[PDF] UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations

[PDF] The comfort of hygge McMaster HR

distinctive style and rhythm (poetry) 6 a broad band of cloth worn about Complete the crossword puzzle below while feeling the comfort hygge brings

[PDF] UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations - eScholarship

Jigsaws and crossword puzzles are the most recognizable examples of puzzles that attributes between crosswords and "the new poetry," but also to their

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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION

iii school" label that detractors of modernism appended to T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound during the

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Cane iv

The dissertati

LIST OF FIGURES

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David

vii

Fig. 23:

Neptune's Daughter

Gladiators of the Ring

Jean Toomer

Alain Locke

viii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

s of the Estate of Djuna Barnes; ix into the scholar that I am today. I would like to express special thanks to the members of my x VITA summa cum laude xi of the 1 "Games, like women's fashions, are better clues to an epoch than its laws and statesmen

William Bolitho (1924)

Me and My Pal (1933). One would be hard

2 critiques of jigsaw puzzles in the film, become the most obsessed with finishing the puzzle (that he trails off in mid elicits a laugh from the audience at his all too human foibles. Only a concern

Me and My Pal

1 2

Los Angeles Times

1 2 3 puzzle and could not resist assembling it, leaving the finished puzzle displayed "on a dressing 3 4 3 4 4 ("Latest" 1).5Chicago Daily

The New York World.6

5 6 5 that year, or that they in turn would lose ground to the trivia game Ask Me Another in 1927.

Ask Me Another: The Question Book

6 that he could recite the novels from memory (Gordon 437). Num

Letters

7 upon the reader's background, familiarity with the author's canon, knowledge of the literary and 8 regressive agendas that they were made to serve, especially when administered as intelligence P, which introduced his perceptual test to the scientific community by 9 population, such as "uneducated normals," was too small to be reliable, b 10 newly defined relation with each other (recombination). Restoration is the more conservative 7 and 7 11 clue and the number of spaces provided and therefore the only way to determine the correct one 8 8 12 disruptive potential of recombination play out in the crossword poetics of Eliot and Pound Cantos, the extreme contraction enabled by his use of luminous deta

Cantos--

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13 dates back to the influential writings of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, in order to reclaim the enigmatic 14 riddlers in 15 with the physical culture movement as well as his efforts to shape his public image as an author. Cane

Cane. By recovering a portrait

Cane Cane 16 the characters' full lips and wooly hair in a move that suggests that the representati Cane 17 Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and Franz Kafka as "elaborate puzzle[s]" that participate in a quest

Tractatus, my cultural

The Difficulties of Modernism

18 Chapter One: T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and the "Cross

The Waste Land

Cantos

The Waste Land

The Atlanta Constitution,

The Waste Land

19 proponents of a "cross

The Times

20 Cowley conceded in 1943 that reading Eliot's poems is "a little like working over a crossword 21
that offer unconventional ways of thinking about a familiar word or phrase, crossword puzzles 22
custom (i.e., repeated use) can imbue

ABC how

made

Cryptic Crosswordese

23
school," it is first necessary to provide a brief synopsis of the crossword puzzle's origins and

New York World

9World, designed the puzzle in the

World, W

The Cross Word Puzzle Book World

9 24
unprecedented demand for reference materials followed as the nation went "cross word puzzle

The Times

Los Angeles Times

25
letters in length, derive from various fields of

Washington Post

26
The Waste Land, traced the obscurity of Eliot's poetry in part to his learned vocabulary, penetralia penetralia," indeed!), the "charge o

The Waste Land, Elinor Wylie

The Waste Land,

Letters

The 27

Waste Land are Letters

Letters

A Lume Spento

Ezra Pound: The

Literary Digest

than English (23, 46). Flint also justly observed that "[i]f Mr. Pound can find a foreign title to a

Personae: The Collected Poems of

ȝȑȡȡȦ corroborates this claim. Similarly, Joseph Wood Krutch accused "the disgruntled Mr. Pound" of

Cantos.

11 The New Statesman

New York Evening P

29
technical terms" that filled crossw 30
command that grew continuously as a result of his favorite pastime when ill: reading the

Poems 12

The English Review

The Nation

Cantos

12 Poems), Literary Essays of Ezra Pound Litera), ABC ABC), Selected Prose, 1909Prose), and Guide to Kulchur Guide). 31
languages is not necessary to comprehend his poetry, a stance at variance with his statement in

Literary

foreign words

Letters

Life 32
examples of crosswordese: "All camead lib even when attempting

Times

33
ploy that promised to reward the first ten people to submit the correct solution with "one guinea's the clue was not the way to go about doing it! Eliot was a crossword

The Times

Life The

Times, partici

13 The Waste Land

34
become absorbed in On Poetry

Literary Poems

Literary 14

because 15 14 P 15

Literary

35
further proof were needed that the poet's ego was deeply invested in his role as

The Dark Knight

On Poetry

Although he concedes that softness is "not always a fault," Pound can think of very few examples "where softness is

Literary

The Natural Philosophy of Love. Pound maintains that the brain is "a sort of great clot of genital fluid"

16 36
through the force of rhetoric or crass emotional appeals rather than logic (Literary The Bookman, who estimated that crossword puzzles had "restored" 17 17 37
reader as the vocabulary learned from crossword puzzles; while a few words were likely "The Pattern in the Carpet"

The Dial

crossword puzzle school, but he also identifies rhythm and the central role it plays in establishing

Letters V, 579).19

18Eliot and Pound resisted the crossword label and denied that any such "school" existed. However, Pound offered to

must Letters 19

Prose

39
crossword puzzle's own.

