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[PDF] Section 4 Achievements of Ancient China
During the Han Dynasty, ancient China became the most advanced civilization in the world • They made advances in farming and farming tools • They invented
[PDF] Ancient China: Inventions and Technology - 6th Grade Social Studies
3) What are considered the four great inventions of the Ancient Chinese civilization? A Printing, silk, kites, and fireworks B Gunpowder, paper, printing,
[PDF] Ancient Chinese Inventions: Resources List
27 avr 2016 · It was through the Silk Road that the four great ancient Chinese inventions of papermaking, gunpowder, the compass and printing were diffused
[PDF] Ancient Chinese Inventions and the Modern World
The purpose of this lesson is to provide students an opportunity to learn about Chinese inventions and understand the importance of these ancient inventions to
[PDF] Chinese Inventions/Achievements
Each student needs a Chinese Inventions/Achievements chart ancient Greece by the late 5th century BC,[544] but it has been
[PDF] Ancient China - Newsela
Describe the achievements of the various Chinese dynasties 2 Explain the contributions of ancient China to world civilizations 3 Describe how the
[PDF] Ancient China - Constitutional Rights Foundation
the development of ancient Chinese civilization from prehis- The achievements and policies of Emperor Shi Huangdi • The differences between Legalism
[PDF] Chapter-15-Ancient-Chinapdf - Oxford University Press
These inventions are widely agreed to have changed not only ancient Chinese society, but the world Why do you think this is the case? Ancient China Like many
[PDF] Innovations and Inventions - Ancient Civilisations - SURE
Ancient Egyptians also came out with di erent ways of ploughing-- such as using animals to pull the plough and turn the soil, while the ancient Chinese invented
![[PDF] Chinese Inventions/Achievements](https://pdfprof.com/EN_PDFV2/Docs/PDF_5/9039_5Burchett_China_2f4lbgu.pdf.jpg "[PDF] Chinese Inventions/Achievements")
9039_5Burchett_China_2f4lbgu.pdf Chinese Inventions/Achievements
Grade Level: Upper Elementary/Middle School Subject: ESL Prepared by: Jessica BurchettObjectives
Content: Social Studies English Language Proficiency StandardsPeople In Societies, Diffusion:
Describe the cultural and scientific legacies of the Chinese.History, Early Civilizations:
Describe the enduring impact of early civilizations in China after 1000 B.C. (including scientific and cultural advancements) · Read, write, and speak for varied purposes. · Identify main ideas and supporting details of spoken and written English.Essential
Questions
Њ͵ ŷğƷ ğƩĻ ƭƚƒĻ źƒƦƚƩƷğƓƷ źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓƭΉğĭŷźĻǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ /ŷźƓğͪ
Ћ͵ IƚǞ ķƚ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓƭ źƒƦğĭƷ ƚǒƩ ƌźǝĻƭ ƷƚķğǤͪ
Content
Vocabulary
LƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓ
!ĭŷźĻǝĻƒĻƓƷMaterials Needed ЊЎ ƭƷğƷźƚƓƭ ƭĻƷ ǒƦ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĭƌğƭƭƩƚƚƒ
· tŷǤƭźĭğƌ ĻǣğƒƦƌĻƭ ƚŅ źƷĻƒ · tŷǤƭźĭğƌ ƩĻƦƌźĭğƭ ƚŅ źƷĻƒƭ· LƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ğĬƚǒƷ /ƚƒƒƚƓ ǒƭĻƭ ƚŅ źƷĻƒƭ
· 5ĻƭĭƩźƦƷźƚƓ ƚŅ źƷĻƒ · CğĭƷƭ ğĬƚǒƷ źƷĻƒ9ğĭŷ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ ƓĻĻķƭ ğ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ LƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓƭΉ!ĭŷźĻǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ĭŷğƩƷ
[ğƩŭĻ ĭŷğƩƷ ƭźƒźƌğƩ Ʒƚ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ ǞƚƩƉƭŷĻĻƷƭ
9ğĭŷ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ ƓĻĻķƭ ğ v...L/YΏwL9 ƨǒĻƭƷźƚƓ ŅƚƩƒ͵
Lesson/Application
{ƷǒķĻƓƷƭ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ķźǝźķĻķ źƓƷƚ ŭƩƚǒƦƭ ƚŅ Ќ ƚƩ Ѝ͵ ŷĻ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷƭ Ǟźƌƌ ƷŷĻƓ ĬĻ ƷğƉĻƓ ƚǒƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻźƩ
ŭƩƚǒƦ źƓ ƚƩķĻƩ Ʒƚ ƩƚƷğƷĻ ğƩƚǒƓķ ƷŷĻ ƭƷğƷźƚƓƭ͵ 9ğĭŷ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ŭƩƚǒƦ Ǟźƌƌ ĬĻ ŭźǝĻƓ ğƓ !Ͳ .Ͳ ƚƩ
/ ƌğĬĻƌ͵ !ƭ Ǟźƌƌ ƩƚƷğƷĻ ƷƚŭĻƷŷĻƩͲ !ƌƌ .ƭ Ǟźƌƌ ƩƚƷğƷĻ ƷƚŭĻƷŷĻƩͲ !ƌƌ /ƭ Ǟźƌƌ ƩƚƷğƷĻ ƷƚŭĻƷŷĻƩ͵ !ŅƷĻƩ ƷŷĻ
ƩƚƷğƷźƚƓͲ ƷŷĻǤ Ǟźƌƌ ŭĻƷ ĬğĭƉ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻźƩ ƚƩźŭźƓğƌ ŭƩƚǒƦ Ʒƚ ƭŷğƩĻ ǞŷğƷ ƷŷĻǤ ŷğǝĻ ƌĻğƩƓĻķ͵ ΛWLD {!
ğĭƷźǝźƷǤΜ 9ğĭŷ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ Ǟźƌƌ ŷğǝĻ ƌĻğƩƓĻķ ğĬƚǒƷ Ѝ ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷ źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓƭΉğĭŷźĻǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
