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[PDF] 5 Morphology and Word Formation
5 Morphology and Word Formation key concepts Words and morphemes Root, derivational, inflectional morphemes Morphemes, allomorphs, morphs
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9 1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in morphology This book provides an introduction to the field of linguistic morphology It
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There is no book that deals adequately with morphology in general linguistic terms and that also takes into account fully up-to-date versions of syntactic and
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5 5 Inflection, derivation and the syntax-morphology interface This book provides an introduction to the field of linguistic morphology It
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Morphology is the study of word formation, of the structure of words Some observations about words and their structure:
[PDF] 2 Morphology - Uni-DUE
(inflectional morphology) word formation (lexical morphology) Morphology is often referred to as grammar, the set of rules governing words in a language
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7 jui 2018 · Morphology Francis Katamba 1 Introduction 1 1 THE EMERGENCE OF MORPHOLOGY Although students of language have always been aware of the
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BOOIJ Geert, The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Morphology (2nd edition), Oxford University e-mail, online, Web page, Website, and download
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2 Subdomains of Morphology 3 Properties of Morphemes Morphemes and their shapes Morphological Processes 4 Morphology in Computational Linguistics
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Morphology 1 1 How to do morphological analysis (or any other kind of linguistic analysis) Morphology is the study of word formation – how words are
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78791_7morphology.pdf uds-logo IntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
IntroductiontoMorphology
LinguisticsforComputerScientists
Session4
AntskeFokkens
DepartmentofComputationalLinguistics
SaarlandUniversity
03October2009
AntskeFokkensMorphology1/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Outline
1IntroductiontoMorphology
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
2SubdomainsofMorphology
3PropertiesofMorphemes
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
4MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AntskeFokkensMorphology2/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Outline
1IntroductiontoMorphology
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
2SubdomainsofMorphology
3PropertiesofMorphemes
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
4MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AntskeFokkensMorphology3/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
WhatisMorphology?
Morphologyisthestudyofformandstructure.
Inlinguistics,itgenerallyreferstothestudyofformand structureofwords.AntskeFokkensMorphology4/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Whatismorphology?
ThetermMorphologycanrefertothreedifferentthings
aDescriptionofthebehaviourofmorphemesandhowthey arecombined. bDerivational,inflectionalandcompositionalprocessesof wordformationoccurringinaspecificlanguage. e.g."GermanhasarichermorphologythanEnglish" cDescriptionofsuchwordformationprocesses.AntskeFokkensMorphology5/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
WhatareMorphemes?
Morphemes
Morphemesareminimalmeaning-bearingunits:
e.g.talkedcontainstwomorphemes:talkand-ed(past).Form-functionpairs(sound/sign-meaning)
Basicunitsofmorphology
Morphemesarethe"buildingstones"ofphrases
AntskeFokkensMorphology6/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Whystudymorphology?(1/2)
Oneofthemainpropertiesoflanguagearethe
sound/meaningpairs Whenanalyzinglanguage(orlearningaforeignlanguage), wecan'tsimplylistallexpressions:thereisaninfinite numberofthem! Sowecomposeexpressionsintosmallerunits:usuallyinto phrasesandwords(syntax)AntskeFokkensMorphology7/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Whystudymorphology?(2/2)
Canweusewordsasbasicsound/meaningunits?
Problems:
1Definitionofwordsisunclear
2Wordscanbecomposedofmanycomponentsthat
contributetomeaningand/orgrammar SeveralapplicationsinComputationalLinguisticsbenefitfrom morphologicalanalysis(morelater)AntskeFokkensMorphology8/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
WordsandMorphemes
Therearetwomainusagesofthetermword:
1Surfaceform(spokenorwrittenrepresentation)
2Abstractform(lemmaordictionaryentry,
e.g.bareinfinitivesinEnglish,nominativesingleformof nounsinLatin) Theclassofformsrepresentingawordindifferentcontexts iscalledalexeme e.g.sing={sing,sings,sang,sung,singing}BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology9/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Adefinitionofwords?