The New Age, Pound explained that a "rhythm

40
minimum

Letters

The New York World The Cross Word Book

The New York Times

41
regulated, it threatens to become boring or oppressive, which is one of the reasons why Pound

Literary

vers libre

Literary

42
of it (Literary not out of recognition. The pleasure one gets out of the irregularity . . . is due to the shadow

Poems

43
generated set of data will contain patterns and that the ones we interpret as significant may just 44
six 20 20 45
modernist verse are applicable to all poetry and, indeed, that metrically regular poetry bears a An 46
before they could be unraveled, while others complained that modernist poetry was too the poems are just a "hotchpotch," a "ragbag without synthesis" decorated with stolen

The Atlanta Constitution

47
that was sweeping the nation in 1924, adding with mock regret

The Los Angeles Times

New International Dictionary, claiming that it offers the " 21

21 In the winter of 1924, a small

48
minutes. Railway lines installed dictionaries on their commuter trains, there was talk of them

The Times, who wrote "[i]n every walk

Modern American Poetry

withdrawn" all of the dictionaries from their shelves and a new, more direct sign explained they "may not be used

49
Greek, and neglect the language of the common people.22 23
22

23Joseph Wood Krut

Westminster Gazette,

Waste Land" and vociferously denied (in an

The Waste Land. Eliot had unwittingly stoked the fire by a frankness that he would come to regret when critics pounced upon it with notes" (Invisible The 51
as well as kind from the playful remarks made about the crossword "menace." What accounts for 52
various points of entry in othis is the ABC read one writes in them; one lives in them" ( 53

Los Angeles Times

Literary

ABC Guide

Letters

The Times

54
chaotic mass of existing knowledge and laid the spoils, artfully packaged in poetry that imbued a tradition written by and for history's victors. Pound offers us a glimpse of that

Literary

The New Age

women need not applywhose task is to keep knowledge of the past 55
alive. Tellingly, his phrasing does not make clear whether the

Letters

Poems

a 56
possible" (emphasis added). Almost immediately after acknowledging that multiple traditions of necessary 25

25 The Criterion, the name of the scholarly journal that Eliot founded and edited, takes on a new resonance within

ABC of Reading

57
their belief in the importance of educating "the intelligent, over ABC

Prose

58
of his intellect. Order is synonymous with beauty, and the poem, like "the rose pattern" that 26

Poems

26 The New Age

Mother

. 59

Part II: The Riddles of Djuna Barnes

60
Chapter Two: "They Took to Gaming and Swapping that 'Other' of the Mystery, the Ladies Almanack

Ladies Almanack

roman à clef, or approaches the text from a formal perspective by examining her adaptat

The Book of Repulsive Women A Book

Académie

61
tempestuous love affair with the silverpoint artist Thelma Wood to whom she dedicated both her

Ryder Ladies Almanack

Ladies Almanack

Ladies Almanack," Christine Berni argues that Barnes stages 28

Silence and Power

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62
astrolo Ladies Almanack. By casting a wider net, we gain a Ladies Almanack, surprisingly little critical attention

Ladies Almanack Improper Modernism

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63
Forschungen über das Rätsel der Mannänlichen Liebe Research on The Riddle of ) did much to popularize and cement this conceptual linkage.

Psychopathia Sexualis

64
less fully developed cases through "the exercise of will and self 29

Studies in the Psychology of Sex:

both acknowledged and unattributedare substantial. I

Ladies Almanack

mazbut above all with riddles. In so 29
Sexual Inversion, Ellis declared that while "strictly speaking the invert to "somewhat arrested development," 65
"normal" and "abnormal," Barnes blurs the boundaries between them and draws attention to the 30
30
li, or 66
is defined.

Sodom and Gomorrah

Ladies Almanack.

"A circulated in manuscript form among the members of Natalie Barney's

Ulysses

and Stein's Making of Americans, and covered most of the associated costs of publication indeed, Barnes "hawked" many of the copies of the small there was no conclusive evidence to support the 67
nom de plume

Sense and Sensibility

The Coquette The Boarding School

31
31
68
voices and pays tribute to the female authors who refused to allow these obstacles to prevent

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69
revelation of "unusual" or unexpected affinities between seemingly disparate objects, Ladies Almanack, the independent lady looms large in the foreground, seemingly unconcerned A the cook with her recipes, the doctor with Barnes paints a portrait of wedded misery in which

Psychopathia Sexualis, Krafft

70
form attachments to members of their own sex as a result of learned behavior (607).32

L'Inversion Sexuelle

33
a lady of fashion 34
32
Forschungen über das Rätsel der Mannänlichen Liebe. In the second volume Inclusa), Ulrichs grudgingly concedes that "females having woman 33