/ŷźƓĻƭĻ͵!ŅƷĻƩ ğƌƌ ŭƩƚǒƦƭ ŷğǝĻ ŅźƓźƭŷĻķʹ !ƭ ğ ĭƌğƭƭ ƒğƉĻ ğ ŭƩƚǒƦ ĭŷğƩƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ źƓŅƚƩƒğƷźƚƓ ğĬƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ
ķźŅŅĻƩĻƓƷ źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓƭΉğĭŷźĻǝĻƒĻƓƷƭ͵
Review and
Assessment
vǒźĭƉǞƩźƷĻʹŷğƷ ķƚ Ǥƚǒ ƷŷźƓƉ Ǟğƭ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƭƷ ǒƭĻŅǒƌ źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓͪ ŷǤͪ
ŷğƷ ķƚ Ǥƚǒ ƷŷźƓƉ Ǟğƭ ƷŷĻ ƌĻğƭƷ ǒƭĻŅǒƌ źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓͪ ŷǤͪ
Name _______________________________
Date____________________________
CHINESE INVENTIONS/ACHIEVEMENTS
Please complete the chart below as
you go from station to station. Be prepared to share your information with your group.Additional Fact
Additional Fact
Today"s uses of
Invention
Purpose of Invention
Picture of Invention
Name of Invention
Name ________________________
Date____________________
QUICK-WRITE
What do you think was the most useful invention? ____________________ Why?________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ What do you think was the least useful invention? ____________________ Why?________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________LIST OF CHINESE
I COPIED THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES FROM THE INTERNET trying to find more ideas/relevant to students)Invention
Purpose of Invention {źƌƉŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƉƓĻǞ ŷƚǞ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚķǒĭĻ ƭźƌƉ ğƷ ƌĻğƭƷ ĬǤ ЊЌЉЉ .͵/͵Ͳ ĬǒƷ ƓƚƷ
ǒƓƷźƌ ƷŷĻ ƭĻĭƚƓķ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ .͵/͵ ķźķ źƷ ĬĻŭźƓ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ĻǣƦƚƩƷĻķ Ʒƚ 9ǒƩƚƦĻͲ
ğƓķ ƓƚƷ ǒƓƷźƌ ğĬƚǒƷ ЎЎЉ !͵5͵Ͳ ǞŷĻƓ ƒƚƓƉƭ Ǟŷƚ ŷğķ ƷƩğǝĻƌĻķ Ʒƚ /ŷźƓğ
ĬƩƚǒŭŷƷ ĬğĭƉ ƭźƌƉǞƚƩƒ ĻŭŭƭͲ ķźķ ƷŷĻ ĻƭƷ ƌĻğƩƓ ƷŷĻ /
ƭźƌƉΏƒğƉźƓŭ͵ŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƷƩğķĻķ ƭźƌƉ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ wƚƒğƓ 9ƒƦźƩĻ ğƓķ ƷŷĻƓ ǞźƷŷ
.ǤǩğƓƷźǒƒ͵ LƓ ƩĻƷǒƩƓ ƷŷĻǤ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ ƭǒĭŷ źƷĻƒƭ ğƭ ǞƚƚƌͲ ŭƌğƭƭͲ ğƓķ
ğƭĬĻƭƷƚƭ͵ ŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ƭźƌƉ ƷƩğķĻ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƌķγƭ ƷǞƚ ŭƩĻğƷ ĻƒƦźƩĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ŅźƩƭƷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ !͵5͵ wƚƒĻ ğƓķ IwƚƒğƓ ǞƚƒĻƓ ǞƚƩĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƭźƌƉƭ͵ ŷĻ ƚǝĻƩƌğƓķ ƷƩğķĻ ƩƚǒƷĻ
ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ /ŷźƓğ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ aĻķźƷĻƩƩğƓĻğƓ Ǟğƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ƷŷĻ δ{źƌƉ wƚğķδ
ĬĻĭğǒƭĻ /ŷźƓğ ĻǣƦƚƩƷĻķ ƭƚ ƒǒĭŷ ƚŅ Ʒŷźƭ ŅğĬƩźĭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĻƭƷ
{źƌƉʹ ŷĻ ƚƌķĻƭƷ ƭźƌƉ ŅƚǒƓķ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ĭƚƒĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ
ƦĻƩźƚķ ğƓķ źƭ ķğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ğĬƚǒƷ ЌЏЌЉ ./Ͳ ŅƚǒƓķ źƓ
{źƌƉ źƷĻƒƭ ĻǣĭğǝğƷĻķ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ
ǒǣźƓŭ 5źƭƷƩźĭƷͲ ŷĻƆźğƓŭ ķğƷĻ Ʒƚ ƩƚǒŭŷƌǤ ЋЎАЉ ./Ͳ ğƓķ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƭźƌƉ
ƷŷƩĻğķƭͲ ğ ĬƩğźķĻķ ƭźƌƉ ĬĻƌƷͲ ğƓķ ğ ƦźĻĭĻ ƚŅ ǞƚǝĻƓ ƭźƌƉ͵
ŅƩğŭƒĻƓƷ ŅƚǒƓķ ğƷ ƷŷĻ {ŷğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ
!ƓǤğƓŭ ΛƚƩ źƓǣǒΜ ĭƚƓƷğźƓƭ ƷŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ƉƓƚǞƓ
ƭźƌƉ͵ΝЊЉВΞ
Ļğ
͵Ļğ ķƩźƓƉźƓŭ ƚƩźŭźƓğƷĻķ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ğƓķ ƭƦƩĻğķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƌķ͵
ŷĻƷŷĻƩ ğ ĭƚǒƓƷƩǤ ĭğƌƌƭ ƷŷĻ ĬĻǝĻƩğŭĻ δƷĻğδ ΛƚƩ ƭƚƒĻ ǝğƩźğƓƷ ƷŷĻƩĻƚŅΜ
ƚƩ δĭŷğźͲδ ğƭ źƓ wǒƭƭźğͲ ķĻƦĻƓķƭ ƚƓ ǞŷĻƷŷĻƩ źƷ ĭğƒĻ ƚǝĻƩ ƷŷĻ ƭĻğ
ƩƚǒƷĻ ƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƌğƓķ ƩƚǒƷĻ ŅƩƚƒ /ŷźƓğ͵ ŷĻ ƭĻğ ƩƚǒƷĻ ƚƩźŭźƓ
CǒƉźĻƓ ƦƩƚǝźƓĭĻ ƚƓ /ŷźƓğγƭ ĭƚğƭƷͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩķ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ķƩźƓƉ źƓ ƷŷĻ
CǒƉźĻƓ ķźğƌĻĭƷ źƭ δƷĻ͵δ ŷĻ ƌğƓķ ƩƚǒƷĻ ƚƩźŭźƓğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƓƚƩƷŷͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ
ƷŷĻ ƷĻƩƒ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ķƩźƓƉ źƭ δĭŷğͲδ 9ǝĻƓ ƷƚķğǤ źƓ ƓƚƩƷŷĻƩƓ 9ƓŭƌğƓķͲ
ƦĻƚƦƌĻ ƚŅƷĻƓ ƭƦĻğƉ ƚŅ δŷğǝźƓŭ ğ ĭǒƦ ƚŅ ĭŷğͲ
ĭƚƒƒƚƓ ƷĻƩƒ źƓ 9ƓŭƌğƓķ źƭ δƷĻğ͵δ
ŷĻ ƷĻğ ƦƌğƓƷ źƭ źƓķźŭĻƓƚǒƭ Ʒƚ ǞĻƭƷĻƩƓ
ƒźƌƌĻƓƓźǒƒ ./Ͳ ƷĻğ Ǟğƭ ĬĻźƓŭ ĭƚƓƭǒƒĻķ źƓ ǒƓƓğƓ ŅƚƩ ƒĻķźĭźƓğƌ
ƦǒƩƦƚƭĻƭ͵ΝЎЉАΞ LƷ Ǟğƭ źƓƷƩƚķǒĭĻķ ŅƩƚƒ
ƓƚƩƷŷĻƩƓ /ŷźƓğ ğƓķ ƒźķķƌĻ ğƓķ ƌƚǞĻƩ
ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./͵ Ļğ ķƩźƓƉźƓŭ Ǟğƭ ğƌƩĻğķǤ ğƓ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷĻķ ĭǒƭƷƚƒ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ķğźƌǤ ƌźŅĻ źƓ Ʒŷźƭ ğƩĻğ ğƭ ƭŷƚǞƓ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ
ĬǤ ğƓŭ .ğƚ źƓ ЎВ ./͵ΝЎЉБΞ ŷźƭ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ğƌƭƚ ƩĻǝĻğƌƭ ƷŷğƷ ƷĻğͲ
ǒƭĻķ ğƭ ğ ķƩźƓƉ źƓƭƷĻğķ ƚŅ ğ ƒĻķźĭźƓğƌ ŷĻƩĬͲ ĻƒĻƩŭĻķ Ɠƚ ƌğƷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ
ƷŷĻ ЊƭƷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./͵ΝЎЉВΞ 9ğƩƌǤƚŅ IğƓ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЋЉЋ ./ΑЋЋЉ !5Μ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ
5ǤƓğƭƷźĻƭ ΛЍЋЉΑЎБВΜ ǞŷĻƓ ƷĻğ Ǟğƭ ǞźķĻƌǤ ǒƭĻķ ĬǤ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ŭĻƓƷƩǤͲ
ĬǒƷ ƚƓƌǤ ƷƚƚƉ źƷƭ źƓźƷźğƌ ƭŷğƦĻ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ
...ƷĻƓƭźƌ ƌźƉĻ ŷğƓķƌĻΏƌĻƭƭ ƷĻğ ĬƚǞƌ Ǟŷźĭŷ ŅźƩƭƷ ğƦƦĻğƩĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ
WźƓ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЌЊАΑЍЋЉΜͲ ĬĻĭğƒĻ ƦƚƦǒƌğƩ ğƒƚƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƷĻğ ķƩźƓƉĻƩƭ ƚŅ
ğƓŭ͵ΝЎЊЊΞ ŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ĬƚƚƉ ğĬƚǒƷ ƷĻğ Ǟğƭ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ĬǤ
ŷźƭ ŷĻ /ƌğƭƭźĭ ƚŅ Ļğ͵ΝЎЊЋΞCHINESE INVENTIONS/ACHIEVEMENTS
I COPIED THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES FROM THE INTERNET (I am still in the process of trying to find more ideas/relevant to students)Purpose of Invention
ŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƉƓĻǞ ŷƚǞ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚķǒĭĻ ƭźƌƉ ğƷ ƌĻğƭƷ ĬǤ ЊЌЉЉ .͵/͵Ͳ ĬǒƷ ƓƚƷ
ǒƓƷźƌ ƷŷĻ ƭĻĭƚƓķ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ .͵/͵ ķźķ źƷ ĬĻŭźƓ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ĻǣƦƚƩƷĻķ Ʒƚ 9ǒƩƚƦĻͲ
ğƓķ ƓƚƷ ǒƓƷźƌ ğĬƚǒƷ ЎЎЉ !͵5͵Ͳ ǞŷĻƓ ƒƚƓƉƭ Ǟŷƚ ŷğķ ƷƩğǝĻƌĻķ Ʒƚ /ŷźƓğ
ĬƩƚǒŭŷƷ ĬğĭƉ ƭźƌƉǞƚƩƒ ĻŭŭƭͲ ķźķ ƷŷĻ ĻƭƷ ƌĻğƩƓ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƭĻĭƩĻƷ ƚŅ
ŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƷƩğķĻķ ƭźƌƉ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ wƚƒğƓ 9ƒƦźƩĻ ğƓķ ƷŷĻƓ ǞźƷŷ
.ǤǩğƓƷźǒƒ͵ LƓ ƩĻƷǒƩƓ ƷŷĻǤ ƩĻĭĻźǝĻķ ƭǒĭŷ źƷĻƒƭ ğƭ ǞƚƚƌͲ ŭƌğƭƭͲ ğƓķ
ğƭĬĻƭƷƚƭ͵ ŷƩƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ƭźƌƉ ƷƩğķĻ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƌķγƭ ƷǞƚ ŭƩĻğƷ ĻƒƦźƩĻƭ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ŅźƩƭƷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ !͵5͵ wƚƒĻ ğƓķ IğƓ /ŷźƓğ Ώ ǞĻƩĻ ƌźƓƉĻķͲ ƒğźƓƌǤ ĬĻĭğǒƭĻ
wƚƒğƓ ǞƚƒĻƓ ǞƚƩĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƭźƌƉƭ͵ ŷĻ ƚǝĻƩƌğƓķ ƷƩğķĻ ƩƚǒƷĻ
ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ /ŷźƓğ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ aĻķźƷĻƩƩğƓĻğƓ Ǟğƭ ĭğƌƌĻķ ƷŷĻ δ{źƌƉ wƚğķδ
ĬĻĭğǒƭĻ /ŷźƓğ ĻǣƦƚƩƷĻķ ƭƚ ƒǒĭŷ ƚŅ Ʒŷźƭ ŅğĬƩźĭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĻƭƷ
ʹ ŷĻ ƚƌķĻƭƷ ƭźƌƉ ŅƚǒƓķ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ĭƚƒĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ bĻƚƌźƷŷźĭ
ğƓķ źƭ ķğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ğĬƚǒƷ ЌЏЌЉ ./Ͳ ŅƚǒƓķ źƓ IĻƓğƓ ƦƩƚǝźƓĭĻ͵ΝЊЉБΞ
{źƌƉ źƷĻƒƭ ĻǣĭğǝğƷĻķ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ [źğƓŭǩŷǒ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ƭźƷĻ ğƷ vźğƓƭŷğƓǤğƓŭͲ
ķğƷĻ Ʒƚ ƩƚǒŭŷƌǤ ЋЎАЉ ./Ͳ ğƓķ źƓĭƌǒķĻ ƭźƌƉ
ƷŷƩĻğķƭͲ ğ ĬƩğźķĻķ ƭźƌƉ ĬĻƌƷͲ ğƓķ ğ ƦźĻĭĻ ƚŅ ǞƚǝĻƓ ƭźƌƉ͵ΝЊЉБΞ ! ĬƩƚƓǩĻ
{ŷğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ Λĭ͵ ЊЏЉЉΑĭ͵ ЊЉЎЉ ./Μ ƭźƷĻ ğƷ
Μ ĭƚƓƷğźƓƭ ƷŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ƉƓƚǞƓ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ Ʒƚ
Ladies processing new painting in the style ofDynasty
Ļğ ķƩźƓƉźƓŭ ƚƩźŭźƓğƷĻķ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ğƓķ ƭƦƩĻğķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƌķ͵
ŷĻƷŷĻƩ ğ ĭƚǒƓƷƩǤ ĭğƌƌƭ ƷŷĻ ĬĻǝĻƩğŭĻ δƷĻğδ ΛƚƩ ƭƚƒĻ ǝğƩźğƓƷ ƷŷĻƩĻƚŅΜ
ƚƩ δĭŷğźͲδ ğƭ źƓ wǒƭƭźğͲ ķĻƦĻƓķƭ ƚƓ ǞŷĻƷŷĻƩ źƷ ĭğƒĻ ƚǝĻƩ ƷŷĻ ƭĻğ
ƩƚǒƷĻ ƚƩ ƷŷĻ ƌğƓķ ƩƚǒƷĻ ŅƩƚƒ /ŷźƓğ͵ ŷĻ ƭĻğ ƩƚǒƷĻ ƚƩźŭźƓğƷĻķ źƓ
CǒƉźĻƓ ƦƩƚǝźƓĭĻ ƚƓ /ŷźƓğγƭ ĭƚğƭƷͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩķ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ķƩźƓƉ źƓ ƷŷĻ
CǒƉźĻƓ ķźğƌĻĭƷ źƭ δƷĻ͵δ ŷĻ ƌğƓķ ƩƚǒƷĻ ƚƩźŭźƓğƷĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƓƚƩƷŷͲ ǞŷĻƩĻ
ƷŷĻ ƷĻƩƒ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ķƩźƓƉ źƭ δĭŷğͲδ 9ǝĻƓ ƷƚķğǤ źƓ ƓƚƩƷŷĻƩƓ 9ƓŭƌğƓķͲ
ƦĻƚƦƌĻ ƚŅƷĻƓ ƭƦĻğƉ ƚŅ δŷğǝźƓŭ ğ ĭǒƦ ƚŅ ĭŷğͲδ ğƌƷŷƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻ ƒƚƩĻ
ĭƚƒƒƚƓ ƷĻƩƒ źƓ 9ƓŭƌğƓķ źƭ δƷĻğ͵δ
ŷĻ ƷĻğ ƦƌğƓƷ źƭ źƓķźŭĻƓƚǒƭ Ʒƚ ǞĻƭƷĻƩƓ ǒƓƓğƓͳΝЎЉЏΞ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ƒźķ ЋƓķ