Wordscanbedescribedasunitsoflanguage(either
sequencesofsounds,orsigns)thatfunctionasmeaning bearers.Butthisisafuzzynotion,e.g.: talkedinshetalkedexpressesboth"talking"andpast tense.Ismoreorlessoneword,oraretherethreewords?
Astructuralistsolution:morphemes
AntskeFokkensMorphology10/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Alanguage:
11-112phonemes
↓4,000-10,000morphemes
↓Aninfinitenumberofsentences
AntskeFokkensMorphology11/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
MorphsandMorphologicalAnalysis
Therealisationsofmorphemesarecalledmorphs:
e.g.Englishpluralmorpheme: [NUMBERpl]:-s,-es,-en,-∅ boy-s,box-es,ox-en,sheepThesedifferentrealisationsofthesamemorphemeare
calledallomorphs.Morphologicalanalysis
Segmentationofexpressionsintobasicunits(mostly
startingfromword-level). Classificationofthesebasicunitsaccordingtofunction.BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology12/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Typesofmorphemes
FreeMorphemes
Freemorphemescanoccurindependently.Free
morphemesarecommoninbothEnglishandGerman. e.g.boy,singBoundMorphemes
Boundmorphemesmustbeattachedtoanother
morpheme,andcannotbeusedindependently. e.g.[NUMBERpl]-s→boysBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology13/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Typesofboundmorphemes
Typicalboundmorphemesare:
affixes(boy+s,talk+ed) clitics(French:jenesaispas,jeandnecannotoccur withoutaverb) roots(Spanishhabl-needsanendingindicatingperson, number,mode,etc.)AntskeFokkensMorphology14/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
Formatives
Morphemesareform-meaningpairs,butnotallsegmental
formshaveanidentifiablemeaning:Formativesareformswithoutidentifiablemeaning
e.g.LinkingelementsinGermancompounds:Geburt+s+tag(Birthday),Schwan+en+hals(swanneck).
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology15/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
PseudoMorphemes
Pseudo-morphemesorcranberrymorphemesare
specialcasesofformatives.Theyaresegment-ablepartofacomplexword,butdonot
haveanindependentmeaning: e.g. cran+berry,rasp+berry re+ceive,con+ceiveBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology16/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Outline
1IntroductiontoMorphology
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
2SubdomainsofMorphology
3PropertiesofMorphemes
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
4MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AntskeFokkensMorphology17/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
AreasofMorphology
Wedistinguish:
Wordforming:
Derivationalmorphology
Compounding
Inflection
AntskeFokkensMorphology18/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
DerivationalMorphology
allowstobuildcomplexwordsbycombiningboundand freemorphemes. Derivationaloperationsareperdefinitionoptional,i.e.not requiredbysyntacticcriteria.AntskeFokkensMorphology19/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Changesmadebyderivationalmorphemes
(a)semantics, e.g.[clear]→[un+[clear]]=unclear (b)syntacticcategory, e.g.[derive] V →[[[derive] V +ation] N +al] Adj =derivational (c)valencyofaverb, e.g.[qaw]'itbreaks'→[t+[qaw]]'hebreaksit'(Havasupai) (d)severalfromtheabove,e.g.[understand] V → [[understand] V +able]=understandableAntskeFokkensMorphology20/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Compounding
allowstobuildcomplexwordsbyjuxtapositionoffree morphemes. [[sale]+s+[man]],[[dish]+[washer]].Productivecompoundingresultsinaninfinitelexicon.