Abberations de l'Instinct Sexuel aux

34
71
classes.35 36

Psychopathia

Idylle Saphique

Rêve d'Égypte

36
72
many of his premises (610). his ideas not only filter into the writings of both Krafft

Sexual Inversion

make him a prime target for Barnes's mockery. As I will demonstrate in my analysis of

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"Neap 73
fill the breach as best she may with the materials at hand, while the opposite problem, a surplus 74
from their arbitrary significations, Barnes achieves a melodious flow of words that still defies 37
new chords played in a symphony j

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incomplete

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37
75
purport to encompass the en 38
whether semantic or visualproduces the pleasure of resolution when the correct 38
76
entendres, veiled references to sexual acts, provocative illustrations, and carefully arran

Ladies Almanack

77
reissue of Ladies Almanack

Ladies

Almanack

78
with insects and insinuates that their "surveillance" of the text is a form of "parasitism" (75 79
second use of the term "chronicle" in the Foreword.39Ladies Almanack

Almanack Sodom and

, which Barney and her circle found to be woefully inaccurate in terms of its portrayal

Aventures de l'esprit

The woman will have Gomorrah and the man will have Sodom" (67, original emphasis). Here

Aventures de l'esprit, Barney and her circle

Sodom and Gomorrah. Most Proust scholars now agree tha

Memnon

Paralipomena, or "the things left out" (Knoppers

80
seventhForschungen.40 Weibling, or effete homosexual, whose attraction to hyper

Forschungen

anima

40 À la recherche du temps perdu"

Homosexualities in French Literature

Marcel Proust in Context Proust's Lesbianism

Proust at the Majestic

81
metaphor of the Forschungen

Urningin, or woman

Recherche," the first volume of Sodom and Gomorrah

Proust's Lesbianism, 12).

82
Gomorrhans that Proust had promised Natalie Barney. To be fair, Mme. de Vaugoubert is a very

Ladies Almanack

83
the sun and the moon are at right angles to each other and their gravitational pulls a crescent moon and a stylized sunon an upraised index finger, even its representative holds her stylized sun a full arm's

Salon de

. Famed for her cloud of silvery blond hair, Natalie Barney had been nicknamed 84
beauty than the renowned courtesan (and her lover at the

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surrounded by the twelve signs of the zodiac" (Horrocks 19). Barnes replicates the iconography a woman takes center stage the heavensand also

41 Académie des

in order to recognize the contributions of female

Académie

85
and share her wisdom. That her discourse will be on love is confirmed by the gesture made by 42
Ladies Almanack, if we ignore the relevance of biograp 42
86
in

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Riddles

Ladies Almanack biography,

and they 87
promises that her book will provide "gleanings from the shores of Mytilene, glimpses of its 88
plays out in the women's merrymaking ("gaming")

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89
"mystery" lies face to face with her beloved and "eats its shadow," or as the poet laureate

Sodom and Gomorrah

Almanack

Musset's circle, and refutes monolithic concept

Ladies Almanack, the "Zodiac" recounts an outlandis the angels gave birth to her. 43
91
is the cor

Symposium, which "traced the origins of man

92
gendboth lover and beloved are male. congressus intersexualis feminarum 93
"many of these cases" should in fact be classified as perversity since "the majority of female the sacrifice of femininity. He implies that it is their "masculine traits" and "The Voice of the Prophet" 94
well as medical science's discrediting of the authority of folk medicine and folk practices. With sage 95
rightly sung" may add a one woman convinces another of the naturalness 96
Edict of 538 continued to exert its influence well into the modern period and an outraged Ulrichs 44
44
Memnon, Part II of his Forschungen über das Rätsel der Mannänlichen Liebe

Oh, dear I meant to say highly civilized

Bremen law speaks on the authority of your edict of the year 538, warning again 97
avoiding self the unthinking

Summa Theologica

45
45

Intro The Silence of Saint Thomas

History of

Aquinas: An Introduction to the Life an

Summa Theologiae's

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98
identified by Augustine, Masie highlights the systemic inequality that produces an imbalance of women that love womenand she takes Aquinas's assertion that likeness produces love to its 99
men, symbolized by the male god and his commandments, and tu sage sage, who ushers new life into the 100
interpretation thatLadies Almanack an apt description of Masie's dark sayings as sage , so closely associated with the folk authority of the wise woman, as a means of indirectly a mere vessel through whom the male god delivers his message in "a kind of 46
46
Ladies Almanack, may be based upon the goddess Themis, mother of the Fates and possessor of

Eileithyia

101
"Riddle Me This" and in her throes brought forth the wise child" ( 102
of sexuali the piece of the solution provided in the riddle image can be used to construct can!" and threatens to disr 103
the young "as wise as [their] Mother[s]" (74 you- 104
thinkyou- female" (58, 162, original emphasis). As set in her ways as Ulrichs, 105
extraordinarily it fills the Bed" (78 47
47