Ͳ ƷĻğ Ǟğƭ ĬĻźƓŭ ĭƚƓƭǒƒĻķ źƓ ǒƓƓğƓ ŅƚƩ ƒĻķźĭźƓğƌ
LƷ Ǟğƭ źƓƷƩƚķǒĭĻķ ŅƩƚƒ {źĭŷǒğƓ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ƦƚƦǒƌğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ
ƓƚƩƷŷĻƩƓ /ŷźƓğ ğƓķ ƒźķķƌĻ ğƓķ ƌƚǞĻƩ ğƓŭƷǩĻ wźǝĻƩ ğƩƚǒƓķ ƷŷĻ ЋƓķ
ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./͵ Ļğ ķƩźƓƉźƓŭ Ǟğƭ ğƌƩĻğķǤ ğƓ ĻƭƷğĬƌźƭŷĻķ ĭǒƭƷƚƒ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ķğźƌǤ ƌźŅĻ źƓ Ʒŷźƭ ğƩĻğ ğƭ ƭŷƚǞƓ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ /ƚƓƷƩğĭƷ ǞźƷŷ ğ {ƌğǝĻͲ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ
ŷźƭ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ƩĻĭƚƩķ ğƌƭƚ ƩĻǝĻğƌƭ ƷŷğƷ ƷĻğͲ
ǒƭĻķ ğƭ ğ ķƩźƓƉ źƓƭƷĻğķ ƚŅ ğ ƒĻķźĭźƓğƌ ŷĻƩĬͲ ĻƒĻƩŭĻķ Ɠƚ ƌğƷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ
9ğƩƌǤ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƷĻğ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ĬĻŭğƓ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ ƷźƒĻ
ЋЋЉ !5Μ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ {ƚǒƷŷĻƩƓ ğƓķ bƚƩƷŷĻƩƓ
ЎБВΜ ǞŷĻƓ ƷĻğ Ǟğƭ ǞźķĻƌǤ ǒƭĻķ ĬǤ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ŭĻƓƷƩǤͲ
ĬǒƷ ƚƓƌǤ ƷƚƚƉ źƷƭ źƓźƷźğƌ ƭŷğƦĻ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЏЊБΑВЉАΜ͵ΝЎЊЉΞ
ƌĻƭƭ ƷĻğ ĬƚǞƌ Ǟŷźĭŷ ŅźƩƭƷ ğƦƦĻğƩĻķ źƓ ƷŷĻ 9ğƭƷĻƩƓ
ЍЋЉΜͲ ĬĻĭğƒĻ ƦƚƦǒƌğƩ ğƒƚƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƷĻğ ķƩźƓƉĻƩƭ ƚŅ
ŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ĬƚƚƉ ğĬƚǒƷ ƷĻğ Ǟğƭ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ĬǤ [ǒ ǒ ΛАЌЌΑБЉЍΜ źƓ
/ACHIEVEMENTS (I am still in the process ofPicture
Ladies processing new silk, early 12th century
painting in the style of Zhang Xuan, SongƚźƌĻƷ ƦğƦĻƩʹ ƚźƌĻƷ ƦğƦĻƩ Ǟğƭ ŅźƩƭƷ ƒĻƓƷźƚƓĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ƚŅŅźĭźğƌ ğƓ
ŷźƷǒź ΛЎЌЊΑЎВЊΜ źƓ ƷŷĻ ǤĻğƩ ЎБВ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ {ǒź 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЎБЊΑЏЊБΜͲ
ǞźƷŷ Ņǒƌƌ ĻǝźķĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ĭƚƓƷźƓǒğƌ ǒƭĻ źƓ ƭǒĬƭĻƨǒĻƓƷ ķǤƓğƭƷźĻƭ͵
ΝЎЋЎΞΝЎЋЏΞ LƓ
ƷŷĻ ǤĻğƩ БЎЊ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЏЊБΑВЉАΜͲ ğ aǒƭƌźƒ !ƩğĬ
ƷƩğǝĻƌĻƩ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ aźķķƌĻ 9ğƭƷ ĭƚƒƒĻƓƷĻķ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ǒƭĻķ
ƦğƦĻƩ źƓƭƷĻğķ ƚŅ ǞğƷĻƩ Ʒƚ ĭƌĻğƓ ƷŷĻƒƭĻƌǝĻƭ ǞŷźƌĻ ŭƚźƓŭ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ
ĬğƷŷƩƚƚƒ͵
ΝЎЋЎΞ .Ǥ ƷŷĻ ƒźķ ЊЍƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ǒğƓ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ
ΛЊЋАЊΑЊЌЏБΜͲ źƷ Ǟğƭ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ƷŷğƷ ƷĻƓ ƒźƌƌźƚƓ ƦğĭƉğŭĻƭ ƚŅ ЊͲЉЉЉ Ʒƚ
ЊЉͲЉЉЉ ƭŷĻĻƷƭ ƚŅ ƷƚźƌĻƷ ƦğƦĻƩ ǞĻƩĻ ƒğƓǒŅğĭƷǒƩĻķ ğƓƓǒğƌƌǤ źƓ
ŷĻƆźğƓŭ ƦƩƚǝźƓĭĻ ğƌƚƓĻ͵ΝЎЋЎΞ LƷ źƭ ğƌƭƚ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ƷŷğƷ ĻƒƦĻƩƚƩƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
aźƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЊЌЏБΑЊЏЍЍΜ ǒƭĻķ ƦĻƩŅǒƒĻķ ƷƚźƌĻƷ ƦğƦĻƩ͵
ΝЎЋЎΞ
tƚƩĭĻƌğźƓ tƚƩĭĻƌğźƓͲ ğƌƭƚ ĭğƌƌĻķ δĭŷźƓğͲδ źƭ ğ ƷǤƦĻ ƚŅ ĭƌğǤ ƦƚƷƷĻƩǤ ƷŷğƷ Ǟğƭ
źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ĬǤ ǒƭźƓŭ ĭƌğǤ ǞźƷŷ ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ƒźƓĻƩğƌƭ͵ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ
ƦƚƩĭĻƌğźƓ Ǟğƭ ĻǣƦƚƩƷĻķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƌķͲ ğƓķ ĻǝĻƓƷǒğƌƌǤ ƷŷĻ
ƭĻĭƩĻƷ ƒźƓĻƩğƌ źƓŭƩĻķźĻƓƷƭ ǞĻƩĻ ķźƭĭƚǝĻƩĻķ ĬǤ 9ǒƩƚƦĻğƓƭ źƓ ЊАЉВ͵
9ǒƩƚƦĻğƓƭ ĬĻŭğƓ Ʒƚ ĻǣƦĻƩźƒĻƓƷ ǞźƷŷ ƦƚƩĭĻƌğźƓ ƒğƉźƓŭ ƚƓƌǤ ğŅƷĻƩ
ƷŷĻǤ ƭğǞ ğƓķ ğķƒźƩĻķ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƦƚƩĭĻƌğźƓƭ
tƚƩĭĻƌğźƓʹ !ƌƷŷƚǒŭŷ ŭƌğǩĻķ ĭĻƩğƒźĭƭ ĻǣźƭƷĻķ ĬĻŅƚƩĻŷğƓķͲ {͵!͵a͵
!ķƭŷĻğķ ǞƩźƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ĻğƩƌźĻƭƷ ƷǤƦĻ ƚŅ ǝźƷƩźŅźĻķͲ ƷƩğƓƭƌǒĭĻƓƷ
ĭĻƩğƒźĭƭ ƷŷğƷ ĭƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ĭƌğƭƭźŅźĻķ ğƭ ƷƩǒĻ ƦƚƩĭĻƌğźƓ Ǟğƭ ƓƚƷ ƒğķĻ
ǒƓƷźƌ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЏЊБΑВЉАΜ͵ΝЍЍЏΞ bźŭĻƌ ƚƚķ ƭƷğƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƷƩǒĻ
ƦƚƩĭĻƌğźƓ Ǟğƭ ƒğƓǒŅğĭƷǒƩĻķ źƓ bƚƩƷŷ /ŷźƓğ ŅƩƚƒ ƩƚǒŭŷƌǤ ƷŷĻ
ĬĻŭźƓƓźƓŭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ źƓ ƷŷĻ АƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤͲ ǞŷźƌĻ ƷƩǒĻ
ƦƚƩĭĻƌğźƓ Ǟğƭ ƓƚƷ ƒğƓǒŅğĭƷǒƩĻķ źƓ {ƚǒƷŷ /ŷźƓğ ǒƓƷźƌ ğĬƚǒƷ ЌЉЉ ǤĻğƩƭ
ƌğƷĻƩͲ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ĻğƩƌǤ ЊЉƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ͵ΝЍЍАΞ
tğƦĻƩ tğƦĻƩ Ǟğƭ ŅźƩƭƷ źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ğĬƚǒƷ ЊЉЎ !͵/͵ LƷƭ ǒƭĻ ƷŷĻƓ ƭƦƩĻğķ
Ʒƚ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ǒƩƉĻƭƷğƓ źƓ ĭĻƓƷƩğƌ !ƭźğͲ ƷŷĻ !ƩğĬ ǞƚƩƌķ Λĭ͵ АЎЊ !͵5͵ΜͲ