8 < :English
German
Havasupai
9 = ; 8 < : phonetics phonology morphology 9 = ; 8 < : teacher researcher student 9 = ;BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology21/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
InflectionalMorphology(1/2)
Inflectionisrequiredbysyntacticcriteria,e.g.anEnglish verbmusthavetense. Itmarksgrammatical(=morpho-syntactic)distinctions:Conjugation(verbalcategories):
1person,number,gender
2tense,aspect,mood,agreement
Declination(nominalcategories)
case,number,gender,degree,definitenessBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology22/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
InflectionalMorphology(2/2)
Meaningor,atleast,thegeneralconceptis(generally)not changed,thoughwhen,whoorwhatandsometimes where,howandwhethermaybespecifiedbyinflectional morphemes.Thereareboundandfreeinflectionalmorphemes:
go[TENSEpast]:went go[TENSEfuture]:willgoBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology23/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Inflection - paradigm
Inflectionalmorphologyistypicallyorganisedinparadigms.Paradigm
"Asetofformshavingthesameroot/stem,oneofwhichmust beselectedinacertainsyntacticenvironment"(definition basedon[Crystal(1997)](p.277)and[Payne(1997)](p.26))AntskeFokkensMorphology24/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Paradigm-anexample
Forinstance,Germanconjugation:
presentNUMBERpastNUMBER singularpluralsingularplural1.dehn-edehn-en1.dehn-tedehn-te-n
2.dehn-stdehn-t2.dehn-te-stdehn-te-t
3.dehn-tdehn-en3.dehn-tedehn-te-n
TakenfromCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology25/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Outline
1IntroductiontoMorphology
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
2SubdomainsofMorphology
3PropertiesofMorphemes
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
4MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AntskeFokkensMorphology26/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
SomeBasicNotions
Root:anunanalysableform,expressingthebasiclexical
contentofaword.Alsodefinedas'whatisleftofa complexformwhenallaffixesarestripped'.Stem:consistsofatleastaroot.
Itcancontain(an)derivationalaffix(es).
Ininflectionalmorphology,stemisgenerallydefinedasthe root+athematicvowel.Base:aformtowhichanaffixmaybeadded.Abasemay
besimplex(root)orcomplex(root+affixes).AntskeFokkensMorphology27/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
MorphologicalProcesses
Basescanbealteredbythefollowingprocesses:
Affixation
Prefixation
Suffixation
Circumfixation
Infixation
StemModification
Substitution(vowelmutation,suppletion)
Subtraction
SuprasegmentalModification
ToneStress
AntskeFokkensMorphology28/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Affixation
Affixesareboundmorphemes
Theirpositionisfixedwithrespecttothebase
aprefixprecedesthebase im-possible asuffixfollowsthebase want-ed acircumfixsurroundsthebase ge-dehn-t aninfixisplacedwithinthebase f-um-ikas'becomestrong',fikas'bestrong'(Bontok,Philippines)
Affixationcanbearecursiveprocess
Prefixesandsuffixesaremostfrequent
cross-linguisticallyAntskeFokkensMorphology29/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Affixation(cont)
Wordscanhaveaninternalstructure(seenextslide)
Theorderofapplicationcanbesignificant,e.g.