Vindicta

Ara Spei

106
third Crop" (79). Alarmed by these tidin

Apologyhere

107
of this scene altogether (21). Musset fails precisely because the

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Barnes's answer to Radclyffe Hall'

and we begin to zero in on a specific figure within the field of sexology, anima muliebris corpore vir 108
authors, including Proust as we have seen, within the emerging discipline of sexology, but since

Sexual

Trials

The Well of

The Well, the repugnance with which members of

The Well

109
Natalie Seymour for providing a refuge to "men and women who must carry God's mark on their

Ladies Almanack The

and the theory of the "third sex" to which Hall subscribes

The Well

Almanack

11 Mother to be a Boy," nonchalantly explains to her flustered father that feminine in spirit, attracted 48
Weibling, or Urning in whom femininity predominates, now 48

Vindex

Inclusa

111
between it and the hyperMannling Forschungen onward, Ulrichs's theory of "Zwischenstufen"

Weibling

Mannling

Ladies

. Mor 112
"difference" becomes Musset's mantra. She ruminates on the many "different" types of burials

Coda: "Decipher the Line"

49
carrying her body in state throughout the town, kneeling in grief in

49 Sappho: Memoir, Text, Selected Readings, and a Literal

113
proceedings, replete with proofs of Musset's saintliness (e.g., the lamentation of the animal world Ladies Almanack, the narrator observes that "one may still 114
allusion to Matthew 8:26 and restoring its original context. These words of remonstrance were she ibut to her disciples' lack of the 115
"We have known, for some time now, that we are the vestiges of an ancient and lost lin

Djuna Barnes to Peter Hoare 50

Chapter Three: "Outrunners in the Thickets of Probability"

Ladies Almanack, touching

Almanack

Ladies Almanack. The topic under

50 Sile

116

discussion in July is love poetry, and the narrator observes that no record exists, not even in "the

The Yellow

, and she hints that even decadent periodicals closely associated with homosexuality p 117
pronouncements about whom it is or is not permissible to love. The plural noun "Thicket Ladies Almanack, a fact that the narrator discloses a few sentences later while 118
that bison, animals well 51
the "twig endures as a continuous reminder of their the "Twitters" and "whispers" that come "out of the Past"and leave their mark on the 51
119
woman to a c an example of the "Cunning" 52

52 Caselli's Dictionary of Slang

The Routledge Dictionary of Modern Slang

120
skill in the crafting of lesbian love poetry, or barrin

The Yellow Book

121
desires than her own riddling aesthetic, which restores the original sense of the verb "to queer" "Riddle Me This, or Meddle Me That" 122
superstitious practice as a means of undermining the heterosexual assumptions behind it. No bewitched by members of the female sex appears a "naught" is a "cipher" after alland the potentiality that the gap it ex nihilo nihil fit, "out of nothing comes nothing," which ancient creatio ex nihilo 123
precursors, reasoning that the observable existence the potion 124
placeholding "naught." Indeed, the narrator

Spinoza and

would not take her seriously regardless of her choice of "Mount" (i.e., sexual 53
tête. In honor of its secrecy and abiding by its

53 Tractatus Politicus A Po) published posthumously in 1677, Spinoza excludes

The Descent of Man

The Descent of M

Almanack

125
rules, the narrator broaches the topic of women'

Rachel is Hebrew, Gretchen is German,

and their geographical the first attributed use of both terms appears in medical literature written in 1890 126
pathology (OED). The pathological residue adhering to the term "lesbian" helps to explain why

Ladies Almanack

"Lists and Likelihoods" and "The Fourth Great Moment of H

The Homosexuality of Men and Women

127
Hirschfethe man whom he respected so greatly that he made a among those sexologi 54

Anthropological

54 Ärztliche Gesellschaft für Sexualwissenschaft und Eugenik

Zeitschrift

Handbuch der Gesamten Sexualwissenschaft in Einzeldarstellungen

Bloch's Die Prostitution

Die Homosexualität des

due to Bloch's sudden death in 128
Ladies Almanack. Written in iambic tetrameter, the poem introduces eleven 129
have been traditionally depicted as heterosexuals, and to reclaim lesbians, like Sappho, who have

Ladies

. While the examples could be multiplied, we will focus on how Barnes portrays four 130
good marriages harbored lesbian inclinations ("prone to a Distaff") and acted upon them covertly to gaand, in a second play on words, 131
philandering ways (41). Engaged in her favorite pastime of "angling from her Window" and And t !'" (41, original emphasis). Part queer love story and cautionary tale, Doll's account of the the promise of making good on her just as Doll 132
undermining the classificatory system upon which that order rests (Stein 128). In Jewish and at least two separate traditions hold that Solomon married Sheba and she bore and she must be bested using purely intellectual means. 133
do as she pleases and it is this autonomy that makes her appear "demonic" in a system where the very roles that her second riddle calls into but as a queen regnant, so confident in her

Ryder

134
excellent article "Vergil, the Augustans, and the Invention of Cleopatra's Suicide: One Asp or she 135
surrender forms the third "great moment of History.