{ǤƩźğͲ 9ŭǤƦƷͲ aƚƩƚĭĭƚͲ {ƦğźƓ Λĭ͵ ЊЊЎЉ !͵5͵ΜͲ ƭƚǒƷŷĻƩƓ CƩğƓĭĻͲ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ
ƩĻƭƷ ƚŅ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ͵ЊЊ͵ tğƦĻƩʹ /ŷźƓğͲ {ĻĭƚƓķ /ĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./9͵ tğƦǤƩǒƭͲ ƷŷĻ źƓƓĻƩ ĬğƩƉ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ƦğƦǤƩǒƭ ƦƌğƓƷͲ źƭ ƓƚƷ ƷƩǒĻ ƦğƦĻƩ͵ tğƦĻƩ źƭ ğ ƭŷĻĻƷ ƚŅ ƭĻķźƒĻƓƷ Ǟŷźĭŷ
ƩĻƭǒƌƷƭ ŅƩƚƒ ƷŷĻ ƭĻƷƷƌźƓŭ ƚŅ ğ ƌğǤĻƩ ƚŅ ķźƭźƓƷĻŭƩğƷĻķ ŅźĬĻƩƭ ŅƩƚƒ ğ
ǞğƷĻƩǤ ƭƚƌǒƷźƚƓ ƚƓƷƚ ğ ŅƌğƷ ƒƚƌķ͵ hƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ ǞğƷĻƩ źƭ ķƩğźƓĻķ ğǞğǤͲ
ƷŷĻ ķĻƦƚƭźƷĻķ ƌğǤĻƩ źƭ ƩĻƒƚǝĻķ ğƓķ ķƩźĻķ͵ ŷĻ ƚƌķĻƭƷ ƭǒƩǝźǝźƓŭ ƦźĻĭĻ
ƚŅ ƦğƦĻƩ źƓ ƷŷĻ ǞƚƩƌķ źƭ ƒğķĻ ƚŅ ŷĻƒƦ ŅźĬĻƩƭͲ ķźƭĭƚǝĻƩĻķ źƓ ЊВЎА źƓ ğ
ƷƚƒĬ ƓĻğƩ -źğƓͲ /ŷźƓğͲ ğƓķ ķğƷĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ƷŷĻ ǤĻğƩƭ ЊЍЉ ğƓķ
БА ./9͵ ŷĻ ƚƌķĻƭƷ ƦğƦĻƩ ǞźƷŷ ǞƩźƷźƓŭ ƚƓ źƷͲ ğƌƭƚ ŅƩƚƒ /ŷźƓğͲ źƭ ķğƷĻķ
Ʒƚ ЊЊЉ /9 ğƓķ ĭƚƓƷğźƓƭ ğĬƚǒƷ ƷǞƚ ķƚǩĻƓ ĭŷğƩğĭƷĻƩƭ͵ tğƦĻƩ ƩĻğĭŷĻķ
LƓķźğ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƭĻǝĻƓƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ğƓķ ĻƭƷ !ƭźğ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĻźŭŷƷŷ͵ ŷĻ !ƩğĬƭ
ƭƚƌķ ƦğƦĻƩ Ʒƚ 9ǒƩƚƦĻğƓƭ ǒƓƷźƌ ƒğƓǒŅğĭƷǒƩĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ĻƭƷ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƷǞĻƌŅƷŷ
ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ͵
tƩźƓƷźƓŭŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ ĬƚƷŷ ĬƌƚĭƉ ƦƩźƓƷźƓŭͲ Ʒƚ ƩĻƦƩƚķǒĭĻ ƷŷĻ
/ƚƓŅǒĭźğƓ ĭƌğƭƭźĭƭ ƷŷğƷ ŷğķ ƚŅƷĻƓ ĬĻĻƓ ĭğƩǝĻķ ƚƓ ƭƷƚƓĻͲ ğƓķ
ƒƚǝĻğĬƌĻ ƷǤƦĻ͵ LƷ ğƦƦĻğƩƭ ƷŷğƷ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ ƌĻğƩƓĻķ ğĬƚǒƷ ĬƌƚĭƉ ƦƩźƓƷźƓŭ
ŅƩƚƒ /ŷźƓğ ğƓķ ķźķ ƓƚƷ źƓǝĻƓƷ źƷ ƭĻƦğƩğƷĻƌǤ͵
hƓĻ ƦƚƭƭźĬƌĻ ƭƚǒƩĭĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƭƦƩĻğķ ƚŅ ĬƌƚĭƉ ƦƩźƓƷźƓŭ ŅƩƚƒ /ŷźƓğ źƭ
ƦƌğǤźƓŭ ĭğƩķƭͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ğƌƭƚ źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ ğƓķ źƓƷƩƚķǒĭĻķ Ʒƚ
9ǒƩƚƦĻ͵ !ƓƚƷŷĻƩ ƭƚǒƩĭĻ źƭ ƦğƦĻƩ ƒƚƓĻǤͲ ŅźƩƭƷ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ źƓ /ŷźƓğ źƓ ƷŷĻ
ƷĻƓƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ !͵5͵ ğƓķ ƌğƷĻƩ źƓƷƩƚķǒĭĻķ Ʒƚ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ͵
ƚƚķĬƌƚĭƉ ƦƩźƓƷźƓŭʹ ŷĻ ĻğƩƌźĻƭƷ ƭƦĻĭźƒĻƓ ƚŅ ǞƚƚķĬƌƚĭƉ ƦƩźƓƷźƓŭ
ķźƭĭƚǝĻƩĻķ źƭ ğ ƭźƓŭƌĻΏƭŷĻĻƷ ķŷğƩğƓź ƭǒƷƩğ źƓ {ğƓƭƉƩźƷ ƷŷğƷ Ǟğƭ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ
ƚƓ ŷĻƒƦ ƦğƦĻƩ ĬĻƷǞĻĻƓ ЏЎЉ ğƓķ ЏАЉ !5ͳ źƷ Ǟğƭ ǒƓĻğƩƷŷĻķ źƓ ЊВАЍ
ŅƩƚƒ ğ ğƓŭ ƷƚƒĬ ƓĻğƩ -źγğƓ͵ΝЊЎΞ ! YƚƩĻğƓ ƒźƓźğƷǒƩĻ ķŷğƩğƓź .ǒķķŷźƭƷ
ƭǒƷƩğ ķźƭĭƚǝĻƩĻķ źƓ ЊВЏЏͲ ĬĻğƩźƓŭ ĻǣƷźƓĭƷ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ǞƩźƷźƓŭ ĭŷğƩğĭƷĻƩƭ
ǒƭĻķ ƚƓƌǤ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƩĻźŭƓ ƚŅ /ŷźƓğγƭ ƚƓƌǤ ƭĻƌŅΏƩǒƌźƓŭ ĻƒƦƩĻƭƭͲ ǒ
ĻƷźğƓ ΛƩ͵ЏВЉΑАЉЎΜͲ źƭ ķğƷĻķ Ɠƚ ĻğƩƌźĻƩ ƷŷğƓ АЉЍ ğƓķ ƦƩĻƭĻƩǝĻķ źƓ ğ
{źƌƌğ YƚƩĻğƓ ƷĻƒƦƌĻ ƭƷǒƦğ ĬǒźƌƷ źƓ АЎЊ͵ΝЊЏΞ IƚǞĻǝĻƩͲ ƷŷĻ ĻğƩƌźĻƭƷ
ƉƓƚǞƓ ĬƚƚƉ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ ğƷ ƩĻŭǒƌğƩ ƭźǩĻ źƭ ƷŷĻ 5źğƒƚƓķ {ǒƷƩğ ƒğķĻ
ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЏЊБΑВЉАΜͲ ğ Ў͵ЊБ ƒ ΛЊА ŅƷΜ ƌƚƓŭ ƭĭƩƚƌƌ Ǟŷźĭŷ
ĬĻğƩƭ ƷŷĻ ķğƷĻ БЏБ !5Ͳ ƚƩ ƷŷĻ δŅźŅƷĻĻƓƷŷ ķğǤ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅƚǒƩƷŷ ƒƚƚƓ ƚŅ
ƷŷĻ ƓźƓƷŷ ǤĻğƩδ ƚŅ 9ƒƦĻƩƚƩ źǩƚƓŭγƭ ΛБЎВΑБАЌΜ -źğƓƷƚƓŭ ƩĻźŭƓ
ƦĻƩźƚķ͵ΝЊАΞ WƚƭĻƦŷ bĻĻķŷğƒ ğƓķ ƭźĻƓ ƭǒĻƓΏIƭǒźƓ ǞƩźƷĻ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ
ĭǒƷƷźƓŭ ğƓķ ƦƩźƓƷźƓŭ ƷĻĭŷƓźƨǒĻƭ ǒƭĻķ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ķĻƌźĭğƷĻ ĭğƌƌźŭƩğƦŷǤ ƚŅ
ƷŷĻ 5źğƒƚƓķ {ǒƷƩğ ĬƚƚƉ ğƩĻ ƒǒĭŷ ƒƚƩĻ ğķǝğƓĭĻķ ğƓķ ƩĻŅźƓĻķ ƷŷğƓ
ƷŷĻ ƒźƓźğƷǒƩĻ ķŷğƩğƓź ƭǒƷƩğ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ ĻğƩƌźĻƩ͵ΝЊАΞ ŷĻ ƷǞƚ ƚƌķĻƭƷ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ
/ŷźƓĻƭĻ ĭğƌĻƓķğƩƭ ğƩĻ ķğƷĻķ БАА ğƓķ ББЋͳ ƷŷĻǤ ǞĻƩĻ ŅƚǒƓķ ğƷ ƷŷĻ
.ǒķķŷźƭƷ ƦźƌŭƩźƒğŭĻ ƭźƷĻ ƚŅ 5ǒƓŷǒğƓŭͳ tğƷƩźĭźğ 9ĬƩĻǤ ǞƩźƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ źƷ źƭ
Ɠƚ ƭǒƩƦƩźƭĻ ƷŷğƷ ƭƚƒĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĻğƩƌźĻƭƷ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ źƷĻƒƭ ǞĻƩĻ ĭğƌĻƓķğƩƭͲ
ƭźƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ŅƚǒƓķ źƷ ƓĻĭĻƭƭğƩǤ Ʒƚ ĭğƌĭǒƌğƷĻ ğƓķ ƒğƩƉ Ǟŷźĭŷ
ķğǤƭ ǞĻƩĻ ğǒƭƦźĭźƚǒƭ ğƓķ Ǟŷźĭŷ ǞĻƩĻ ƓƚƷ͵ΝЊАΞΝЊБΞ
DǒƓƦƚǞķĻƩ
DǒƓƦƚǞķĻƩ Ǟğƭ źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ĭ͵ ЊЉЉЉ !͵5͵ ğƓķ ƦƩƚĬğĬƌǤ ƭƦƩĻğķ
Ʒƚ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ aƚƓŭƚƌ ĻǣƦğƓƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ЊЋЉЉΏЊЌЉЉ !͵5͵Ͳ ĬǒƷ Ʒŷźƭ
ŷğƭ ƓƚƷ ĬĻĻƓ ƦƩƚǝĻƓ͵ ŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ŭǒƓƦƚǞķĻƩ źƓ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ Ǟğƭ ŅźƩƭƷ
