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[PDF] 1 Climate is defined as an area's long-term weather patterns The
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73362_7elementsofweatherandclimate.pdf ŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĞĂƚŚĞƌĂŶĚůŝŵĂƚĞ
ŚĂƚƌĞŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĨŚĞĞĂƚŚĞƌŶĚůŝŵĂƚĞ͍
ĞĂƚŚĞƌŝƐŶŽƚŚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƚŚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝƚŝƐĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽĨ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ
ƚŚĞ ǁĂLJ ƚŚĞLJ ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ĞĂĐŚ ƚŽ ĐƌĞĂƚĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐ ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ Žƌ
ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘ĞĨŝƌƐƚŶĞĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJǁŚĂƚƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƚŚĂƚŵĂŬĞƵƉƚŚĞ
ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͘ŝŐŚƚƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐͬĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĚƌŝǀĞĂůůǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͗
ϭ͘ĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
Ϯ͘ŝƌ;ƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐͿƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ ϯ͘ŝŶĚ;ƉĞĞĚΘŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶͿϰ͘ƵŵŝĚŝƚLJ
ϱ͘ƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƚŝŽŶϲ͘ŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
ϳ͘ůŽƵĚƐ;LJƉĞΘŽǀĞƌͿ ϴ͘ƵŶƐŚŝŶĞƵƌĂƚŝŽŶĞĐĂŶŶŽǁůŽŽŬĂƚĞĂĐŚŽŶĞŝŶŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝů͘
ϭͿĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
ĞĂůůŬŶŽǁǁŚĂƚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŝƐ͘ŚĞŶĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐǁŝůůƉƌŽďĂďůLJ
ďĞ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ƚŽƉŝĐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŵĞ ƵƉ͘ ƚ ŝƐ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ǁĞ ĂƌĞ ƐŽ ƐĞŶƐŝƚŝǀĞ ƚŽ
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚƋƵŝĐŬůLJďĞĐŽŵĞĂǁĂƌĞŽĨĨĞĞůŝŶŐĐŽůĚŽƌŚŽƚ͘ĞŬŶŽǁǁŚĂƚŝƚĨĞĞůƐ
ůŝŬĞ͕ďƵƚǁŚĂƚĞdžĂĐƚůLJŝƐƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͍
ŚĂƚƐĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͍ĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŝƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨŬŝŶĞƚŝĐĞŶĞƌŐLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĂŝƌ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĂŶŝĨĞƐƚƐ ŝƚƐĞůĨ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůůLJ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŚĞĂƚ Žƌ ĐŽůĚ͘
ŚĞƐĐĂůĞƐƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ŝƐĞůƐŝƵƐ͕ĂŚƌĞŶŚĞŝƚ͕ĂŶĚĞůǀŝŶ͘
ŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂƚŚĞƌŵŽŵĞƚĞƌ͘
ŶŵŽƌĞƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĂůƚĞƌŵƐ͕ŝƚŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŝƌŵŽǀĞŽƌǀŝďƌĂƚĞĂƚĂ
ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƐƉĞĞĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐƌĞĂƚĞƐŬŝŶĞƚŝĐĞŶĞƌŐLJ͘ŚĞŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐƐƚĂƌƚƚŽŵŽǀĞͬƌŽƚĂƚĞ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚĨĂƐƚĞƌ͕ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ͘ŚĞŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐďĞŐŝŶƚŽƐůŽǁĚŽǁŶ͕ƚŚĞ
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂůƐŽƐƚĂƌƚƐƚŽĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞ͘
ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ
ŚĞƚŚĞƌŵŽŵĞƚĞƌŝƐƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘ŚĞLJĐŽŵĞŝŶĂůů
ƐŚĂƉĞƐĂŶĚƐŝnjĞƐĂŶĚĚĂƚĞƐĂůůƚŚĞǁĂLJďĂĐŬƚŽϭϳϭϰ͘ŚĞŵĞƌĐƵƌLJ͕ďŝŵĞƚĂů͕ĂŶĚ
ĚŝŐŝƚĂůƚŚĞƌŵŽŵĞƚĞƌĂƌĞƚŚĞϯŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶůLJƵƐĞĚŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ
ĂŵďŝĞŶƚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͘ϮͿŝƌƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ
ŝƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŝƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĞƐƐĞŶƚŝĂůĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJǁŚĞŶŝƚĐŽŵĞƐƚŽ
ĐƌĞĂƚŝŶŐŽƌĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ƚŝƐĂůƐŽŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĐƌŝƚŝĐĂůǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ
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ŚĂƚƐŝƌ;ƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐͿƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͍
ŝƌƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŝƐƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞǁĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞĂŝƌŝŶƚŚĞ
ĂƌƚŚΖƐĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘ƚŝƐĂůƐŽĐĂůůĞĚĂďĂƌŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͕ŶĂŵĞĚĂĨƚĞƌƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ
ĂŝƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͘
ůƚŚŽƵŐŚŝƚŵĂLJŶŽƚďĞǀŝƐŝďůĞ͕ĂŝƌŚĂƐǁĞŝŐŚƚƐŝŶĐĞŝƚŝƐŶŽƚĞŵƉƚLJ͘ƚŝƐĨŝůůĞĚǁŝƚŚ
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ŚĞǁĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌƚŝĐůĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĂŝƌĐƌĞĂƚĞƐƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŐƌĂǀŝƚĂƚŝŽŶĂůĨŽƌĐĞ
ŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŚ͘ŝŶĐĞŵŽƌĞĂŝƌŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞĂŝƌĐůŽƐĞƚŽƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚ͕ĂŝƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ
ŝƐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚŽŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞƚΖƐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂŶĚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐĂƐĂůƚŝƚƵĚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ͘
ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŝƌƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ
ŚĞďĂƌŽŵĞƚĞƌŝƐƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĂŝƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͘ǀĂŶŐĞůŝƐƚĂŽƌƌŝĐĞůůŝ
ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĚĞǀŝĐĞŝŶϭϲϰϯ͘
ŝŬĞƚŚĞƚŚĞƌŵŽŵĞƚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞďĂƌŽŵĞƚĞƌĂůƐŽĐŽŵĞƐŝŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĨŽƌŵƐ͘ŽŵĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞŵĞƌĐƵƌLJ͕ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ĂŶĞƌŽŝĚ͕ĂŶĚĚŝŐŝƚĂůďĂƌŽŵĞƚĞƌƐ͘
ϯͿŝŶĚ;ƉĞĞĚΘŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶͿŚĞ ŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ Ăŝƌ;ǁŝŶĚͿŝƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĚƌŝǀŝŶŐ ĨŽƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͘ ŚĞ
ŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJŽĨŵĂũŽƌĂŶĚĞǀĞŶĞdžƚƌĞŵĞǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĞǀĞŶƚƐůŝŬĞĐŽůĚΘǁĂƌŵĨƌŽŶƚƐ͕ĐůŽƵĚƐ͕
ƚŚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽƌŵƐ͕ĂŶĚŚƵƌƌŝĐĂŶĞƐĂƌĞĂůůĚƌŝǀĞŶďLJǁŝŶĚ͘
ŚĂƚƐŝŶĚ͍
ŝŶĚŝƐƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞͲƐĐĂůĞŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŝƌĨƌŽŵĂŶĂƌĞĂŽĨŚŝŐŚƚŽĂŶĂƌĞĂŽĨůŽǁ
ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞŝŶƚŚĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞ͘ŚĞƐƉĞĞĚĂŶĚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨǁŝŶĚĂƌĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚďLJƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞůŽǁͲ
ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂŶĚŚŝŐŚͲƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĂƌĞĂƐ͕ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝŶĂŝƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͘
ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŝŶĚƉĞĞĚĂŶĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ
ŚĞĂŶĞŵŽŵĞƚĞƌŝƐƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞǁŝŶĚƐƉĞĞĚ͘ŽŶƐŝƐƚŝŶŐŽĨϯͲϰ
ŚĂůĨͲĐƵƉƐŽŶĂƌŵƐƌŽƚĂƚŝŶŐĂƌŽƵŶĚĂĐĞŶƚƌĂůĂdžŝƐ͕LJŽƵĐĂŶƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJĨŝŶĚŝƚŽŶƚŽƉŽĨĂ
ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚŝŽŶŽƌĂƚĂŶĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ͘
ǁŝŶĚǀĂŶĞ;ŽƌǁĞĂƚŚĞƌǀĂŶĞͿŝƐƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞǁŝŶĚĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ͘ƚ
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ĂƌƌŽǁŽƌĐŽĐŬĞƌĞů͕LJŽƵĐĂŶĂůƐŽĨŝŶĚŝƚŽŶƚŽƉŽĨĂǁĞĂƚŚĞƌƐƚĂƚŝŽŶŽƌŚŝŐŚůLJĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚ
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ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƚŽǁĞƌƐ͘ϰͿƵŵŝĚŝƚLJ
ƵŵŝĚŝƚLJŝƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĞůĞŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞƐĞĞŶďƵƚĐĂŶďĞĨĞůƚ͘ƚŶŽƚŽŶůLJ
ƉůĂLJƐĂďŝŐƉĂƌƚŝŶǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶďƵƚĂůƐŽĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŽƵƌƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŽŵĨŽƌƚ
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ŚĂƚƐƵŵŝĚŝƚLJ͍
ƵŵŝĚŝƚLJŝƐƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨǁĂƚĞƌǀĂƉŽƌƚŚĂƚŝƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌĞĂƚĂŶLJ
ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐ ƚŝŵĞ͘ĂƚĞƌǀĂƉŽƌŝƐŶŽƚŚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶǁĂƚĞƌŝŶĂƐƚĂƚĞŽĨŐĂƐ;ĂĨƚĞƌƚŚĞůŝƋƵŝĚŚĂƐ
ĞǀĂƉŽƌĂƚĞĚͿ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚŚƵŵŝĚŝƚLJĂŶĚŝƚƐĞĨĨĞĐƚƐĐĂŶƵƐƵĂůůLJďĞĨĞůƚ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽƌŵĂůůLJ
ŝŶǀŝƐŝďůĞƚŽƚŚĞŶĂŬĞĚĞLJĞ͘ƵŵŝĚŝƚLJĐĂŶďĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐŝŶŐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĐŽƌƌĞĐƚůLJ͘ŚĞŶLJŽƵĂůƐŽ
ŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽŵĂŬĞĂĐůĞĂƌĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚŝŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂďƐŽůƵƚĞĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞŚƵŵŝĚŝƚLJ͘
ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐƵŵŝĚŝƚLJ
ŚĞŚLJŐƌŽŵĞƚĞƌŝƐƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞǁŝŶĚƐƉĞĞĚ͘ŽƵĂůƐŽĨŝŶĚŵŽƌĞ
ƚŚĂŶŽŶĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĚĞǀŝĐĞ͕ůŝŬĞƚŚĞƉƐLJĐŚŽŵŽƚŽƌĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŚLJŐƌŽŵĞƚĞƌ͘
ϱͿƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƚŝŽŶŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚǁĂƚĞƌŝŶĂŶLJŽĨŝƚƐĨŽƌŵƐŝƐĂŶĂďƐŽůƵƚĞŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚLJĨŽƌůŝĨĞ
ŽŶĂƌƚŚƚŽĞdžŝƐƚ͘ƵŵĂŶƐ͕ĂŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ĂŶĚƉůĂŶƚƐŶĞĞĚǁĂƚĞƌƚŽŐƌŽǁŽƌƐƚĂLJĂůŝǀĞ͕
ĂŶĚƉƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƚŝŽŶŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŽŶůLJ ǁĂLJ ƚŽ ƌĞƉůĞŶŝƐŚ ƚŚĞ ĚĂŵƐ͕ ƌŝǀĞƌƐ͕ ƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ
ŐƌŽƵŶĚǁĂƚĞƌŽŶǁŚŝĐŚǁĞƌĞůLJ͘ ŚĂƚƐƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ͍ƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƚŝŽŶŝƐǁĂƚĞƌŝŶĂůůŝƚƐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĨŽƌŵĞĚĂĨƚĞƌĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶ
ƚƵƌŶĞĚǁĂƚĞƌǀĂƉŽƌŝŶƚŽŝƚƐƐŽůŝĚĨŽƌŵ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĨĂůůƐƚŽƚŚĞŐƌŽƵŶĚĂĨƚĞƌŝƚďĞĐŽŵĞƐƚŽŽ
ŚĞĂǀLJƚŽƐƚĂLJƐƵƐƉĞŶĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĂŝƌ͘ƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƚŝŽŶĐĂŶƚĂŬĞƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨƌĂŝŶ͕ƐŶŽǁ͕
ŚĂŝů͕ Žƌ ŐƌĂƵƉĞů͘ ƌĞĐŝƉŝƚĂƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ĞǀĂƉŽƌĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ
ĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶ͘ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐĂŝŶĨĂůů
ƌĂŝŶŐĂƵŐĞŝƐƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƌĂŝŶĨĂůů͘ƚŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƚŝĂůůLJĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚ
ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƚŚĂƚĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƐƌĂŝŶĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚƚŚĂƚĨĂůůƐŽǀĞƌĂƐĞƚƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨ
ƚŝŵĞ͘
ϲͿŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
ŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ ŵĂLJ ƐĞĞŵ ůŝŬĞ Ă ǀĞƌLJ ƵŶůŝŬĞůLJ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƐ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚǁŚĞŶĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐůŝŬĞĨŽŐ͕ŵŝƐƚ͕ĨƌĞĞnjŝŶŐ
ĚƌŝnjnjůĞ͕ĂŶĚƐŵŽŐ͘ ŚĂƚƐŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͍ŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŝƐƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĞĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǁŚŝĐŚĂŶŽďũĞĐƚĐĂŶďĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ
ŽǀĞƌĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘ŚŝƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĐƌƵĐŝĂůǁŚĞŶĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐůŝŬĞŵŝƐƚ͕ŚĂnjĞ͕ĨŽŐ͕ĂŶĚĨƌĞĞnjŝŶŐĚƌŝnjnjůĞ
ĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶƐĞǀĞƌĞůLJŝŵƉĞĚĞǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͘
ŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚŚŝƐĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝƐŽĨƚĞŶƵŶĚĞƌĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞĚ͘ƚŝƐ
ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞŝŶĂƌĞĂƐǁŚĞƌĞǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJƉůĂLJƐĂĐƌƵĐŝĂůƌŽůĞ͕ůŝŬĞĂŝƌƉŽƌƚƐĂŶĚ
ŚĂƌďŽƌƐǁŚĞƌĞŝƚĐĂŶůŝƚĞƌĂůůLJďĞĂŵĂƚƚĞƌŽĨůŝĨĞŽƌĚĞĂƚŚ͘
ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
ŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJƐĞŶƐŽƌƐůŝŬĞΗĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƐĐĂƚƚĞƌƐĞŶƐŽƌΗĂƌĞƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ
ǀŝƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͘ŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ͕ƵƐŝŶŐLJŽƵƌŽǁŶǀŝƐŝŽŶ;ĞLJĞƐͿƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĞĞƚŽǁŚŝĐŚ
LJŽƵĐĂŶŽďƐĞƌǀĞĂŶŽďũĞĐƚ͕ǁĂƐƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘
ϳͿůŽƵĚƐ;LJƉĞΘŽǀĞƌͿƚŝƐŶŽƐĞĐƌĞƚƚŚĂƚĐůŽƵĚƐĂƌĞŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƋƵŝĐŬĞƐƚǁĂLJƐƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂŶĚ
ĨƵƚƵƌĞǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ƚƵĚLJŝŶŐƚŚĞŵŝŶŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůǁŝƚŚƐĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
ŝƐ ǀĞƌLJ ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ƚŽ ŵĂŬĞ ǀĞƌLJ ĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞ ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞ
ĂƚŵŽƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ŚĂƚƌĞůŽƵĚƐ͍
ůŽƵĚƐĂƌĞǁĂƚĞƌĚƌŽƉůĞƚƐŽƌǁĂƚĞƌŝŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚĞƐ;ůŝŬĞŝĐĞĂŶĚƐŶŽǁĐƌLJƐƚĂůƐͿ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚĨŽƌŵĞĚĂĨƚĞƌǁĂƚĞƌǀĂƉŽƌƌĞĂĐŚĞĚĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĂƚŝŽŶůĞǀĞůĂŶĚĐŽƵůĚŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌ
ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐĂƐĞŽƵƐĨŽƌŵ͘ŶŽǁŝŶŐŚŽǁƚŽŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚLJƉĞŽĨĐůŽƵĚĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚŝƚ͕ĐĂŶƉƌŽǀĞǀĂůƵĂďůĞǁŚĞŶĂƐƐĞƐƐŝŶŐǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ
ǁŝƚŚŽŶůLJǀŝƐƵĂůƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘ ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐůŽƵĚƐŚĞĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐŵĞƚĞŽƌŽůŽŐŝƐƚƐƵƐĞƚŽƐƚƵĚLJĐůŽƵĚƐŝŶĚĞƚĂŝůĂƌĞǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ
ƐĂƚĞůůŝƚĞƐĂŶĚƌĂĚĂƌƐ͘ĂƚĞůůŝƚĞĂŶĚƌĂĚĂƌŝŵĂŐĞƐĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĐůŽƵĚ
ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJ͕ƚŚĞĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨŵŽŝƐƚƵƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞĐůŽƵĚƐ͘
ϴͿƵŶƐŚŝŶĞƵƌĂƚŝŽŶŚĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ ƐƵŶƐŚŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ ĂƌƚŚ ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞƐ ;ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ Ă ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐ ŽĨƐŽůĂƌ
ƌĂĚŝĂƚŝŽŶͿ ŐƌĞĂƚůLJ ŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ ůŝŬĞ ĂŵďŝĞŶƚ
ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚŵŽƌĞŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJŚƵŵŝĚŝƚLJĂŶĚĂŝƌƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͘
ŚĂƚƐƵŶƐŚŝŶĞƵƌĂƚŝŽŶ͍ƵŶƐŚŝŶĞĚƵƌĂƚŝŽŶŝƐƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŝŵĞƚŚĞĂƌƚŚΖƐƐƵƌĨĂĐĞŝƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJĞdžƉŽƐĞĚƚŽƐŽůĂƌ
ƌĂĚŝĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ƚŽ ĂƐ ƐƵŶůŝŐŚƚ ŚŽƵƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨ
ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞŽǀĞƌĂƐĞƚƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨƚŝŵĞ;ŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJŝŶŚŽƵƌƐƉĞƌĚĂLJŽƌLJĞĂƌ͘Ϳ
ƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJƐƚĂƚĞĚ͕ƐƵŶƐŚŝŶĞĚƵƌĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĨůƵĞŶĐĞŽƚŚĞƌǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞŵĂŬĞƵƉŽĨƚŚĞǁĞĂƚŚĞƌĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐ͘ŚŝƐĂďŝůŝƚLJŵĂŬĞƐŝƚĂŵŽƌĞ
ƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůĂŶĚŝŶĨůƵĞŶƚŝĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƚŚĂŶLJŽƵŵŝŐŚƚƚŚŝŶŬ͘
ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐƵŶƐŚŝŶĞ
ƵŶƐŚŝŶĞ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞƌƐ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐĂůůLJ ĂŵƉďĞůůʹƚŽŬĞƐ ƌĞĐŽƌĚĞƌƐ͕ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐƵƐĞĚƚŽƌĞĐŽƌĚƐƵŶƐŚŝŶĞĚƵƌĂƚŝŽŶ͘ĂŵƉďĞůůʹƚŽŬĞƐƌĞĐŽƌĚĞƌƐďĂƐŝĐĂůůLJ
ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŽĨĂƐƉŚĞƌŝĐĂůůĞŶƐƚŚĂƚĨŽĐƵƐĞƐƐƵŶůŝŐŚƚŽŶĂƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐƚLJƉĞŽĨƚĂƉĞƚŽŵĂŬĞŝƚƐ