Personal

(1885 136
55
55
137
century BCE when writers of Greek Middle Comedy concocted th ÿ salonnière 56

succinct account of four of the most enduring guises under which the poetess has been brought before the public,

Cinq petits dialogues grecsin 1902;

Équivoque, a

138

1920s and the schoo57

Ladies Almanack

58
the imperial to ink on paper, Barnes transforms the "inviolable

57 Stung with Love: Poems and Fragments

Re 58
The Antiphon Djuna: The Life and Work of Djuna Barnes. See especially pages 53 and 267 139
voice" of the nightingale into a textual one. Her allusion to Philomela offers a template Ladies Almanack, binding them together into a potent symbol of female resistance, the 140
earth and placing them inside an a 59

59 Sappho: Memoir

141
translation casts the pieces of Sappho's corpse/corpus into a "Stew," seasoned to the scholar's 60

Sappho

Ɲ 60
142
assertion that this riddle is "absurd" and demonstrates how "little the Comic writers understand oikos, even exerting her influence overseas, by absorbing it into the masculine political polis demos. However, Sappho points out the flaws in his logic. The old man 143
voiceless, old man?'" also insinuates that he has ascribed silence t61 the one 61
Sappho Ancient Greek Literary Letters: Selections in Translation. 144
strands of women's writing. In a feminist twist on Eliot's "Trad 62
"One Should Remain An Enigma, Even to

ÿThe Songs of Bilitis. In conjunction wit

62
145
politically savvy, found herself pursued by admiring fans that assumed the author of

Ladies Almanack Nightwood

Ladies Almanack

63
63
146
compelled to come out as gay in order to challenge compulsory heterosexuality and avoid 64
best expressed by her wo gave way to infamously vituper best be described as a bisexual. 64
147
notes her "total intolerance for lesbians (especially the ones that bother her about it)" (360).

Ladies

Ladies Alm

148
her lover Tuck's infidelities, chalking them up to her "Terrier Blood;" and the lusty Doll Furious,

Ladies Almanack

as she , andthe scholars who would have fullest access to plays out in Barnes's meticulous archiving

The Antiphon

Djuna Barnes, Authorthat she hoped would one d

149
read and admired her works is mind 150

Part III: The Changing Faces of Jean Toomer

151

Chapter Four: More Fun Than a Barrel of Monkeys

65
imeant that very few examples have survived 66

65 Puck The Y

The Youth's Companion Puck

66
152

and cultural evolution to social pathology (e.g., Lombroso's born criminal or photographic studies of the insane) and

153
uses a substitute he looks like this"); and the questions the puzzle raise 154
heuristic and defense mechanism, a tool for uncovering and engaging with potentially painful 67
68
Cane 67
68
155
habitual "Georgia Dusk" describes one leaves a tangible

Cane and to examine Toomer's efforts to

Cane, but it

Cane,

Prairie

Letters

156
everyone Cane Cane 157
black, "a distinction so narrow as to make 'blackness' and 'whiteness' indistinguishable" (Smith,

69Cane

Cane, Toomer shields his characters from the d

Cane, and t

one that he sanctioned and the other unauthorized but widely distributed. It is not my Cane 69

The Souls of Black Folk

158
autobiographical writer whose own aesthetic emphasized the interrelationship between author Cane

The Evolutionary Subtext of Changing Faces

159
nasion to crinion); and noted features of "racial significance" such as thi

Anthropometry 70

71
72
70

Anthropometria

As a phys there were two rival systems, the French school led by Broca versus the German school calls for standardization beginning in the 1890s ultimately resulted , Anthropometry

71conceded that the "number of practicable measurements on the human form, both in life a

Anthropometry

72Science

The Forum, Century Magazine, and The North American Review 160
appeared in The Literary Digest

From Savage

the publication of Darwin's theory of evolution and photographic studies of led to a marked upswing in the number and visibility 73

73 Evidence As to Man's Place in Nature

The works of the late Professor Camper, on the connexion between the science of 161

the skulls and faces of apes with those of humans oriented along the same horizontal axis. Reading his Table One

simia caudata the Apollo Belvedereat the pinnacle of the scale. J.C.

Essays on Physiognomy

162
selection was prevented from operating freely. By identifying the distinctive physiognomies

Nature, Science, Scientific American, and The

.74

McClure's

The Century 75

74
http://galton.org/composite.htm

75McClure's

The Century: "Composite Photography" (Mar. 1887): 750 163

Traité des dégénérescences

Degeneracy: Its Causes, Signs, and Results

Developmental Pathology: A Study in Degenerative Evolution 164
prognathism, or the degree of the projection of the jaws combined with the slope of the forehead signaled by the occur.76 77
76

77Criminal Man

165
data published in colleagues' studi

Criminal Man

L'uomo delinquente

Criminal Man) sold briskly and went through five editions, each significantly expanded,

Criminal Man

La Donna Delinquente The Female Offender) made its first 166
warm and sympathetic reception to the ideas of the Modern School which they speedily put into 78
even among scholars wh about the value of physiognomic studies" (Horn 66). Far from being a 78
167
defining and excluding those that it deemed abnormal, or i79

Types of Mankind

the most 79

On the Natural Varieties of Mankind

Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière 168

the prominent . . . lips . . . ; the broad, retreating chin, and the peculiarly small eyes, in which so