ƩĻĭƚƩķĻķ źƓ ЊЌЊЌ͵ 9ǒƩƚƦĻğƓƭ ǒƭĻķ ŭǒƓƦƚǞķĻƩ ŅƚƩ ĭğƓƓƚƓƭͲ ǞŷźƌĻ ƷŷĻ
/ŷźƓĻƭĻ ǒƭĻķ źƷ ƦƩźƒğƩźƌǤ ŅƚƩ ŅźƩĻĭƩğĭƉĻƩƭ͵ 5ĻƭƦźƷĻ ƭǒĭŷ ĻğƩƌǤ
ƉƓƚǞƌĻķŭĻ ƚŅ ĻǣƦƌƚƭźǝĻƭ ğƓķ ƷŷĻźƩ ǒƭĻͲ /ŷźƓğ ķźķ ƓƚƷ ƦǒƩƭǒĻ ƷŷĻ
ķĻǝĻƌƚƦƒĻƓƷ ƚŅ ǞĻğƦƚƓƩǤ ğƭ ķźķ ƷŷĻ ĻƭƷͳ źƩƚƓźĭğƌƌǤͲ źƷ Ǟğƭ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷ
ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ĭğƓƓƚƓƭ ğƓķ ŭǒƓƭ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ 9ǒƩƚƦĻğƓƭ ǞĻƩĻ ğĬƌĻ Ʒƚ
ķƚƒźƓğƷĻ /ŷźƓğ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƒźķΏƷƚ ƌğƷĻΏЊБЉЉƭ͵
DƩğźƓ ƭƷƚƩğŭĻ IĻƓƩǤ !͵ ğƌƌğĭĻͲ ƷŷĻ ...͵{͵ {ĻĭƩĻƷğƩǤ ƚŅ !ŭƩźĭǒƌƷǒƩĻ ŅƩƚƒ ЊВЌЌ Ʒƚ
ЊВЍЉͲ źƓƷƩƚķǒĭĻķ ŭƚǝĻƩƓƒĻƓƷğƌ ƭƷƚƩğŭĻ ƚŅ ĻǣĭĻƭƭ ŭƩğźƓ ğŅƷĻƩ ƩĻğķźƓŭ
ƷŷĻ ķźƭƭĻƩƷğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ğ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƭƷǒķĻƓƷ ğƷ /ƚƌǒƒĬźğ ...ƓźǝĻƩƭźƷǤ ƚƓ
/ƚƓŅǒĭźğƓ ĻĭƚƓƚƒźĭ ƦƚƌźĭźĻƭ͵ ğƌƌğĭĻ ğķğƦƷĻķ ƷŷĻ /ƚƓŅǒĭźğƓ ƓƚƷźƚƓ
ƚŅ ŭƚǝĻƩƓƒĻƓƷ ŭƩğźƓ ƦǒƩĭŷğƭĻƭ Ʒƚ ƦƩƚǝźķĻ ŅƚƩ ƷźƒĻƭ ƚŅ ƭĭğƩĭźƷǤͲ ğƓķ
ŷĻ źƓƷƩƚķǒĭĻķ ƷŷĻ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ...͵{͵ Ʒƚ ķĻğƌ ǞźƷŷ ƚǝĻƩΏƦƩƚķǒĭƷźƚƓ
ķǒĻ Ʒƚ ƒĻĭŷğƓźǩğƷźƚƓ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƭǒƌƷźƓŭ ķƩƚƦ źƓ ğŭƩźĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ ƦƩźĭĻƭ
!ƌĭŷĻƒǤΛ/ŷĻƒźƭƷƩǤΜ
ŷĻ ğƚźƭƷ ƭĻğƩĭŷ ŅƚƩ ƷŷĻ ĻƌźǣźƩ ƚŅ ƌźŅĻ Λğ ƌźŅĻΏĻǣƷĻƓķźƓŭ ƦƚƷźƚƓΜ ƌĻķ Ʒƚ
ƒǒĭŷ ĻǣƦĻƩźƒĻƓƷğƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ĭŷğƓŭźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƭƷğƷĻ ƚŅ ƒźƓĻƩğƌƭ͵ ŷĻ
/ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻ ğƦƦĻğƩƭ Ʒƚ ŷğǝĻ ƭƦƩĻğķ ŅźƩƭƷ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ !ƩğĬ ǞƚƩƌķ ğƓķ
ƷŷĻƓ Ʒƚ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ͵ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ğƌĭŷĻƒǤ ƦƩĻķğƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ 9ŭǤƦƷźğƓƭ źƓ
!ƌĻǣğƓķƩźğ ğƓķ ƚƷŷĻƩ ĭźƷźĻƭ ĬǤ ğĬƚǒƷ ƷǞƚ ĭĻƓƷǒƩźĻƭͲ ĬĻŭźƓƓźƓŭ ĬǤ ЊЌЌ
.͵/͵ /ƚƒƦğƭƭIźƭƷƚƩźğƓƭ ĬĻƌźĻǝĻ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ ƷŷĻ ƒğŭƓĻƷźĭ ĭƚƒƦğƭƭ
ğƓķ ǒƭĻķ źƷ ŅƚƩ ƓğǝźŭğƷźƚƓ ĭ͵ ЊЊЉЉ !͵5͵ !ƩğĬ ƷƩğķĻƩƭ ƭğźƌźƓŭ Ʒƚ /ŷźƓğ
ƦƩƚĬğĬƌǤ ƌĻğƩƓĻķ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƒĻƷŷƚķ ƚŅ ƭğźƌźƓŭ ĬǤ ĭƚƒƦğƭƭ ğƓķ
ƩĻƷǒƩƓĻķ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĻƭƷ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓ͵
/źǝźƌ {ĻƩǝźĭĻ9ǣğƒƭ ŅƚƩ ŭƚǝĻƩƓƒĻƓƷ ƭĻƩǝźĭĻ ǞĻƩĻ źƓƷƩƚķǒĭĻķ źƓ ĬƚƷŷ CƩğƓĭĻ ğƓķ
9ƓŭƌğƓķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ЊБЉЉƭͲ ğƦƦğƩĻƓƷƌǤ źƓƭƦźƩĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƦƩğĭƷźĭĻ
źƓƭƷźƷǒƷĻķ ğƌƒƚƭƷ ƷǞƚ ƷŷƚǒƭğƓķ ǤĻğƩƭ ĻğƩƌźĻƩͲ źƓ ЊЎЍ .͵/͵
ŷĻĻƌĬğƩƩƚǞ ŷĻƩĻ źƭ ƭĭğƓƷǤ ƌźƓŭǒźƭƷźĭ ĻǝźķĻƓĭĻ ƷŷğƷ ǞŷĻĻƌĬğƩƩƚǞƭ Λź͵Ļ͵ ƷŷĻ
ŷǤƦĻƩƷĻƩźğ ƒƚƓƚƉǤƉƌƚǒͲ ƚƩ γƚƓĻΏǞŷĻĻƌĻƩγΜ ƒźŭŷƷ ŷğǝĻ ĻǣźƭƷĻķ źƓ
ğƓĭźĻƓƷ DƩĻĻĭĻ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ƌğƷĻ ЎƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./ͲΝЎЍЍΞ ĬǒƷ źƷ ŷğƭ ĬĻĻƓ
ĭƚƒƒƚƓƌǤ ğĭĭĻƦƷĻķ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻ ǞŷĻĻƌĬğƩƩƚǞ ķźķ ƓƚƷ ĻǣźƭƷ źƓ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ
ǒƓƷźƌ ƷŷĻ ЊЌƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ !5ͲΝЎЍЎΞ ǞŷźƌĻ ƷŷĻźƩ ǒƭĻ źƓ ĻƭƷĻƩƓ IğƓ ΛЋЉЋ
./ΑВ !5Μ /ŷźƓğ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ЊƭƷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./ źƭ ğƷƷĻƭƷĻķ Ʒƚ ĬǤ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ
ĻǝźķĻƓĭĻͳ źƌƌǒƭƷƩğƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻźƩ ǒƭĻ ǞĻƩĻ ķĻƦźĭƷĻķ ƚƓ ƷƚƒĬ ƒǒƩğƌƭ źƓ
/ŷźƓğ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ЋƓķ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ !5Ͳ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ 9ğƭƷĻƩƓ IğƓ ΛЋЎΑЋЋЉ
!5Μ͵ΝЎЍЏΞΝЎЍАΞ͵ ŷĻ ŷĻĻƌĬğƩƩƚǞʹ /ŷźƓğͲ CźƩƭƷ /ĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./9͵ ŷĻĻƌĬğƩƩƚǞƭ ķźķ ƓƚƷ
ĻǣźƭƷ źƓ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ ĬĻŅƚƩĻ ƷŷĻ ĻƌĻǝĻƓƷŷ ƚƩ ƷǞĻƌŅƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ΛƷŷĻ ĻğƩƌźĻƭƷ
ƉƓƚǞƓ ĻƭƷĻƩƓ ķĻƦźĭƷźƚƓ źƭ źƓ ğ ǞźƓķƚǞ ğƷ /ŷğƩƷƩĻƭ /ğƷŷĻķƩğƌͲ
ķğƷĻķ ğƩƚǒƓķ ЊЋЋЉ /9Μ͵ 5ĻƭĭƩźƦƷźƚƓƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ǞŷĻĻƌĬğƩƩƚǞ źƓ /ŷźƓğ
ƩĻŅĻƩ Ʒƚ ŅźƩƭƷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./9Ͳ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƚƌķĻƭƷ ƭǒƩǝźǝźƓŭ ƦźĭƷǒƩĻͲ ğ ŅƩźĻǩĻ
ƩĻƌźĻŅ ŅƩƚƒ ğ ƷƚƒĬΏƭŷƩźƓĻ źƓ {ǩĻĭŷǒğƓ ƦƩƚǝźƓĭĻͲ ķğƷĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ğĬƚǒƷ
ЊЊБ /9͵
Ќ͵ ŷĻ aƚƌķĬƚğƩķ tƌƚǞʹ /ŷźƓğͲ ŷźƩķ /ĻƓƷƩǒƩǤ ./9͵ /ğƌƌĻķ ƉǒğƓͲ
ƷŷĻƭĻ ƦƌƚǒŭŷƭŷğƩĻƭ ǞĻƩĻ ƒğķĻ ƚŅ ƒğƌƌĻğĬƌĻ ĭğƭƷ źƩƚƓ͵ ŷĻǤ ŷğķ ğƓ
ğķǝğƓĭĻķ ķĻƭźŭƓͲ ǞźƷŷ ğ ĭĻƓƷƩğƌ ƩźķŭĻ ĻƓķźƓŭ źƓ ğ ƭŷğƩƦ ƦƚźƓƷ Ʒƚ ĭǒƷ
