational Dimensions ," a special issue of Comparative American Studies  (September 33! ) .

 For instance, Blight relies heavily on literary sources (broadly conceived)

in both Race and Reunion: ? e Civil War in American Memory ( Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 338 ) and American Oracle: ? e Civil War in the Civil Rights Era ( Cambridge, MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 388 ) , a fascinating study of the Civil War Centennial (8%"8-8%"7) and the ways that Robert Penn Warren, Bruce Catton, Edmund Wilson, and James Baldwin brought the Civil War era into close

conversation with the Civil Rights era. See also Alice Fahs and Joan Waugh ,

eds., ? e Memory of the Civil War in American Culture ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 33 ) , and Martin Gri n , Ashes of the Mind: War and Memory in Northern Literature, ?1en-?Cmm ( Amherst : University of

Massachusetts Press , 33% ) .

 Edmund Wilson , Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War ( New York : Oxford University Press , 8%" ) Q Daniel Aaron , ? e Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War ( New York : Xnopf , 8%! ) Q Randall Fuller , From Battlea elds Rising: How the Civil War Transformed American Literature ( New York : Oxford University Press , 383 ) Q George M. Frederickson , ? e Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union ( New York : Harper € Row , 8%"7 ) .  Gary W. Gallagher , ? e Confederate War ( Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press , 8%%! ) Q Anne Sarah Rubin , A Shattered Nation: ? e Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, ?1e?-?1e1 ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 337 ) Q Michael T. Bernath , Confederate Minds: ? e Struggle www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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for Intellectual Independence in the Civil War South ( Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 383 ) Q Coleman Hutchison , Apples and Ashes: Literature, Nationalism, and the Confederate States of America ( Athens : University of Georgia Press , 38 ) . 7 Oxford English Dictionary, "Context," def. a.

" Robert Penn Warren , ? e Legacy of the Civil War ( New York : Random House ,

8%"8 ), p.  . www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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More information xxiii Acknowledgments My ? rst thanks go to Ray Ryan, Caitlin Gallagher, and the team at Cambridge University Press for their vision and forbearance. I also want to acknowledge the painstaking work of my editorial assistant, Hannah V. Harrison. Trinity College"s Watkinson Library and ? e New-York Historical Society generously allowed us to reproduce images from their collections. ? e latter permission was for an image of two cows grazing near Grand Central Dépôt - an unexpected illustration for a history of the literature of the American Civil War. Yet if one knows the author of the essay in which said image appears, then the cows are hardly a sur- prise. Kathleen Di? ey has spent her career getting us to think about the Civil War in unusual and arresting ways. She has also been a steadfast sup- porter of at least two generations of Civil War literary historians. Her deft scholarship, collegial warmth, and administrative acumen certainly earn her the title "Dean of Civil War Literary Studies." As she might say, I am pleased as punch to dedicate this volume to her. www .cambridg e.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press

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Edited by Coleman Hutchison

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