Types of Mankind

Anthropology

thinks

80 Types of Man

169
point in an academic work demonstrates how deeply engrained this idea remained in American

Types of Mankind, but also provides a

81 The

fin. 170
ago" (Catalogue 3982 From 82

Snap Shots on the Midway of the Pan

171
mankind's victory over the forces of nature, first comes into full view

Its Purpose

172
tooth

Fielding Star

83
84

83 Even educate

Snap Shots

173
in print media.85

Illustra

86
85
Puck, The Youth's Companion, The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, The , and The Cosmopolitan, offering to send readers their "wonderful puzzle" for a mere two cents to

The Saturday Evening

86The Illustrated London News

174
87
87
The Educated Chimpanzee, one by the Edison Company, which also 175
The thick coating of brilliant white lather applied needs man Through these tactics, the Williams paying for the privilege of using the same shavi 176

American presidentsand prospects

must 177
Chapter Five: Portrait of the Artist: Jean Toomer's Public Faces

Erotes

178
my first symbol" (Wayward

Wayward

the neighborhood bpropels his maturation Cane.

Letters

179
enrolled in "several correspondence courses in muscle

Wayward

Physical Culture

180
for circus acts until their meteoric rise brought them to 88
89
88
89
181
formative period in his life and self 90
90

Wayward

182
(1834 ad infinitum,

91Hercules

, declaring it to be "the bodily outline" best suited to "the exercise of the greatest amount

The Atlantic Monthly

91
think, for example, of Charles Atlas'designed to entice scrawny or average 183
pages (2 contrapposto 184
fascination with the statue derives from the musculature of its upper body, which some critics the Runner and the Wrestler (2

How to Pose

How to Pose, the first book on the subject

Health and Strength

185
Macfadden's David and Sandow's Hercules for his scrapbook as well as magazine articles that 92
The Scientific 93

92 Physical Culture

Strength

186
promise similar results to anyone who successfully complete 94
95
Not only are they

L'Afficheur

94
95
187
threw an acrobat named Francois about the stage with such ease that audiences thought he was a

New York World

Sandow's Magazine of

, numerous gymnasia, a Strength and How to 188

London in 1901 (Black 14

Sandow was very much still

his finances suffered from suspicions of his pro 96

96 Other German strongmen appearing in Toomer's scrapbook did not fare as well as Sandow during the Great War.

189
to swim at a young age i How

San Francisco Chronicle

if you really want it!"Body N 190
(1914) in the picture that he chose of her to paste within its pages (Scrapbook 13). Photographed

Physical

Daughter of the Gods

97
97
191
hierarchies, played in the physic

Health

Super,

192
ways in which numerical values colonize the body and displace its humanity. When writing

Toomer was

would make him the subject of ridicule New 193
whether were notoriously unreliable.

Strength and How to Obtain It, Sandow

Truth). Numbers were

194
in his scrapbook 98
98
195
learn to be "a real man" and achieve the "ideal of red blooded manhood."99

Physical Culture

Encyclopedia, Macfadden endorses eugenics as "a

Encyclopedia, and claimed

Wayward

Popular Mechanics

196
which 100 101
102
the 100
101

The World 1918 Almanac and Encyclopedia. New York: The Press Publishing Co.,1917. 96. Internet Archive

Illustrated World

102Photoplay Magazine

197

Art 103

103
" (qtd. in Curry). 198
high relief against a black backdrop or dark clothing in the majority of the shots.104 The Apollo

Types of Mankind, served as the

104

Super , Figure 134.

199
gladly stopped functioning" (Book X 62). Although he refers specifically to his inability (or

Selected Essays

of the Division of Physical Anthropology at the Smithsonian Institution, Toomer argued that a 200
white preserve and urges interracial

Selected Essays

Selected

Cane. Jessica Hays

Cane Cane 201
barriers, the street consumes the spring, and a quickening ensues. Through the fusion of

Cane. A

202
John), and the arrival of a class of biracial leaders, like the "copper he remained undefeated while fighting regular bouts between 1888 and 1892neither 105
105
203
ignoble tactics employed by his rivals, Jackson was immensely popular among both white and San a

Washington Post

Los Angeles Times

Examiner

204
approaches the nearer the elegant proportions of the old Greek statues than Sandow. The lines of

San Francisco Chronicle

Wayward

205

Stamboul106

a new coa new equilibrium" (Selected

Wayward

106
206
necessarily do so permanently, and so forth. The static jigsaw puzzle simply cannot account for

Cane, he

Letters

always having one name as the constant factor in 207
(one's timeless, underlying essence), emphasizing that personas arise through different

Double Dealer, Claude

Liberator

Cane, this harmonious union of opposites takes symbolic form in the double arc Kabnis, and Toomer's dedication of the final section to Waldo Frank, the white man 208
he called his "brother," counterbalances the

Letters

Cane, Toomer has already clearly defined his

Cane 209
even went so far as t Cane

New York Times

Cane Cane

Letters

210
of him as "Negro." Toomer's reluctance to be classified as a "Negro" author is not as anomalous

The New

, Melville Herskovitz obser not Negro as such, but human" (356). What differentiates Toomer from his

