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Download File PDF Management And Cost Accounting Bhimani
students [Hindi/English] Basic Cost. Conceptswith a touch of humor
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??????? ??????? Financial Accounting ??????? ??????? (Cost Accounting ) ... Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy.
CAS - 14 COST ACCOUNTING STANDARD ON POLLUTION
The following is the Cost Accounting Standard - 14 (CAS - 14) issued by the Council of The. Institute of Cost Accountants of India on “POLLUTION CONTROL
Syllabus and Scheme of Examination for B.Com Programme
10 juil. 2015 5.2 Cost Accounting ... Accounting as an information system the users of financial ... Vyavsayik Sanniyam
Syllabus and Scheme of Examination for B.Com Programme
26 jui. 2015 2.1 Language: English/Hindi/Modern Indian Language ... Meaning objectives and advantages of cost accounting
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II
COST AND MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
In starting four study lessons we have discussed about the basic of cost accounting material
Generally Accepted Generally Accepted Cost Accounting Principles
The compilation of Generally Accepted Cost Accounting Principles (GACAP) by the Institute of Cost and Accountants of India is a unique effort to record
The Institute of Cost Accountants of India
What is the role of Cost and Management Accountant (CMA) ? Page 3. STUDENT FAQ's- SYLLABUS 2016. Directorate Of Studies Institute of Cost Accountants
Food Wastage Footprint: Fool cost-accounting
Food Wastage: Societal Costs and Benefits (FAO 2014). With this volume FAO aims to establish the basis for natural resources accounting in.
809_2CAS_14_Pollution_Control_Final.pdf /ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ .ƚğƩķ
tğŭĻ Њ ƚŅ Б /!{ Ώ ЊЍ /h{ !//h...bLbD {!b5!w5 hb th[[...Lhb /hbwh[ /h{ŷĻ ŅƚƌƌƚǞźƓŭ źƭ ƷŷĻ /ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķ Ώ ЊЍ Λ/!{ Ώ ЊЍΜ źƭƭǒĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ /ƚǒƓĭźƌ ƚŅ ŷĻ
LƓƭƷźƷǒƷĻ ƚŅ /ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷğƓƷƭ ƚŅ LƓķźğ ƚƓ ͻth[[...Lhb /hbwh[ /h{ͼ͵ LƓ Ʒŷźƭ {ƷğƓķğƩķͲ ƷŷĻ
ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ƦƚƩƷźƚƓƭ ŷğǝĻ ĬĻĻƓ ƭĻƷ źƓ Ĭƚƌķ źƷğƌźĭ ƷǤƦĻ͵ ŷźƭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ƭŷƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ƩĻğķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƷĻǣƷ
ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĬğĭƉŭƩƚǒƓķ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ ƭĻƷ źƓ ƓƚƩƒğƌ ƷǤƦĻ͵
Њ LƓƷƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓŷźƭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ķĻğƌƭ ǞźƷŷ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭ ğƓķ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ ƚŅ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓźƓŭ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ͵
ŷźƭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ķĻğƌƭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭ ğƓķ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ ƚŅ ĭƌğƭƭźŅźĭğƷźƚƓͲ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ
ğƭƭźŭƓƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭͲ ŅƚƩ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ /ƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷ ƚƩ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ
ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ķźƭĭƌƚƭǒƩĻ źƓ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
Ћ hĬƆĻĭƷźǝĻŷĻ ƚĬƆĻĭƷźǝĻ ƚŅ Ʒŷźƭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ źƭ Ʒƚ ĬƩźƓŭ ǒƓźŅƚƩƒźƷǤ ğƓķ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻƓĭǤ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭ ğƓķ
ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ ƚŅ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓźƓŭ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ /ƚƭƷƭ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻğƭƚƓğĬƌĻ ğĭĭǒƩğĭǤ͵
Ќ {ĭƚƦĻŷźƭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ƭŷƚǒƌķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ğƦƦƌźĻķ Ʒƚ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷƭ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻ ĭƌğƭƭźŅźĭğƷźƚƓͲ
ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷͲ ğƭƭźŭƓƒĻƓƷͲ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ķźƭĭƌƚƭǒƩĻ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ /ƚƭƷƭ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ
ƷŷƚƭĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩźƓŭ ğƷƷĻƭƷğƷźƚƓ͵
Ѝ 5ĻŅźƓźƷźƚƓƭŷĻ ŅƚƌƌƚǞźƓŭ ƷĻƩƒƭ ğƩĻ ĬĻźƓŭ ǒƭĻķ źƓ Ʒŷźƭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ƒĻğƓźƓŭ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĻķ͵
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!źƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷʹ !źƩ tƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷ ƒĻğƓƭ ğƓǤ ƭƚƌźķͲ ƌźƨǒźķ ƚƩ ŭğƭĻƚǒƭ ƭǒĬƭƷğƓĭĻ ΛźƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ
ƓƚźƭĻΜ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ğƷƒƚƭƦŷĻƩĻ źƓ ƭǒĭŷ ĭƚƓĭĻƓƷƩğƷźƚƓ ğƭ ƒğǤ ĬĻ ƚƩ ƷĻƓķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓƆǒƩźƚǒƭ
Ʒƚ ŷǒƒğƓ ĬĻźƓŭƭ ƚƩ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƌźǝźƓŭ ĭƩĻğƷǒƩĻƭ ƚƩ ƦƌğƓƷƭ ƚƩ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ ƚƩ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ
Њ͵
Ѝ͵Ћ
!źƩ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓʹ !źƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ƒĻğƓƭ ƷŷĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓĭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ğƷƒƚƭƦŷĻƩĻ ƚŅ ğƓǤ ğźƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷ͵Ћ
Ѝ͵Ќ
/ƚƭƷ hĬƆĻĭƷʹ ŷźƭ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ğ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷͲ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻͲ ĭƚƭƷ ĭĻƓƷƩĻͲ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤͲ ƭǒĬΏğĭƷźǝźƷǤͲ ƦƩƚƆĻĭƷͲ
ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷͲ ĭǒƭƷƚƒĻƩ ƚƩ ķźƭƷƩźĬǒƷźƚƓ ĭŷğƓƓĻƌ ƚƩ ğƓǤ ƚƷŷĻƩ ǒƓźƷ źƓ ƩĻƌğƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ Ǟŷźĭŷ ĭƚƭƷƭ
Њ {ĻĭƷźƚƓ Ћ ΛğΜ ƚŅ ŷĻ !źƩ ΛtƩĻǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ğƓķ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓΜ !ĭƷͲ ЊВБЊ
2 {ĻĭƷźƚƓ Ћ ΛĬΜ ƚŅ ŷĻ !źƩ ΛtƩĻǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ğƓķ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓΜ !ĭƷͲ ЊВБЊ
/ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ .ƚğƩķ
tğŭĻ Ћ ƚŅ Б ğƩĻ ğƭĭĻƩƷğźƓĻķ͵ЌЍ͵Ѝ
5źƩĻĭƷ 9ǣƦĻƓƭĻƭʹ 9ǣƦĻƓƭĻƭ ƩĻƌğƷźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƒğƓǒŅğĭƷǒƩĻ ƚŅ ğ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷ ƚƩ ƩĻƓķĻƩźƓŭ ğ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻͲ
Ǟŷźĭŷ ĭğƓ ĬĻ źķĻƓƷźŅźĻķ ƚƩ ƌźƓƉĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ ķźƩĻĭƷ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ ĭƚƭƷ ğƓķ
ķźƩĻĭƷ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻĻ ĭƚƭƷ͵ ЍЍ͵Ў
9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷʹ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ǞğƷĻƩͲ ğźƩ ğƓķ ƌğƓķ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ źƓƷĻƩΏƩĻƌğƷźƚƓƭŷźƦ Ǟŷźĭŷ
ĻǣźƭƷƭ ğƒƚƓŭ ğƓķ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ǞğƷĻƩͲ ğźƩ ğƓķ ƌğƓķͲ ğƓķ ŷǒƒğƓ ĬĻźƓŭƭͲ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƌźǝźƓŭ
ĭƩĻğƷǒƩĻƭͲ ƦƌğƓƷƭͲ ƒźĭƩƚΏƚƩŭğƓźƭƒ ğƓķ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷǤ͵
ЎЍ͵Џ
9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ tƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷʹ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ tƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷ ƒĻğƓƭ ğƓǤ ƭƚƌźķͲ ƌźƨǒźķ ƚƩ ŭğƭĻƚǒƭ
ƭǒĬƭƷğƓĭĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷ źƓ ƭǒĭŷ ĭƚƓĭĻƓƷƩğƷźƚƓ ğƭ ƒğǤ ĬĻͲ ƚƩ ƷĻƓķ Ʒƚ ĬĻͲ źƓƆǒƩźƚǒƭ Ʒƚ
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ͵
ЏЍ͵А
9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓʹ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ƒĻğƓƭ ƷŷĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓĭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ
ƚŅ ğƓǤ ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƦƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷ͵
АЍ͵Б
CźƓğƓĭĻ /ƚƭƷƭʹ /ƚƭƷƭ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ ĬǤ ğƓ ĻƓƷĻƩƦƩźƭĻ źƓ ĭƚƓƓĻĭƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ĬƚƩƩƚǞźƓŭ ƚŅ
ŅǒƓķƭ͵ ŷźƭ Ǟźƌƌ źƓĭƌǒķĻ źƓƷĻƩĻƭƷ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒźƷƒĻƓƷ ĭŷğƩŭĻƭ ƚƓ ĬğƓƉ ĬƚƩƩƚǞźƓŭƭͲ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƭŷƚƩƷ
ƷĻƩƒ ğƓķ ƌƚƓŭ ƷĻƩƒ ĬƚƩƩƚǞźƓŭƭͲ ğƒƚƩƷźƭğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ķźƭĭƚǒƓƷƭ ƚƩ ƦƩĻƒźǒƒ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ Ʒƚ
ĬƚƩƩƚǞźƓŭƭͲ ğƒƚƩƷźƭğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğƓĭźƌƌğƩǤ ĭƚƭƷ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ źƓ ĭƚƓƓĻĭƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ğƩƩğƓŭĻƒĻƓƷƭ
ƚŅ ĬƚƩƩƚǞźƓŭƭͲ ŅźƓğƓĭĻ ĭŷğƩŭĻƭ źƓ ƩĻƭƦĻĭƷ ƚŅ ŅźƓğƓĭĻ ƌĻğƭĻƭͲ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƭźƒźƌğƩ ğƩƩğƓŭĻƒĻƓƷƭ
ğƓķ ĻǣĭŷğƓŭĻ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓĭĻƭ ğƩźƭźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ ŅƚƩĻźŭƓ ĭǒƩƩĻƓĭǤ ĬƚƩƩƚǞźƓŭƭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƷĻƓƷ ƷŷĻǤ ğƩĻ
ƩĻŭğƩķĻķ ğƭ ğƓ ğķƆǒƭƷƒĻƓƷ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ źƓƷĻƩĻƭƷ ĭƚƭƷƭ͵
Б ŷĻ ƷĻƩƒƭ CźƓğƓĭĻ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƓķ .ƚƩƩƚǞźƓŭ
ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƩĻ ǒƭĻķ źƓƷĻƩĭŷğƓŭĻğĬƌǤ͵
Ѝ͵В
LƒƦǒƷĻķ /ƚƭƷƭʹ IǤƦƚƷŷĻƷźĭğƌ ƚƩ ƓƚƷźƚƓğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭͲ ƓƚƷ źƓǝƚƌǝźƓŭ ĭğƭŷ ƚǒƷƌğǤͲ ĭƚƒƦǒƷĻķ ŅƚƩ
ğƓǤ ƦǒƩƦƚƭĻ͵
ВЍ͵ЊЉ
bƚƩƒğƌ ĭğƦğĭźƷǤʹ bƚƩƒğƌ /ğƦğĭźƷǤ źƭ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ ğĭŷźĻǝĻķ ƚƩ ğĭŷźĻǝğĬƌĻ ƚƓ ğƓ
ğǝĻƩğŭĻ ƚǝĻƩ ğ ƓǒƒĬĻƩ ƚŅ ƦĻƩźƚķƭ ƚƩ ƭĻğƭƚƓƭ ǒƓķĻƩ ƓƚƩƒğƌ ĭźƩĭǒƒƭƷğƓĭĻƭ ƷğƉźƓŭ źƓƷƚ
Ќ !ķğƦƷĻķ ŅƩƚƒ /La! ĻƩƒźƓƚƌƚŭǤЍ !ķğƦƷĻķ ŅƩƚƒ tğƩğŭƩğƦŷ Ѝ͵Ѝ ƚŅ /!{ Ώ ЊЉ
Ў {ĻĭƷźƚƓ Ћ ΛğΜ ƚŅ ŷĻ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ ΛtƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓΜ !ĭƷͲ ЊВБЏ
Џ {ĻĭƷźƚƓ Ћ ΛĬΜ ƚŅ ŷĻ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ ΛtƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓΜ !ĭƷͲ ЊВБЏ
А {ĻĭƷźƚƓ Ћ ΛĭΜ ƚŅ ŷĻ 9ƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ ΛtƩƚƷĻĭƷźƚƓΜ !ĭƷͲ ЊВБЏ
Б !ķğƦƷĻķ ŅƩƚƒ /La! ĻƩƒźƓƚƌƚŭǤВ !ķğƦƷĻķ ŅƩƚƒ /!{ Њ ƦğƩğŭƩğƦŷ Џ͵Ў͵ЊЌ
/ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ .ƚğƩķ
tğŭĻ Ќ ƚŅ БğĭĭƚǒƓƷ ƷŷĻ ƌƚƭƭ ƚŅ ĭğƦğĭźƷǤ ƩĻƭǒƌƷźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ ƦƌğƓƓĻķ ƒğźƓƷĻƓğƓĭĻЊЉ͵
Ѝ͵ЊЊ
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌʹ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƒĻğƓƭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƚŅ ĻƒźƭƭźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ĻŅŅƌǒĻƓƷƭ źƓƷƚ
ĻƓǝźƩƚƓƒĻƓƷ͵ LƷ ĭƚƓƭƷźƷǒƷĻƭ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭĻƭͲ ƚƩ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƩĻķǒĭĻͲ
ƒźƓźƒźǩĻͲ ƚƩ ĻƌźƒźƓğƷĻ ƷŷĻ ĭƩĻğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƦƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷƭ ƚƩ ǞğƭƷĻƭ͵ LƷ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻƭ ƷŷğƷ
ƩĻķǒĭĻ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ Ʒƚǣźĭ ƚƩ ŷğǩğƩķƚǒƭ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ ĻƓĻƩŭǤͲ ǞğƷĻƩͲ ğƓķ Ή ƚƩ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ͵
Ѝ͵ЊЋ
tƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚǝĻƩŷĻğķƭʹ LƓķźƩĻĭƷ ĭƚƭƷƭ źƓǝƚƌǝĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ƚƩ źƓ ƩĻƓķĻƩźƓŭ
ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ͵
ЊЊ
ŷĻ ƷĻƩƒƭ tƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ hǝĻƩŷĻğķƭͲ CğĭƷƚƩǤ hǝĻƩŷĻğķƭͲ ƚƩƉƭ hǝĻƩŷĻğķƭ ğƓķ
ağƓǒŅğĭƷǒƩźƓŭ hǝĻƩŷĻğķƭ ķĻƓƚƷĻ ƷŷĻ ƭğƒĻ ƒĻğƓźƓŭ ğƓķ ğƩĻ ǒƭĻķ źƓƷĻƩĭŷğƓŭĻğĬƌǤ͵
tƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ ƚǝĻƩŷĻğķƭ ƭŷğƌƌ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ğķƒźƓźƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ ĭƚƭƷ ƩĻƌğƷźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓͲ ŅğĭƷƚƩǤͲ
ǞƚƩƉƭ ƚƩ ƒğƓǒŅğĭƷǒƩźƓŭ͵Ѝ͵ЊЌ
{ƚźƌ tƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷʹ {ƚźƌ tƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷ źƭ ğ ƭǒĬƭƷğƓĭĻ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ĭğķƒźǒƒͲ ĭƚƦƦĻƩͲ ğƩƭĻƓźĭͲ ƒĻƩĭǒƩǤͲ
ƚźƌ ğƓķ ƚƩŭğƓźĭ ƭƚƌǝĻƓƷͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ źƭ ƷŷĻ ƭƚǒƩĭĻ ƚŅ ƭƚźƌ ĭƚƓƷğƒźƓğƷźƚƓ͵
Ѝ͵ЊЍ
{ƚźƌ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓʹ {ƚźƌ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ƒĻğƓƭ ƷŷĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ğƓǤ ƭƚźƌ ƦƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷΛƭΜ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƭƚźƌ Ǟŷźĭŷ