[in-[describe-able]],[[*in-describe]-able] [[un-do]-able]vs[un-[do-able]]Constraintsonmorphemeorderaredescribedby
morphotacticsMorphotacticscanbedeterminedby
wordsyntax(e.g.indescribable) lexicalstrata non-im-partialvs.in-non-partialBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology30/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Internalstructureofmotorizability
N motor N\V ize V V\A able A A\N ity N (Sproat(1992),p.84)AntskeFokkensMorphology31/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Typesofaffixationalprocesses
Affixation
constant string continuous base prefixsuffixcircumfix discontinuous base continuous affix infix discontinuous affix transfix copied string reduplication (Crysmann2006)AntskeFokkensMorphology32/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Infixation
AninfixisacontinuousaffixthatattacheswithinthebaseInfixationisrareinEuropeanlanguages
Infixationisoftenmotivatedbyprosodicfactors
Tagalogplacesaffixesinthebasetoavoidclosedsyllables (i.e.syllablesthatendinaconsonant) um-+sulat→sumulat sulat+reduplication:susulatandsumusulat um-+aral→umaral Infixationcanalsobepurelymorphologicallyconditioned: e.g.Udi(Nakh-Daghestanian,Azerbaijan)infixation:RootTransitiveIntransitive
boxbo-ne-x-saboilsbox-ne-saboils uku-ne-k-saeatsuk-ne-saisedibleBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology33/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Transfixation
Athesegmentofatransfixinterleaveswiththebase's
segment(i.e.bothbaseandaffixarediscontinuous) TransfixationiscommoninSemiticlanguages(e.g.Arabic andHebrew)Thefollowingformsarederivedfromtherootktbin
Maltese
TransfixWordGloss
-i-e-kiteb'hewrote' -i-ukitbu'theywrote' mi-u-miktub'written' -ie-ktieb'book' -o-akotba'books'BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology34/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Modification
Morphologicalprocessescaneffectsteminternal
segmentsTheGermanvowelmutation("umlaut"and"ablaut")are
typicalexamplesofsuchaprocessUmlaut:
Phonologicallypredictablesegmentalalternation(e.g. vowelfrontinginGerman) a→ä(Wald,Wälder("forest,forests")) u→ü(Mutter,Mütter,("mother,mothers")) o→ö(tot,Tödlich("dead,deadly"))Ablaut:
Phonologicallyunpredictablesegmentalalternation
gehen,ging,gegangenvssehen,sah,gesehenBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology35/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Exampleofasuprasegmentalmorpheme
InSabaot(Nilotic,Kenya&Uganda)usesadvanced
tonguerootandnormalvowelsasmorphemiccontrast.Thisprocessmaybeappliedtotheentireword,asinthe
examplebelow: (1)k ` ccmnyccncct ´ e ka-a-mnyaan-aa-tε-ATRPAST-1SG-be.sick-STAT-DIR-IMPERF
"Iwentbeingsick(butIamnotsicknow)" (2)k ´ a ´ amny ´ a ´ an ´ a ´ at´ε ka-a-mnyaan-aa-tεPAST-1SG-be.sick-STAT-DIR
"Ibecamesickwhilegoingaway(andIamstillsick)" (Payne1997,p.29)AntskeFokkensMorphology36/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Suppletion
Suppletionrefersto'stemreplacement':averbhasmore
thanonestemwhichareusedindifferentcontexts.InmanyEuropeanlanguages,suppletionoccurswiththe
verb'tobe',e.g.inEnglish,theverbusesthreehistorically differentroots: am,are,is was,were be (Payne,1997)AntskeFokkensMorphology37/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
SubtractiveMorphology(1/2)
Subtractivemorphologymeansthatpartofthestemis
omittedtomarkamorphologicalprocess.ForinstanceKoasati(aMuskogeanlanguage,spokenin
theUS):SingularPluralGloss
pitaf-fi-npit-li-ntosliceupthemiddle lasap-li-nlas-li-ntolicksomething acokcana:-kalnacokcan-ka-ntoquarrelwithsomeone obakhitip-li-inobakhit-li-ntogobackwardsDatatakenfromSproat(1992)
AntskeFokkensMorphology38/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
SubtractiveMorphology(2/2)
Theshapeofthebasecannotbepredictedfromthe
derivedformSubtractiveMorphologyisproblematicfortheories
assumingthatmorphologyconsistsoftheadditionof morphemesBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology39/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Reduplication
Reduplicatedmorphemesareformedbyreduplicating
(partof)thebase.Intotalreduplicationtheentirebaseiscopied,though