Reader

The Book of American Negro Poetry

107
107
Cane Cane

Reader

he could either affirm the binary conception of race he sought to 211
r

Negro: An

Cane, issued their

for all of his pioneering theorizing about was a Negro who decided to actuality," or he could attempt to correct that faulty p 212

American leaders and mixed

The New Negro, Toomer was so taken by

it now hangs in the Smithson and o 108

Jean Toomer

e as well as the difficulty of locating photographic 108

Jean Toomer: A Critical

213
supplanting the former with the latter, but of gaining greater insight through the interplay of 109

Jean Toomer

109
214
a network of shadows behind his head and shoulders

The New Negro. Yet, whereas he outlined their

Reader

Jean Toomer The New Negro, which are

Survey Graphic

215
different mediums the artists used also influenced his reaction to them. For a writer whose own 110
111

110 The Crisis

111Kelly Miller The New York Amsterdam

The Crisis

Shell Mulatto Mother and her Child

216
summer of 1923, "You know I never 112

Jean Toomer

112
217
look Caucasian cannot be discounted, especially given the heightened use of color in Reiss'

T, the German

Survey Graphic

218
Edouard Scott, just to name a few of the African American artists that h

The New Negro

the same circle in

Wayward

219
conclusive proof that W.T.S. Jackson ever coached him, the 113

Letters

The

Letters

Wayward

she was the first African 113
220
American woman to win a scholarship to the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine ArJackson may 114
she with "her chosen ideal of 114
221
W.E.B. Du Bois eloquently observed in his eulogy for Jackson, "the contradictions and idiotic

Natalie Mann

115
115
Natalie Mann, explaining "Merilh, of course, is mostly myself" and "the Mary

Letters Natalie Mann

222

While discussing the passing of the "o

then only 45 years oldwith his

Letters

Cane, Toomer acknowledges the beauty and value, but not the utility of Jackson's

Letters

Cane, Jackson demurs, explaining that she cannot for " 223
ignorant and incapable of love outside of itself" (original emphasis). By admitting that he has

Mrs. Jackson, and utilizes the stilted,

double entendre they might slip, fall and break both falling in love and admitting it in no is foremost in her mind, not the nominal subject of 224
revisions to an unidentified manuscript. With the perspective gained from the passage of 225
carefully filing them away and p

Wayward

Cane

Reader

Wayward

Cane Cane Cane. Toomer made this point expressly, writing that he "felt

The New Negro and

226
(Waywar even mistakenly calling them an "article" here Canehis memory never wavers about "the Reiss portrait Cane

Jean Toomer

The New

Cane

Reader

opening the book, to the portrait at its heart. The fact that

The New

, and Locke sets this precedent early in the book by inserting Reiss'

Charles S. Johnson, James

are essayists. An 227
after a complete poem (132). In contrast, Reiss'Jean Toomer

The New , Toomer's own face, stripped of the

Jean Toomer

The New Negro. Unbeknownst to many at the time, Toomer never Jean Toomer appears on the covers of more scholarship written about

A Je Cane

228
(2011). In this way, a whole new generation of readers encounter Toomer's words and unique

Cane. He consistenthe public could not see

Cane. Knowing that

Cane Reader

Toomer's "appearance" would be

Wayward

229
factors conducive to pigeonholing and the resultant loss of individual identity. see

Reader

wanted 230

Chapter Six:

Cane Cane ithat he equated with s

Selected Essays 116

Cane, City Block:

Sel Cane

Cane's

Letters

116
231

in the prose portraits, which frequently begin with a brief refrain that recurs (generally verbatim)

Cane's circular design challenges linear narratives 117
118
Cane's associational, "poetic structure" enables it to be read in 117

118Cane, one by Robert Littell and the other by Montgomery Gregory,

Cane" (1970). Excerpted versions of all three sources appear in the Cane. 232
active audience to "put together" or "'suture'" related images (25). While I agree that Cane Cane. The first of many references in a book "profligate 233
sinister connecti koan, this short poem presents a paradox that explores the nature o 234
numbers in a "positional numeral system" where "the place a digit occupies determines its value" Cane Cane's generic complexity contributes to a feeling of restlessness that takes tangible form Cane and 235
for one constrained. Constraint takes various forms in the text, whether physical, as in the Cane

Selected Essays

Cane's "everlasting song," Toomer strives to reconnect an S

Cane, the relationship between them is

the experimental fusion of genres parallels racial admixture and accomplishes 236
creatively what Toomer hopes will come to pass in America itself 119
119

Wayward

237
unsettling, haunting effect. Toomer uses the conventional language of romance to depict a blasen" "the last 23
commit a form of violence, killing the subject those parts comprise by reducing her to a type portrait parlé, provides a detailed Préfecture de Police portrait parlé, or descriptive signaletics, is the second 120
portrait parlé, offer a dizzying array of disembodied 120
239
into galleries based upon feature. 123
121
122
123

Signaletic Instruc, which appear in

240

Dashes, li

cicatrices), blisters, and "channeled identificationby maintaining the anonymity of 241
conveyed through the language of lynching and burning. "Portrait" presents an abstract version 242
of criminals testify against themselves and that anthropometry provides an objective, scientific above all, in the face" (Lombroso124 125