źƭ ŷğƩƒŅǒƌ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƌźǝźƓŭ ĬĻźƓŭƭ ǞŷĻƓ źƷ ĭƩƚƭƭĻƭ źƷƭ ƷŷƩĻƭŷƚƌķ ĭƚƓĭĻƓƷƩğƷźƚƓ ƌĻǝĻƌ͵
Ѝ͵ЊЎ
{ƷğƓķğƩķ /ƚƭƷʹ ! ƦƩĻķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻķ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻ źƓƦǒƷƭ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷ ĭƚƒƦǒƷĻķ
ǞźƷŷ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ƭĻƷ ƚŅ ƷĻĭŷƓźĭğƌ ƭƦĻĭźŅźĭğƷźƚƓƭ ğƓķ ĻŅŅźĭźĻƓƷ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƓŭ ĭƚƓķźƷźƚƓƭ͵
{ƷğƓķğƩķ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƩĻ ǒƭĻķ ğƭ ƭĭğƌĻ ƚŅ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƒƦğƩĻ ƷŷĻ ğĭƷǒğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ
ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ĭƚƭƷ ǞźƷŷ ğ ǝźĻǞ Ʒƚ ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻ ƷŷĻ ǝğƩźğƓĭĻƭͲ źŅ ğƓǤͲ ğƓķ ğƓğƌǤƭĻ ƷŷĻ ĭğǒƭĻƭ ƚŅ
ǝğƩźğƓĭĻƭ ğƓķ ƷğƉĻ ƦƩƚƦĻƩ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƷŷĻƒ͵ {ƷğƓķğƩķ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƩĻ ğƌƭƚ ǒƭĻķ ŅƚƩ
ĻƭƷźƒğƷźƚƓ͵
Ѝ͵ЊЏ ğƷĻƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓʹ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ƒĻğƓƭ ƭǒĭŷ ĭƚƓƷğƒźƓğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ǞğƷĻƩ ƚƩ ƭǒĭŷ ğƌƷĻƩğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ƦŷǤƭźĭğƌͲ ĭŷĻƒźĭğƌ ƚƩ Ĭźƚƌƚŭźĭğƌ ƦƩƚƦĻƩƷźĻƭ ƚŅ ǞğƷĻƩ ƚƩ ƭǒĭŷ ķźƭĭŷğƩŭĻ ƚŅ ğƓǤ ƭĻǞğŭĻ ƚƩ
ƷƩğķĻ ĻŅŅƌǒĻƓƷ ƚƩ ƚŅ ğƓǤ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƌźƨǒźķͲ ŭğƭĻƚǒƭ ƚƩ ƭƚƌźķ ƭǒĬƭƷğƓĭĻ źƓƷƚ ǞğƷĻƩ ΛǞŷĻƷŷĻƩ
ķźƩĻĭƷƌǤ ƚƩ źƓķźƩĻĭƷƌǤΜ ğƭ ƒğǤͲ ƚƩ źƭ ƌźƉĻƌǤ ƷƚͲ ĭƩĻğƷĻ ğ ƓǒźƭğƓĭĻ ƚƩ ƩĻƓķĻƩ ƭǒĭŷ ǞğƷĻƩ
ŷğƩƒŅǒƌ ƚƩ źƓƆǒƩźƚǒƭ Ʒƚ ƦǒĬƌźĭ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ƚƩ ƭğŅĻƷǤͲ ƚƩ Ʒƚ ķƚƒĻƭƷźĭͲ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌͲ źƓķǒƭƷƩźğƌͲ
ğŭƩźĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ ƚƩ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƌĻŭźƷźƒğƷĻ ǒƭĻƭͲ ƚƩ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƌźŅĻ ğƓķ ŷĻğƌƷŷ ƚŅ ğƓźƒğƌƭ ƚƩ ƦƌğƓƷƭ ƚƩ ƚŅ
ЊЉ !ķğƦƷĻķ ŅƩƚƒ /!{ Ћ ƦğƩğŭƩğƦŷ Ѝ͵Ѝ
ЊЊ !ķğƦƷĻķ ŅƩƚƒ /!{ΏЊ tğƩğ Џ͵Ќ͵Ќ ğƓķ Џ͵Ќ͵Ѝ
/ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ .ƚğƩķ
tğŭĻ Ѝ ƚŅ Б ğƨǒğƷźĭ ƚƩŭğƓźƭƒƭ͵ЊЋ Ў tƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭ ƚŅ aĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷʹЎ͵Њ
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƷŷĻ ğŭŭƩĻŭğƷĻ ƚŅ ķźƩĻĭƷ ğƓķ źƓķźƩĻĭƷ ĭƚƭƷ ƩĻƌğƷźƓŭ Ʒƚ
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ͵5źƩĻĭƷ ĭƚƭƷ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ ĭƚƓƭǒƒğĬƌĻ ƭƷƚƩĻƭͲ ƭƦğƩĻƭͲ ƒğƓƦƚǞĻƩͲ
ĻƨǒźƦƒĻƓƷ ǒƭğŭĻͲ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭͲ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ŅƚƩ ƷĻƭƷźƓŭ ε ĭĻƩƷźŅźĭğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ źķĻƓƷźŅźğĬƌĻ
ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ĭƚƓƭǒƒĻķ źƓ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ǞğƭƷĻ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭźƓŭͲ ķźƭƦƚƭğƌͲ ƩĻƒĻķźğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ
ƚƷŷĻƩƭ͵
LƓķźƩĻĭƷ ĭƚƭƷ źƓĭƌǒķĻƭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ĭƚƒƒƚƓ Ʒƚ ǝğƩźƚǒƭ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ
ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ wĻŭźƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƭǒĭŷ ƌźƉĻ ĻǣƦĻƓƭĻƭ͵
Ў͵Ћ
/ƚƭƷƭ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ Ǟŷźĭŷ ğƩĻ źƓƷĻƩƓğƌ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĻƓƷźƷǤ ƭŷƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ğĭĭƚǒƓƷĻķ ŅƚƩ ǞŷĻƓ
źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ͵ ŷĻǤ ƭŷƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻķ ğƷ ƷŷĻ ŷźƭƷƚƩźĭğƌ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ĭƚƓƭǒƒĻķ͵
Ў͵Ќ
CǒƷǒƩĻ ƩĻƒĻķźğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ ķźƭƦƚƭğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ Ǟŷźĭŷ ğƩĻ ĻǣƦĻĭƷĻķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻğƭƚƓğĬƌĻ
ĭĻƩƷğźƓƷǤ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ hƓĻƩƚǒƭ /ƚƓƷƩğĭƷ ƚƩ /ƚƓƭƷƩǒĭƷźǝĻ hĬƌźŭğƷźƚƓͲ ƌĻŭğƌƌǤ ĻƓŅƚƩĭĻğĬƌĻ
ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ĻƭƷźƒğƷĻķ ğƓķ ğĭĭƚǒƓƷĻķ ĬğƭĻķ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƨǒğƓƷǒƒ ƚŅ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ŭĻƓĻƩğƷĻķ źƓ Ļğĭŷ