minorchangesmayoccur,e.g.([Kiparsky(1987)](p.115-117)
Indonesian:
orangorangorang 'man''men'Javanese:
BaseHabitual-RepetitiveGloss
balibolabali'return' udanudanudεn'rain'BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology40/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
SuprasegmentalMarking
Stress
Englishverb-nounderivations:
VerbNoun
produceproduce permitpermit importimport insultinsult discountdiscount ToneChicheˆwa:
FormTense/aspect
ndi-ná-fótokozasimplepast ndi-na-fótókozarecentpast ndí-nâ:-fótókozaremotepast ndí-ma-fotokózápresenthabitual ndi-ma-fótókozapasthabitualAntskeFokkensMorphology41/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
MorphophonologicalProcesses(1/2)
Theenvironmentofmorphemescaninfluencetheir
appearance(phonologicaland/orgraphemicalternations)MorphophonologicalAlternations
Assimilation
Homographicnasalassimilation
iN+possible→impossible iN+complete→incomplete iN+resistable→irresistableEpenthesis:wish+s→wishes
Graphemicalternations:
y+s∼iesBasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology42/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
MorphophonologicalProcesses(2/2)
Theenvironmentinfluencingthemorpheme'sformneed
notbedirectlyadjacenttothemorpheme Harmonyrulesimposeidentityofsoundfeatures(typically vowelfeatures)E.g.Finnishvowelharmony
lowmidhigh backvowelsaou frontvowelsäöü neutralvowelsei taivas+ta→taivasta(*taivastä) lyhyt+ta→lyhyttä(*lyhytta)AntskeFokkensMorphology43/69
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SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
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Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
(Morpho)phonologicalrules [ChomskyandHalle(1968)]proposephonologicalrulesto derive"surface"morphemesinTheSoundPatternofEnglish(SPE)
Theywereformalizedas(ordered)context-sensitive
rewriterules: a→b/v_w e.g.iN-→im-/_mAntskeFokkensMorphology44/69
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SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
(Morpho)phonologicalrulesTherewasastrongbelievethatrelatedmorphemesareall
derivedfromthesameunderlyingrepresentation,evenif thisformneveroccursonthesurface(e.g.divineand divinitywouldcomefromtherootdivIn)Theapproachdidnottakegeneralphoneticconstraints
withinthelanguageinaccount,nordiditaddressrulesand tendenciesinmorphemestructuresAntskeFokkensMorphology45/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Declinationofpuella
Latindeclinationofanounofthefirstdeclination:
caseNUMBER singularpluralNOMpuellapuellae
GENpuellaepuellarum
DATpuellaepuellis
ACCpuellampuellas
ABLpuellapuellis
AntskeFokkensMorphology46/69
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SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
Syncretism/exponence
Weobserveboth:
syncretism:thesameformisusedtoexpressdifferent featurecombinations. e.g.inthedeclinationofpuella: -ae:GENorDATsingular,orNOMplural -a:NOMorABLsingular -is:DATorABLplural exponence:therelationbetweenformandfunctionis m:n: multi-exponence(cumulation):oneformexpresses severalfunctions.Here:-amexpressesbothaccusativeandsingular
Extendedexponence:inge-dehn-t,ge-and-texpress
onefunctiontogether.AntskeFokkensMorphology47/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
MorphologicalProperties - Synthesis
Synthesis:thenumberofmorphemesthattendtooccurwithin aword.Inisolatinglanguageswordstendtoconsistofonlyone
morpheme.(e.g.Chineselanguages)Polysyntheticlanguagesareknownforthelargenumber
ofmorphemesthatmayoccurinasingleword.For instance,theQuechuaandInuitlanguages.Thefollowing exampleisfromYup'ik: (3)tuntussuqatarniksaitengqiggtuq tuntu-ssur-qatar-ni-ksaite-ngqiggte-uq reindeer-hunt-FUT-say-NEG-again-3gg-IND 'Hehadnotyetsaidagainthathewasgoingtohuntreindeer' ([Payne(1997)],p.28)AntskeFokkensMorphology48/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
MorphologicalProperties - Fusion(1/2)
Fusion:thenumberofmeaningunitsthatarefoundinone
morphologicalshape: Agglutinativelanguageshavelittlefusion:eachmeaning componentisrepresentedbyitsownmorpheme(e.g.Turkish).