Criminal Man

Cane 124

Criminal Man

125Criminal Man According to the

243
portraits provides minimal identifying physical information and what little they do contain is E but none of these disconnected parts evoke a clear mental picture of a Cane 244
predetermined. Had she had the courage to act, to seek out the nourishment necessary for her Cane 245
constantly on the move, and thus s this

Reader 126

126

Selected Letters

246
acknowledges the futility of his efforts to describe her since "wherever your glance may to 247
prevarwhat, I don't know, in the confusion of my Cane

Fern is afte

with Christ, and suggests that the narrator, like Judas, 248
this passage ensures that as an admission of guilt, an accusation, Cane "handsignal the potential dangerousness 249
lovers once her efforts to dissuade that evil omen, the full moon from lingering over the Cane 127

127 Cane

250
account of the spiritual development of Cane, Part One emphasizes unconscious physicality and 128

Reader

have used Frank's musical analogy as a jumping off point for their own observations about the structure of Cane.

Cane Cane" (1975). George Hutchinson briefly mentions jazz as a formal influence on Cane

The Harlem Renaissance in Black and White

The Dialect of Modernism

128
251

Only the messianic Dan

252
she, too, is conflicted. The cut announces her rebellious rejection of traditional femininity and directed as much a draws attention to the fact that she has told us nothing concrete about John's a priori. That after 253
the unscientific "them," showing how theories become detached from their original context, "she 254
policemen to "look into my eyes" (ibid) 255
lamp (61). While this account retains some of the ambiguity that characterizes the portraits of 129
129
a shaggy dog, and a sleek cat" (Selected 256

Even the free

their "huge head[s]" and "foreheads bulging 257
his humanity, Mr. Barry's expressive gaze communicates that he "too was made in His image" 258
uncertainty (72, 77). Although "Bona and Paul" has consistently been inter

Selected

S when he joins 259
is he, a Spaniard, an Indian, an Italian, a Mexican, a Hindu, or a Japanese?" (76).130 on in amused contempt and pity 131

Selected Essays

130

Reader

Way 131
260
phenomenon ultimately boil down to how each author views duality. According to Du Bois, an American, a Negro;

Selected

261
partial awakening. The final scene of "Bona and Paul" centers on 262
pallor" that leaves both lovers cold and derails the consummation of their interracial romance Cane Cane 263
evolutionary development, but also lumped people of color with criminals, who were thought to

The Expression of the

Criminal Man

132 Criminal Man

264
expression, Toomer weighs in on the debate, given new urgency by eugenicists, about whether 133
133
265
such a potent symbol of the town's wrongdoin

Kabnis

Selected 63). No

266
constr Cane, her facial expression seems to morph before the 267
forced to return in disgrace to her father's household (Wayward The

The Souls of Black Folk

Cane, published two years prior to The New Negro

Cane 268
Noble Negro promulgated by many other Harlem Renaissance writers would "nevertheless share

Selected

Letters

269
its spherical orbit, all of these meanings cha

Selected Wayward

Wayward Cane

Health

Cane. 270

APPENDIX

FiguLadies Almanack Ink on paper. "Cross Word Puzzles" from Chicagoh Daily Tribune

Figure Ladies Almanack. Ink on paper.

271

Figure Ladies Almanack

272
Ladies Almanack joint Ladies Almanack ch, as 273
Ladies Almanack © Copyright, The Authors League Fund and St. Bride joint 274
FigureReproduced with the permission of University

Figure

Developmental Pathology Image courtesy of Internet Archive. Public D 275
Figure The works of the late Professor Camper, on the connexion between the At far left is the "simia caudata" with a facial angle Figure The works of the From left to right are drawings of the skulls and the Apo 276
Figure Print by the Pan

Figure Photog

The Pan Image courtesy o

277

Figure Snap Figure

Shots on the Midway of the Pan Illustrated London

Image courtesy oTimes

278
Figure 17:"Jean Toomer Papers, James Weldon Johnson Memorial Figure 18"Jean Toomer Papers, James Weldon Johnson Memorial Collection in the Yal 279
Figure 19:"Jean Toomer Papers, James Weldon Johnson Memorial Collection in the Yale Collection of Figure 20 280
Figure 22David Unknown Photographer. 281
Figure 23: Annette Kellermann in her controversial oneHow to Swim

Figure 25: Promotional Neptune's Daughter

282

Figure

"Jean Toomer Papers, James Weldon Johnson Memorial Collection in

Cosmopolitathe Yale Col

58.2 (Jan. 1915): 202.

Figure 29: Scrapbook 15. "J 283
Figure 30: "Jean

Figure 31: Advertisement for Strongfortism.

McClure's Gladiators of the Ring

284
Figure "Jean Toomer Papers, James Weldon Johnson Memorial Collection in the Yale Je Jean Toomer . ReproducedLa Follette's Weekly Magazine 285
Reproduced by permission of Special Collections and University Archives, Johnston Memorial Library, 286

FigureJean Toomer Image Alain Locke

courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, National Portrait Gallery. 287

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