The correct answer for each multiple?choice item is worth one L.F.2.3.5. Answer Key ... first line of the poem does not suggest solace; therefore ...
ELP 2.2.9 Answer questions about literary elements with simple spoken and written ELP 2.3.5 Identify features of poetry and recite simple poem.
The correct answer for each multiple?choice item is worth one point . Which sentence uses the word spring as it is used in the poem? ... L.F.2.3.5.
2.3.5 Interpret information about time zones 2.7.5 Interpret literary materials such as poetry and literature ... 6.9.2 Estimate answers.
Feb 4 2017 2.3.5. Translation Procedures of Translating Culture-Specific Concepts ... answer. In his opinion Duranti (1997:24) cited in Thanasoulas ...
2.3.5. The Gaelic and the English in the Self-Translated Poetry Pair make crucial choices answering social and political dynamics whilst moving between.
The multiple-choice items require students to select the best answer from four of the passage best distinguishes it as narrative rather than poetry or.
Item Information. Alignment. L.F.2.3.5. Answer Key. D. Depth of Knowledge. 3 p?value A. 8% p?
D.2.3.5). After successfully completing this Reads and identifies literary forms (e.g. poetry
options and record their answers in the spaces provided. poem. Students must understand different literary devices that are used in ... L.F.2.3.5.
75_195521672.pdf TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL CONCEPTS FROM
XITSONGA INTO ENGLISH
BY
THEMBHEKA ABRAHAM MAKAMU
SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY
IN THE SUBJECT
AFRICAN LANGUAGES
AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA
SUPERVISOR: PROF M.R. MASUBELELE
FEBRUARY 2017
i
ABSTRACT
The study focused on the translation and interpretation of cultural concepts from Xitsonga into English. The main aim of the study was to formulate strategies and methods as well as techniques of translating cultural concepts from Xitsonga into English with the view towards bridging the gap between the two cultures. The study used a mixed method approach combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches. It examined the research problem by selecting respondents who deal with translation issues on a day-to-day basis and also observed how cultural concepts are presented in the bilingual dictionaries. This was done by comparing three languages i.e. Xitsonga, Northern-Sotho and Tshivenda. The researcher had to identify the afore-mentioned cultural concepts and to find if they were properly described or translated into English. The observation focused on the translation of both Xitsonga, Northern-Sotho and Tshivenda cultural fixed expressions which were given to translation studies students to translate into English. The aim was to find if they are able to give proper explanations or translation to the given expressions. Quantitatively, 24 out of the 30 questionnaires that were sent out to respondents, were returned to the researcher for presentation, analysis and interpretation. The study found that translating cultural concepts is very challenging. These challenges are presented by lack of equivalence and not recognising the cultural concepts in the source text. The study however found that employing the right strategies, methods and techniques can assist in bridging the gap between the languages and cultures. The translator also needs to have an in-depth knowledge of the two cultures: Xitsonga and English. KEY CONCEPTS: Translation, interpretation, cultural concepts, Functionalist Theory, Linguistic Theory, Skopos Theory, untranslatability. ii
ACRONYMS
SL: Source language
TL: Target language
ST: Source text
TT: Target text
MT: Machine translation
CSC: Culture-specific concepts
CSI: Culture-specific items
XED: Xitsonga-English Dictionary
SED: Sesotho sa Leboa-English Dictionary
TED: TshivendaEnglish Dictionary
ET1: English translation 1
ET2: English translation 2
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STUDENT NUMBER: 57637474
DECLARATION
I declare that TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL CONCEPTS FROM XITSONGA INTO ENGLISH is my own work. I further declare that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references and that this work has not been submitted before for any other degree at any other institution. _____________________ _______________________
Signature Date
(TA Makamu) iv
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to the late George Shirhami Mayevu (Kokwani GS), my father, the late Mqakaza Daniel Makamu (MD) and my senior brother, the late
Xikombiso John Makamu (XJ)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor Dr PH Nkuna whose in-depth knowledge has seen me producing this quality and high standard work. Your guidance throughout the whole study was beyond remarkable, your positive criticisms made it possible for me to have a better understanding of language issues that we are faced gone unnoticed and it is through these efforts that made me believe that I can be a great scholar. I will forever remain grateful to you. I owe my gratitude to Prof R Masubelele who has stepped in to play a major role in guiding me through the final stages of my work. I highly appreciate your positive contribution and feedback in making sure the quality of my work is of a high standard. I will forever remain grateful to you Prof R. Words of appreciation goes to my editor, Dr E Lubinga. Thank you so much for the great work you have done. To my statistician, Mr Maluleke Happy. I would like to appreciate the effort you took in making sure my study is in order when it comes to numbers, graphs and tables. I owe my academic being to Mrs CM Mayevu (Kokwani Christina), ntombhi ya ka Garrine. Your tough love since the beginning of my academic journey made me to officially realise the one dream I have never thought of. You have believed in me more than I believed in myself. I thank God for you because you have seen in me a great potential and you have assisted me into unleashing it. Thank you so much Gogo, words alone are not and can never be enough. Ndzi khensa ndzi vuyelela. To my mother, my friend, my pillar, my supporter and most of my all-time favourite, Mrs TO Makamu (Mhani Hulu). I do not have enough words to show how grateful I am to you for being part of my life since the first day on this earth. You have taken me under your wing since birth and travelled the journey of life showing me nothing but an undying love. This qualification goes to you for always believing that one day I will amount to something big. You have proven without any doubt that huku ya yi