ƦĻƩźƚķ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƩĻƒĻķźğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ ķźƭƦƚƭğƌ źƓ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ͵
CƚƩ ĻǣğƒƦƌĻ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ķźƭƦƚƭğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƚŅ ƭƚƌźķ ǞğƭƷĻ ŭĻƓĻƩğƷĻķ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ĭǒƩƩĻƓƷ ƦĻƩźƚķ
ƭŷƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ĻƭƷźƒğƷĻķ ƚƓͲ ƭğǤͲ ğ ƦĻƩ ƷƚƓƓĻ Ĭğƭźƭ͵
Ў͵Ѝ
/ƚƓƷźƓŭĻƓƷ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ƩĻƒĻķźğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ ķźƭƦƚƭğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ Ļ͵ŭ͵ ƷŷƚƭĻ ƌźƉĻƌǤ Ʒƚ ğƩźƭĻ ƚƓ ğĭĭƚǒƓƷ ƚŅ
ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ƌĻŭźƭƌğƷźǝĻ ĭŷğƓŭĻƭ ƚƓ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƭŷğƌƌ ƓƚƷ ĬĻ ƷƩĻğƷĻķ ğƭ ĭƚƭƷ ǒƓƷźƌ ƷŷĻ
źƓĭźķĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƭǒĭŷ ĭƚƭƷƭ ĬĻĭƚƒĻ ƩĻğƭƚƓğĬƌǤ ĭĻƩƷğźƓ ğƓķ ĭğƓ ĬĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻķ͵
9ǣƷĻƩƓğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƚŅ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ Ǟŷźĭŷ ğƩĻ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌƌǤ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷƭ źƒƦƚƭĻķ ƚƓ ĻǣƷĻƩƓğƌ ƦğƩƷźĻƭ
źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƭƚĭźğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƩĻ ķźŅŅźĭǒƌƷ Ʒƚ ĻƭƷźƒğƷĻ ǞźƷŷ ƩĻğƭƚƓğĬƌĻ ğĭĭǒƩğĭǤ ğƓķ ğƩĻ ĻǣĭƌǒķĻķ
ŅƩƚƒ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ ƦǒƩƦƚƭĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
{ƚĭźğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƚŅ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ğƩĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻķ ĬǤ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ƒƚķĻƌƭ ƚŅ ĭƚƭƷ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷ͵ ŷĻ
ĭƚƭƷ ĬǤ ǞğǤ ƚŅ ĭƚƒƦĻƓƭğƷźƚƓ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƓŭ ĻƓƷźƷǤ ĻźƷŷĻƩ ǒƓķĻƩ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ƌĻŭźƭƌğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ
ǒƓķĻƩ ƭƚĭźğƌ ƦƩĻƭƭǒƩĻ ĭğƓƓƚƷ ĬĻ ƨǒğƓƷźŅźĻķ ĬǤ ƷƩğķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƒƚķĻƌƭ ƚŅ ĭƚƭƷ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷ͵
ŷĻǤ ğƩĻ ĬĻƭƷ ƉĻƦƷ ƚǒƷ ƚŅ ŭĻƓĻƩğƌ ƦǒƩƦƚƭĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
ЊЋ {ĻĭƷźƚƓ Ћ ΛĻΜ ƚŅ ŷĻ ğƷĻƩ ΛtƩĻǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ğƓķ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓΜ !ĭƷͲ ЊВАЍ
/ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ .ƚğƩķ
tğŭĻ Ў ƚŅ БЎ͵Ў /ƚƭƷ ƚŅ źƓΏŷƚǒƭĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ ƭŷğƌƌ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ ĭƚƓƭǒƒğĬƌĻ
ƭƷƚƩĻƭͲ ƭƦğƩĻƭͲ ƒğƓƦƚǞĻƩͲ ĻƨǒźƦƒĻƓƷ ǒƭğŭĻͲ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ƭǒĭŷ
ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ͵
Ў͵Џ
/ƚƭƷ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ ĭğƩƩźĻķ ƚǒƷ ĬǤ ƚǒƷƭźķĻ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩƭ źƓƭźķĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƓƷźƷǤ
ƭŷğƌƌ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ĭŷğƩŭĻƭ ƦğǤğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩ ğƓķ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ ĭƚƓƭǒƒğĬƌĻ
ƭƷƚƩĻƭͲ ƭƦğƩĻƭͲ ƒğƓƦƚǞĻƩͲ ĻƨǒźƦƒĻƓƷ ǒƭğŭĻͲ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ĭƚƭƷƭ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ
ĻƓƷźƷǤ ŅƚƩ ƭǒĭŷ ƆƚĬƭ͵Ў͵А
/ƚƭƷ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƆƚĬƭ ĭğƩƩźĻķ ƚǒƷ ĬǤ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩ ğƷ źƷƭ ƦƩĻƒźƭĻƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ
ķĻƷĻƩƒźƓĻķ ğƷ źƓǝƚźĭĻ ƚƩ ğŭƩĻĻķ ƦƩźĭĻ źƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ķǒƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ƷğǣĻƭͲ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ĻǣƦĻƓķźƷǒƩĻ
ķźƩĻĭƷƌǤ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷğĬƌĻ ƷŷĻƩĻƷƚ ƓĻƷ ƚŅ ķźƭĭƚǒƓƷƭ ΛƚƷŷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ ĭğƭŷ ķźƭĭƚǒƓƷΜͲ ƷğǣĻƭ ğƓķ
ķǒƷźĻƭ ƩĻŅǒƓķğĬƌĻ ƚƩ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ĭƩĻķźƷĻķ͵ ŷźƭ ĭƚƭƷ ƭŷğƌƌ ğƌƭƚ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƚƷŷĻƩ
ƩĻƭƚǒƩĭĻƭ ƦƩƚǝźķĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩƭ͵
Ў͵Б