Fusionallanguageshavemorphemesthatexpressmany
meaningunits:e.g.-óinSpanishhablóexpresses indicativemode,3rdperson,singular,pasttenseand perfectaspect.AntskeFokkensMorphology49/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
MorphologicalProperties - Fusion(2/2)
InEnglish,bothexamplesofagglutinativemorphemes,and fusionalonescanbefound: agglutinative:anti+dis+establish+ment+arian+ism fusion:vowelchangeinpluralforming(goose/geese)and strongverbs(sing/sang).Individualmorphemes(rootandnumber/tense)cannotbe
segmentedinchunks,thereforetheseformsarefusional.AntskeFokkensMorphology50/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
Outline
1IntroductiontoMorphology
Introduction
Whataremorphemes?
2SubdomainsofMorphology
3PropertiesofMorphemes
Morphemesandtheirshapes
MorphologicalProcesses
4MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AntskeFokkensMorphology51/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Morphologyrelatedapplicationsincomputationallinguistics are:1Analysingcomplexwords,definingtheircomponentparts:
anti+dis+establish+ment+arian+ism2Analysisofgrammaticalinformation,encodedinwords:
sings sing[PERSON3,NUMBERsingular,TENSEpresent]AntskeFokkensMorphology52/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
MorphologicalProcessing
Inflection
lemmatisation/stemming extractionofgrammatical(morpho-syntactic)features (preprocessingforparsing) Stateoftheart:finitestatetechnology(tobediscussed)Reductionoflexiconsize(English2:1,German5:1,
Finnish/Turkish>200:1)(Crysmann2006)
AntskeFokkensMorphology53/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
MorphologicalProcessing(cont)
DerivationalMorphology
Semi-productivityisstillachallenge
Rule-basedapproachestendtosufferfromover-generationCompoundAnalysis
Importantforlanguageswithproductivecompounding
Additionaltask:bracketing
AntskeFokkensMorphology54/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
Whydoweneedmorphology?
Forlinguistictools,suchasparsers:
significantreductionoflexiconsizeForstatisticalmethods:
reducesunseendata:inamorphologicallyrichlanguage, manywordswillbefoundineachpossibleform,evenina largetrainingcorpus. Machinetranslationrunsintoproblems,inparticularwhentranslating fromamorphologicallypoortoamorphologicallyrichlanguage.This isexpectedtobecomea'hottopic'inMTStateoftheart:FiniteStateTransducers
AntskeFokkensMorphology55/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
Non-deterministicFiniteAutomata(NFA)
Definition
Anon-deterministicfiniteautomatonisaquintuple(Q,Σ,δ,q
0 ,F),whereQisafinitesetofstates
Σisafinitesetofsymbols
δisatransitionfunctiondelta:Q×Σ→Q,
suchthatforeachq i ∈Qandeachσ∈Σ,thereisaq j suchthatδ(q i ,σ)=q j ,whereq j isanon-finalsinkstate, unlessσislicitatstateq i q 0 ∈QisauniqueinitialstateF⊆Qisasetoffinalstates
Atworse,aNFA'scomplexityisexponentialatwordlength
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology56/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε
Failure
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε
Backtracking
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234er e n ε st m r s ε ε
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε
Failure
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε
Backtracking
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234er en ε st m r s ε ε
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234er e n ε st m r s ε ε
BasedonCrysmann2006
AntskeFokkensMorphology57/69
uds-logoIntroductiontoMorphology
SubdomainsofMorphology
PropertiesofMorphemes
MorphologyinComputationalLinguistics
Automata
FiniteStateTransducers
AnexampleofaNFA
Germanadjectives
klein+er+es 1234eren ε st m r s ε ε