/ƚƭƷ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƆƚĬƭ ĭğƩƩźĻķ ƚǒƷ ĬǤ ƚǒƷƭźķĻ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩƭ ƭŷğƌƌ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ĭŷğƩŭĻƭ
ƒğķĻ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƷƩğĭƷƚƩ ğƓķ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƚǞƓ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭͲ ĭƚƓƭǒƒğĬƌĻ ƭƷƚƩĻƭͲ ƭƦğƩĻƭͲ
ƒğƓƦƚǞĻƩͲ ĻƨǒźƦƒĻƓƷ ǒƭğŭĻͲ ǒƷźƌźƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ĭƚƭƷƭ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ƭǒĭŷ ƆƚĬƭ͵
Ў͵В
9ğĭŷ ƷǤƦĻ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ Ļ͵ŭ͵ ǞğƷĻƩͲ ğźƩͲ ƭƚźƌ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƷƩĻğƷĻķ ğƭ ğ
ķźƭƷźƓĭƷ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤͲ źŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ ğƓķ źķĻƓƷźŅźğĬƌĻ͵
Ў͵ЊЉ
CźƓğƓĭĻ ĭƚƭƷƭ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ źƓ ĭƚƓƓĻĭƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ƓƚƷ ŅƚƩƒ
ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ͵
Ў͵ЊЊ
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ƓƚƷ źƓĭƌǒķĻ źƒƦǒƷĻķ ĭƚƭƷƭ͵
Ў͵ЊЋ
tƩźĭĻ ǝğƩźğƓĭĻƭ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ Ʒƚ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƩĻ źƓ ǒƭĻͲ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ
ƷƩĻğƷĻķ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵ ŷĻ ƦƚƩƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ǒƭğŭĻ ǝğƩźğƓĭĻƭ ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ
ƓƚƩƒğƌ ƩĻğƭƚƓƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƷƩĻğƷĻķ ğƭ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵ ...ƭğŭĻ ǝğƩźğƓĭĻƭ
ğƷƷƩźĬǒƷğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ğĬƓƚƩƒğƌ ƩĻğƭƚƓƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ĻǣĭƌǒķĻķ ŅƩƚƒ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵
Ў͵ЊЌ
{ǒĬƭźķǤ Ή DƩğƓƷ Ή LƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ ƚƩ ğƒƚǒƓƷ ƚŅ ƭźƒźƌğƩ ƓğƷǒƩĻ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ Ή ƩĻĭĻźǝğĬƌĻ ǞźƷŷ
ƩĻƭƦĻĭƷ Ʒƚ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤͲ źŅ ğƓǤͲ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƩĻķǒĭĻķ ŅƚƩ ğƭĭĻƩƷğźƓƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷ Ʒƚ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƭǒĭŷ ğƒƚǒƓƷƭ ğƩĻ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ͵
/ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ .ƚğƩķ
tğŭĻ Џ ƚŅ БЎ͵ЊЍ !ƓǤ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ ƩĻƭǒƌƷźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ ğĬƓƚƩƒğƌ ĭźƩĭǒƒƭƷğƓĭĻƭͲ źŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ ğƓķ
ƨǒğƓƷźŅźğĬƌĻͲ ƭŷğƌƌ ƓƚƷ ŅƚƩƒ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵
Ў͵ЊЎ
CźƓĻƭͲ ƦĻƓğƌƷźĻƭͲ ķğƒğŭĻƭ ğƓķ ƭźƒźƌğƩ ƌĻǝźĻƭ Ʀğźķ Ʒƚ ƭƷğƷǒƷƚƩǤ ğǒƷŷƚƩźƷźĻƭ ƚƩ ƚƷŷĻƩ ƷŷźƩķ
ƦğƩƷźĻƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ƓƚƷ ŅƚƩƒ ƦğƩƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵
Ў͵ЊЏ
/ƩĻķźƷƭ Ή ƩĻĭƚǝĻƩźĻƭ ƩĻƌğƷźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤͲ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ ğƓķ ƨǒğƓƷźŅźğĬƌĻͲ
ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ķĻķǒĭƷĻķ Ʒƚ ğƩƩźǝĻ ğƷ ƷŷĻ ƓĻƷ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵
Ў͵ЊА
wĻƭĻğƩĭŷ ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĭƚƭƷ Ʒƚ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦ ƓĻǞ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭͲ ƓĻǞ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷƭ ƚƩ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƓĻǞ
ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ Ʒƚ ğǝƚźķ ƚƩ ƒźƷźŭğƷĻ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƷƩĻğƷĻķ ğƭ ƩĻƭĻğƩĭŷ ğƓķ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ
ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƓķ ƓƚƷ źƓĭƌǒķĻķ ǒƓķĻƩ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ͵ 5ĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ĭƚƭƷƭ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ ŅƚƩ
ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌ ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƭǒĭŷ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷͲ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ƚƩ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ źƓĭƌǒķĻķ źƓ
ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ͵Ў͵ЊБ !ƓǤ ĭŷğƓŭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ğĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭ ğƦƦƌźĻķ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ ƭŷƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ƒğķĻ ƚƓƌǤ źŅͲ źƷ źƭ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻķ ĬǤ ƌğǞ ƚƩ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƒƦƌźğƓĭĻ
ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ ğ ĭƚƭƷ ğĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ ƭƷğƓķğƩķͲ ƚƩ ğ ĭŷğƓŭĻ Ǟƚǒƌķ ƩĻƭǒƌƷ źƓ ğ ƒƚƩĻ
ğƦƦƩƚƦƩźğƷĻ ƦƩĻƦğƩğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ ğƓ ƚƩŭğƓźƭğƷźƚƓ͵
Џ !ƭƭźŭƓƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ĭƚƭƷƭЏ͵Њ
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƷƩğĭĻķ Ʒƚ ğ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĻǣƷĻƓƷ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭğƌƌǤ
ŅĻğƭźĬƌĻ͵
5źƩĻĭƷ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƚŅ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƷƩĻğƷƒĻƓƷ ğƓķ ķźƭƦƚƭğƌ ƚŅ ǞğƭƷĻ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ğƭƭźŭƓĻķ
ķźƩĻĭƷƌǤ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ ƷƩğĭĻğĬƌĻ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭğƌƌǤ͵
ŷĻƩĻ ƷŷĻƭĻ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƩĻ ƓƚƷ ķźƩĻĭƷƌǤ ƷƩğĭĻğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷ ĬǒƷ ğƩĻ ƷƩğĭĻğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ğ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ
Ǟŷźĭŷ ĭğǒƭĻƭ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓͲ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ğƭƭźŭƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷƭ ƦğƭƭźƓŭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ
ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ĬğƭĻķ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ƨǒğƓƷźƷǤ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦƚƌƌǒƷğƓƷ ŭĻƓĻƩğƷĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚķǒĭƷ͵
Џ͵Ћ
ŷĻƩĻ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ źƭ ƓƚƷ ķźƩĻĭƷƌǤ ƷƩğĭĻğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷͲ źƷ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ
ƷƩĻğƷĻķ ğƭ ƚǝĻƩŷĻğķ ğƓķ ğƭƭźŭƓĻķ ĬğƭĻķ ƚƓ ĻźƷŷĻƩ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅƚƌƌƚǞźƓŭ ƷǞƚ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭͳ
źΜ /ğǒƭĻ ğƓķ 9ŅŅĻĭƷ Ώ /ğǒƭĻ źƭ ƷŷĻ ƦƩƚĭĻƭƭ ƚƩ ƚƦĻƩğƷźƚƓ ƚƩ ğĭƷźǝźƷǤ ğƓķ ĻŅŅĻĭƷ źƭ ƷŷĻ
źƓĭǒƩƩĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ĭƚƭƷ͵źźΜ .ĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ Α ƚǝĻƩŷĻğķƭ ğƩĻ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ğƦƦƚƩƷźƚƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ǝğƩźƚǒƭ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷƭ źƓ
ƦƩƚƦƚƩƷźƚƓ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĬĻƓĻŅźƷƭ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻƒ͵
/ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ .ƚğƩķ
tğŭĻ А ƚŅ БǤƦźĭğƌ ƚŅ ƭǒĭŷ ĭƚƭƷƭ ğƩĻ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ğķƒźƓźƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƩĻƌğƷźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ
ğĭƷźǝźƷźĻƭͲ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƚŅ ĭĻƩƷźŅźĭğƷźƚƓ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ L{h ЊЍЉЉЉ ğƓķ ƩĻŭźƭƷƩğƷźƚƓ ŅĻĻƭ ƦğǤğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ
ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ğǒƷŷƚƩźƷźĻƭ
Џ͵Ќ
LŅ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ ΛźƓĭƌǒķźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƭŷğƩĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƩĻĭźƦƩƚĭğƌ ĻǣĭŷğƓŭĻ ƚŅ
ƭĻƩǝźĭĻƭΜ źƭ ƭŷğƩĻķ ĬǤ ƭĻǝĻƩğƌ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷƭͲ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ ĭƚƭƷ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻķ ğƭ ğƓ
ğŭŭƩĻŭğƷĻ ğƓķ ķźƭƷƩźĬǒƷĻķ ğƒƚƓŭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷƭ ğƭ ƦĻƩ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭ ƌğźķ ķƚǞƓ źƓ /ƚƭƷ
!ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķ Α Ќ͵ А tƩĻƭĻƓƷğƷźƚƓА͵Њ
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷͲ źŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌͲ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ ğƭ ğ ƭĻƦğƩğƷĻ
źƷĻƒ ƚŅ ĭƚƭƷ͵
А͵Ћ
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷĻķ ķǒƌǤ ĭƌğƭƭźŅźĻķ ğƭ ŅƚƌƌƚǞƭʹ
ğΜ
5źƩĻĭƷ ğƓķ LƓķźƩĻĭƷ ĭƚƭƷĬΜ
LƓƷĻƩƓğƌ ğƓķ 9ǣƷĻƩƓğƌ ĭƚƭƷƭĭΜ
/ǒƩƩĻƓƷ ğƓķ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ĭƚƭƷƭķΜ
5ƚƒğźƓ ğƩĻğ Ļ͵ŭ͵ ǞğƷĻƩͲ ğźƩ ğƓķ ƭƚźƌ͵
А͵Ќ !ĭƷźǝźƷǤ ǞźƭĻ ķĻƷğźƌƭ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷͲ źŅ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌͲ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƦƩĻƭĻƓƷĻķ ƭĻƦğƩğƷĻƌǤ͵
Б 5źƭĭƌƚƭǒƩĻƭБ͵Њ
ŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ķźƭĭƌƚƭĻ ƷŷĻ ŅƚƌƌƚǞźƓŭʹ
Њ͵
ŷĻ Ĭğƭźƭ ƚŅ ķźƭƷƩźĬǒƷźƚƓ ƚŅ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƚĬƆĻĭƷƭΉ ĭƚƭƷ ǒƓźƷƭ͵
Ћ͵
ŷĻƩĻ ƭƷğƓķğƩķ ĭƚƭƷ źƭ ğƦƦƌźĻķ źƓ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷͲ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźĭĻ ğƓķ ǒƭğŭĻ
ǝğƩźğƓĭĻƭ͵
Ќ͵
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ WƚĬƭ ķƚƓĻ źƓΏŷƚǒƭĻ ğƓķ ƚǒƷƭƚǒƩĭĻķ ƭĻƦğƩğƷĻƌǤ͵
Ѝ͵
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ ƦğźķΉ ƦğǤğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ ƩĻƌğƷĻķ ƦğƩƷźĻƭЊЌ͵
Ў͵
tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ źƓ ŅƚƩĻźŭƓ ĻǣĭŷğƓŭĻ͵
Џ͵
!ƓǤ {ǒĬƭźķǤ Ή DƩğƓƷ Ή LƓĭĻƓƷźǝĻ ƚƩ ğƓǤ ğƒƚǒƓƷ ƚŅ ƭźƒźƌğƩ ƓğƷǒƩĻ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ Ή
ƩĻĭĻźǝğĬƌĻ ƩĻķǒĭĻķ ŅƩƚƒ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵
А͵
!ƓǤ ĭƩĻķźƷƭ Ή ƩĻĭƚǝĻƩźĻƭ ƩĻƌğƷźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵
Б͵
!ƓǤ ğĬƓƚƩƒğƌ ƦƚƩƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵
В͵
tĻƓğƌƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ķğƒğŭĻƭ ĻǣĭƌǒķĻķ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ͵
ЊЌ wĻƌğƷĻķ ƦğƩƷǤ ğƭ ƦĻƩ ƷŷĻ ğƦƦƌźĭğĬƌĻ ƌĻŭğƌ ƩĻƨǒźƩĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƩĻƌğƷźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ ğƭ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ķğƷĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ
/ƚƭƷ !ĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ {ƷğƓķğƩķƭ .ƚğƩķ
tğŭĻ Б ƚŅ ББ͵Ћ
5źƭĭƌƚƭǒƩĻƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƒğķĻ ƚƓƌǤ ǞŷĻƩĻ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌͲ ƭźŭƓźŅźĭğƓƷ ğƓķ ƨǒğƓƷźŅźğĬƌĻ͵
Б͵Ќ
/ƚƭƷ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ ƚƓ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƩĻƌğƷźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƦƩźƚƩ ƦĻƩźƚķƭ ğƓķ ƷğƉĻƓ Ʒƚ ƩĻĭƚƓĭźƌźğƷźƚƓ
ķźƩĻĭƷƌǤ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ķźƭĭƌƚƭĻķ ƭĻƦğƩğƷĻƌǤ͵
Б͵Ѝ
ŷĻƩĻ ĻƭƷźƒğƷĻƭ ğƩĻ ƒğķĻ ƚŅ ŅǒƷǒƩĻ ĭƚƭƷƭ Ʒƚ ĬĻ źƓĭǒƩƩĻķ ƚƓ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌͲ ƷŷĻ Ĭğƭźƭ
ƚŅ ĻƭƷźƒğƷĻ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ķźƭĭƌƚƭĻķ ƭĻƦğƩğƷĻƌǤ͵
Б͵Ў
LŅ ğ ķĻƭĭƩźƦƷźǝĻ ƓƚƷĻ ķĻğƌźƓŭ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ƭƚĭźğƌ ĭƚƭƷ ƚŅ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ ĭğǒƭĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ĻƓƷźƷǤ ğƓķ
ƷŷĻ ĭƚƓƷƩƚƌ ƚŅ ƭǒĭŷ ƦƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ źƭ ĭƚƓƷğźƓĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƭğƒĻ ķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷ ğƭ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷͲ
ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ {ƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ ƭŷğƌƌ ĭğƩƩǤ ğ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ƭǒĭŷ ķĻƭĭƩźƦƷźǝĻ ƓƚƷĻ͵
Б͵Џ
5źƭĭƌƚƭǒƩĻƭ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ƒğķĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĬƚķǤ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /ƚƭƷ {ƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ ƚƩ ğƭ ğ ŅƚƚƷ ƓƚƷĻ ƚƩ ğƭ ğ
ƭĻƦğƩğƷĻ ƭĭŷĻķǒƌĻ͵Б͵А
!ƓǤ ĭŷğƓŭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ ğĭĭƚǒƓƷźƓŭ ƦƩźƓĭźƦƌĻƭ ğƓķ ƒĻƷŷƚķƭ ğƦƦƌźĻķ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƒĻğƭǒƩĻƒĻƓƷ
ğƓķ ğƭƭźŭƓƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƦĻƩźƚķ ĭƚǝĻƩĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƭƷ
ƭƷğƷĻƒĻƓƷ Ǟŷźĭŷ ŷğƭ ğ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌ ĻŅŅĻĭƷ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ tƚƌƌǒƷźƚƓ /ƚƓƷƩƚƌ ĭƚƭƷ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ ķźƭĭƌƚƭĻķ͵
ŷĻƩĻ ƷŷĻ ĻŅŅĻĭƷ ƚŅ ƭǒĭŷ ĭŷğƓŭĻ źƭ ƓƚƷ ğƭĭĻƩƷğźƓğĬƌĻ ǞŷƚƌƌǤ ƚƩ ƦğƩƷƌǤ ƷŷĻ ŅğĭƷ ƭŷğƌƌ ĬĻ