ƷŷĻ ƭƚźƌ ğƓķ ǞźƓŭƭ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƭƌƚƦĻķ ŭĻƓƷƌǤ ǒƦ ƷƚǞğƩķƭ ƷŷĻ ĭĻƓƷĻƩ Ʒƚ
ƷŷƩƚǞ ƷŷĻ ƭƚźƌ ƚŅŅ ƷŷĻ ƦƌƚǞ ğƓķ ƩĻķǒĭĻ ŅƩźĭƷźƚƓ͵ ŷĻƓ ĬƩƚǒŭŷƷ Ʒƚ
IƚƌƌğƓķ źƓ ƷŷĻ ЊАƷŷ /ĻƓƷǒƩǤͲ ƷŷĻƭĻ ƦƌƚǞƭ ĬĻŭğƓ ƷŷĻ !ŭƩźĭǒƌƷǒƩğƌ
wĻǝƚƌǒƷźƚƓtğƦĻƩ aƚƓĻǤ Ѝ͵ tğƦĻƩ aƚƓĻǤʹ /ŷźƓğͲ bźƓƷŷ /ĻƓƷǒƩǤ /9͵ LƷƭ ƚƩźŭźƓğƌ ƓğƒĻ Ǟğƭ
γŅƌǤźƓŭ ƒƚƓĻǤγ ĬĻĭğǒƭĻ źƷ Ǟğƭ ƭƚ ƌźŭŷƷ źƷ ĭƚǒƌķ ĬƌƚǞ ƚǒƷ ƚŅ ƚƓĻγƭ ŷğƓķ͵
!ƭ γĻǣĭŷğƓŭĻ ĭĻƩƷźŅźĭğƷĻƭγ ǒƭĻķ ĬǤ ƒĻƩĭŷğƓƷƭͲ ƦğƦĻƩ ƒƚƓĻǤ Ǟğƭ
ƨǒźĭƉƌǤ ğķƚƦƷĻķ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ŭƚǝĻƩƓƒĻƓƷ ŅƚƩ ŅƚƩǞğƩķźƓŭ Ʒğǣ ƦğǤƒĻƓƷƭ͵
wĻğƌ ƦğƦĻƩ ƒƚƓĻǤͲ ǒƭĻķ ğƭ ğ ƒĻķźǒƒ ƚŅ ĻǣĭŷğƓŭĻ ğƓķ ĬğĭƉĻķ ĬǤ
ķĻƦƚƭźƷĻķ ĭğƭŷ Λğ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƷĻƩƒ ŅƚƩ ƒĻƷğƌ ĭƚźƓƭΜͲ ğƦƦğƩĻƓƷƌǤ ĭğƒĻ
źƓƷƚ ǒƭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ƷĻƓƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ͵ ŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ĻƭƷĻƩƓ ƒƚƓĻǤ Ǟğƭ źƭƭǒĻķ źƓ
{ǞĻķĻƓ źƓ ЊЏЏЊ͵ !ƒĻƩźĭğ ŅƚƌƌƚǞĻķ źƓ ЊЏВЉͲ CƩğƓĭĻ źƓ ЊАЋЉͲ 9ƓŭƌğƓķ
źƓ ЊАВАͲ ğƓķ DĻƩƒğƓǤ ƓƚƷ ǒƓƷźƌ ЊБЉЏ͵
ağƷĭŷĻƭ ağƷĭŷĻƭʹ /ŷźƓğͲ {źǣƷŷ /ĻƓƷǒƩǤ /9͵ ŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ǝĻƩƭźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƒğƷĭŷ Ǟğƭ
źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ źƓ ЎАА /9 ĬǤ źƒƦƚǝĻƩźƭŷĻķ ĭƚǒƩƷ ƌğķźĻƭ ķǒƩźƓŭ ğ ƒźƌźƷğƩǤ
ƭźĻŭĻ͵ IğƩķ ƦƩĻƭƭĻķ ŅƚƩ ƷźƓķĻƩ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƭźĻŭĻͲ ƷŷĻǤ ĭƚǒƌķ ƚƷŷĻƩǞźƭĻ
ƓƚƷ ƭƷğƩƷ ŅźƩĻƭ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƚƉźƓŭͲ ŷĻğƷźƓŭͲ ĻƷĭ͵ ŷĻ ƒğƷĭŷĻƭ ĭƚƓƭźƭƷĻķ ƚŅ
ƌźƷƷƌĻ ƭƷźĭƉƭ ƚŅ ƦźƓĻǞƚƚķ źƒƦƩĻŭƓğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƭǒƌŅǒƩ͵ ŷĻƩĻ źƭ Ɠƚ
ĻǝźķĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ ƒğƷĭŷĻƭ źƓ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ ĬĻŅƚƩĻ ЊЎЌЉ͵ ağƷĭŷͲ ƓƚƓΏŅƩźĭƷźƚƓʹ ŷĻ
ĻğƩƌźĻƭƷ ƷǤƦĻ ƚŅ ƒğƷĭŷ ŅƚƩ ƌźŭŷƷźƓŭ ŅźƩĻ Ǟğƭ ƒğķĻ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ĬǤ ЎАА !5Ͳ
źƓǝĻƓƷĻķ ĬǤ bƚƩƷŷĻƩƓ vź ΛЎЎЉΑЎААΜ ĭƚǒƩƷ ƌğķźĻƭ ğƭ ƷŷĻǤ ķĻƭƦĻƩğƷĻƌǤ
ƌƚƚƉĻķ ŅƚƩ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ Ʒƚ ƌźŭŷƷ ŅźƩĻƭ ŅƚƩ ĭƚƚƉźƓŭ ğƓķ ŷĻğƷźƓŭ ğƭ ĻƓĻƒǤ
ƷƩƚƚƦƭ ƚŅ bƚƩƷŷĻƩƓ ŷƚǒ ΛЎЎАΑЎБЊΜ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ /ŷĻƓ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЎЎАΑЎБВΜ
ĬĻƭźĻŭĻķ ƷŷĻźƩ ĭźƷǤ ŅƩƚƒ ƚǒƷƭźķĻ͵
ΝЍЉЏΞ 9ğƩƌǤ ƒğƷĭŷĻƭ źƓ /ŷźƓğ ǞĻƩĻ
ķĻƭźŭƓĻķ Ʒƚ ĬĻ ƌźƷ ĬǤ ğƓ ĻǣźƭƷźƓŭ ŅƌğƒĻ ğƓķ ĭğƩƩźĻķ Ʒƚ ƌźŭŷƷ ğƓƚƷŷĻƩ
ŅźƩĻ͵ ŷĻǤ ǞĻƩĻ ƦźƓĻǞƚƚķ ƭƷźĭƉƭ źƒƦƩĻŭƓğƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ ƭǒƌŅǒƩ ğƓķ ƓĻĻķĻķ
ƚƓƌǤ ğ ƭƌźŭŷƷ Ʒƚǒĭŷ ŅƩƚƒ ğ ŅƌğƒĻ Ʒƚ ƌźŭŷƷ͵
ΝЍЉЏΞ ŷźƭ Ǟğƭ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ źƓ ƷŷĻ
wĻĭƚƩķƭ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ...ƓǞƚƩķƌǤ ğƓķ {ƷƩğƓŭĻ ĬǤ ğƚ Dǒ źƓ ВЎЉ ΛCźǝĻ
5ǤƓğƭƷźĻƭ ğƓķ ĻƓ YźƓŭķƚƒƭ tĻƩźƚķΜͲ Ǟŷƚ ğƌƭƚ ǞƩƚƷĻ ƷŷğƷ ƷŷĻǤ ǞĻƩĻ
ƚƓĭĻ ĭğƌƌĻķ δƌźŭŷƷΏĬƩźƓŭźƓŭ ƭƌğǝĻƭδ ĬĻŅƚƩĻ ƷŷĻǤ ǞĻƩĻ ĭƚƒƒĻƩĭźğƌƌǤ
ƒğƩƉĻƷĻķ ğƭ ƷŷĻ γŅźƩĻ źƓĭŷΏƭƷźĭƉγ͵
ΝЍЉЏΞ ŷĻ ƭĻƌŅΏƭƷƩźƉźƓŭͲ ŅƩźĭƷźƚƓ ƒğƷĭŷ
Ǟğƭ ƓƚƷ ƒğķĻ ǒƓƷźƌ ЊБЋАͲ ğƓ źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ƚŅ WƚŷƓ ğƌƉĻƩ͵
YźƷĻ ŷĻ YźƷĻʹ /ŷźƓğͲ CźŅƷŷΉCƚǒƩƷŷ /ĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./9͵ Ǟƚ ƉźƷĻƒğƉĻƩƭͲ YǒƓŭƭŷǒ
tγğƓ Ǟŷƚ ƒğķĻ ƉźƷĻƭ ƭŷğƦĻķ ƌźƉĻ ĬźƩķƭ Ǟŷźĭŷ ĭƚǒƌķ ŅƌǤ ŅƚƩ ǒƦ Ʒƚ ƷŷƩĻĻ
ķğǤƭͲ ğƓķ aƚ ź ΛǞŷƚ źƭ ƭğźķ Ʒƚ ŷğǝĻ ƭƦĻƓƷ ƷŷƩĻĻ ǤĻğƩƭ ĬǒźƌķźƓŭ ğ
ƭƦĻĭźğƌ ƉźƷĻΜ ǞĻƩĻ Ņğƒƚǒƭ źƓ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƷƩğķźƷźƚƓğƌ ƭƷƚƩźĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ğƭ ĻğƩƌǤ
ğƭ ƷŷĻ ŅźŅƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ./9͵ YźƷĻƭ ǞĻƩĻ ǒƭĻķ źƓ ǞğƩƷźƒĻ ğƭ ĻğƩƌǤ ğƭ ЊЋЌЋ
ǞŷĻƓ ƉźƷĻƭ ǞźƷŷ ƒĻƭƭğŭĻƭ ǞĻƩĻ ŅƌƚǞƓ ƚǝĻƩ aƚƓŭƚƌ ƌźƓĻƭ ĬǤ ƷŷĻ
/ŷźƓĻƭĻ͵ ŷĻ ƭƷƩźƓŭƭ ǞĻƩĻ ĭǒƷ ğƓķ ƷŷĻ ƉźƷĻƭ ƌğƓķĻķ ğƒƚƓŭ ƷŷĻ
/ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƦƩźƭƚƓĻƩƭͲ źƓĭźƷźƓŭ ƷŷĻƒ Ʒƚ ƩĻǝƚƌƷ ğƓķ ĻƭĭğƦĻ͵ YźƷĻƭ ŅźƷƷĻķ
ǞźƷŷ ŷƚƚƉƭ ğƓķ ĬğźƷ ǞĻƩĻ ǒƭĻķ ŅƚƩ ŅźƭŷźƓŭͲ ğƓķ ƉźƷĻƭ ǞĻƩĻ ŅźƷƷĻķ ǞźƷŷ
ƭƷƩźƓŭƭ ğƓķ ǞŷźƭƷƌĻƭ Ʒƚ ƒğƉĻ ƒǒƭźĭğƌ ƭƚǒƓķƭ ǞŷźƌĻ ŅƌǤźƓŭ͵ ŷĻ ƉźƷĻ
Ǟğƭ ŅźƩƭƷ ƒĻƓƷźƚƓĻķ źƓ 9ǒƩƚƦĻ źƓ ğ ƦƚƦǒƌğƩ ĬƚƚƉ ƚŅ ƒğƩǝĻƌƭ ğƓķ
ƷƩźĭƉƭ źƓ ЊЎБВ͵ {ǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓĬƩźķŭĻ ǒƭźƓŭ
źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓƭ
{ǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻ ǒƭźƓŭ źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓƭ
ƒğƓǤ ĻğƩƌǤ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻƭ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻķ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻƭ ǞźƷŷ
ĭğĬƌĻķ ƩƚƦĻƭͲ ƷŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ĻǝźķĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓ ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ
ĬƩźķŭĻƭ ĭƚƒĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ğ ƌƚĭğƌ ŷźƭƷƚƩǤ ğƓķ ƷƚƦƚŭƩğƦŷǤ ƚŅ
ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ źƓ ƷŷĻ ЊЎƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻƭ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƦğźƩ ƚŅ ğƓ źƩƚƓ
ĭŷğźƓ ĬƩźķŭĻ ķǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ ƩĻźŭƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ğƌƷŷƚǒŭŷ źƷ źƭ ƨǒĻƭƷźƚƓğĬƌĻ źŅ
ĭƌğźƒƭ ƷŷğƷ źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓ ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻƭ ĻǣźƭƷĻķ ƭźƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ IğƓ
5ǤƓğƭƷǤͲ ƷŷĻźƩ ĻǣźƭƷĻƓĭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ЊЎƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ƦƩĻķğƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƚŅ
ğƓǤǞŷĻƩĻ ĻƌƭĻ͵ΝЎЉЍΞ Y͵{͵ ƚƒ ƒĻƓƷ
ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻķ ĬǤ bĻĻķŷğƒͲ ĬǒƷ ğķķƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻĭĻƓƷ
ƩĻƭĻğƩĭŷ ŷğƭ ƩĻǝĻğƌĻķ ğ ķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƌźƭƷƭ ƷŷĻ ƓğƒĻƭ ƚŅ ƷŷƚƭĻ
Ǟŷƚ ğƌƌĻŭĻķƌǤ ĬǒźƌƷ ğƓ źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓ ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻ źƓ ǒƓƓğƓ
ğƩƚǒƓķ ƷŷĻ ǤĻğƩ ЏЉЉ !5͵ΝЎЉЎΞtƌğǤźƓŭ /ğƩķƭ tƌğǤźƓŭ ĭğƩķƭʹ ŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭğƩķ ŭğƒĻ źƓ ǞƚƩƌķ ŷźƭƷƚƩǤ
ķğƷĻƭ Ɠƚ ƌğƷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ ВƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤͲ ǞŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ
aźƭĭĻƌƌğƓĻğ ğƷ 5ǒǤğƓŭͲ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ĬǤ {ǒ 9 ΛŅƌ͵ ББЉΜͲ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻķ ƷŷĻ Ļź
ĭƌğƓ ΛŅğƒźƌǤ ƚŅ tƩźƓĭĻƭƭ ƚƓŭĭŷğƓŭγƭ ŷǒƭĬğƓķΜ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
ΛЏЊБΑВЉА !5Μ ĻƓƆƚǤźƓŭ ƷŷĻ δƌĻğŅ ŭğƒĻδ źƓ БЏБ͵
DĻǣź Ǟğƭ ğ ĬƚƚƉ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ĭğƩķ ĭğƒĻ Ǟŷźĭŷ Ǟğƭ ğƌƌĻŭĻķƌǤ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ĬǤ ğ
ğƓŭ ǞƚƒğƓ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒĻƓƷĻķ ƚƓ ĬǤ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƭĭŷƚƌğƩƭ źƓ ƭǒĬƭĻƨǒĻƓƷ
ķǤƓğƭƷźĻƭ͵ΝЍЍЋΞΝЍЍЌΞ LƓ ŷźƭ bƚƷĻƭ !ŅƷĻƩ wĻƷźƩĻƒĻƓƷ
ΛВЏЉΑЊЋАВΜ ƭĭŷƚƌğƩ hǒǤğƓŭ -źǒ
ĭğƩķ ŭğƒĻƭ ĻǣźƭƷĻķ ƭźƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ ƒźķ ğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ğƓķ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ Ʒ
źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ƭźƒǒƌƷğƓĻƚǒƭ ĻǝƚƌǒƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒƚƓ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ
ǞƩźƷźƓŭ ƒĻķźǒƒ ŅƩƚƒ ƦğƦĻƩ Ʃƚƌƌƭ Ʒƚ ƭŷĻĻƷƭ ƚŅ ƦğƦĻƩ ƷŷğƷ ĭƚǒƌķ ĬĻ
ƦƩźƓƷĻķ͵ΝЍЍЉΞΝЍЍЋΞΝЍЍЌΞ 5ǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ
ŅƩƚƒ ƦƚƦǒƌğƩ ƓƚǝĻƌƭ ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƷŷĻ
ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ŅğĭĻƭ ƚŅ ƦƌğǤźƓŭ ĭğƩķƭ͵
ĭğƩķƭ ĭƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ŅƚǒƓķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ !ƭźğƓ ĭƚƓƷźƓĻƓƷ͵
ĭğƩķƭ ǞĻƩĻ ƭƚƒĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ źƓ 9ǒƩƚƦĻͲ ğƦƦĻğƩźƓŭ
ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ЊЍƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ Λź͵Ļ͵ źƓ {ƦğźƓ ğƓķ DĻƩƒğƓǤ źƓ ЊЌААͲ źƓ LƷğƌǤ ğƓķ
.Ļƌŭźǒƒ źƓ ЊЌАВͲ ğƓķ źƓ CƩğƓĭĻ źƓ ЊЌБЊΜ ğƓķ ƦƩƚķǒĭĻķ ĬǤ
ǞƚƚķĬƌƚĭƉ ƦƩźƓƷźƓŭ ĬĻŅƚƩĻ ƷŷĻ źƓƓƚǝğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ
WƚŷğƓƓĻƭ DǒƷĻƓĬĻƩŭ Λĭ͵ ЊЍЉЉ{ǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻ ǒƭźƓŭ źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓƭʹ !ƌƷŷƚǒŭŷ ƷŷĻƩĻ źƭ ĻǝźķĻƓĭĻ ƷŷğƷ
ƒğƓǤ ĻğƩƌǤ ĭǒƌƷǒƩĻƭ ĻƒƦƌƚǤĻķ ƷŷĻ ǒƭĻ ƚŅ ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻƭ ǞźƷŷ
źƩƭƷ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ĻǝźķĻƓĭĻ ƚŅ źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓ ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ
ĬƩźķŭĻƭ ĭƚƒĻƭ ŅƩƚƒ ğ ƌƚĭğƌ ŷźƭƷƚƩǤ ğƓķ ƷƚƦƚŭƩğƦŷǤ ƚŅ ǒƓƓğƓ
ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ źƓ ƷŷĻ ЊЎƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤͲ Ǟŷźĭŷ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻƭ ƷŷĻ ƩĻƦğźƩ ƚŅ ğƓ źƩƚƓ
ƷŷĻ ƩĻźŭƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƚƓŭƌĻ 9ƒƦĻƩƚƩ ΛƩ͵ ЊЍЉЋΑЊЍЋЍΜͳ
ğƌƷŷƚǒŭŷ źƷ źƭ ƨǒĻƭƷźƚƓğĬƌĻ źŅ aźƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЊЌЏБΑЊЏЍЍΜ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ
ĭƌğźƒƭ ƷŷğƷ źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓ ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻƭ ĻǣźƭƷĻķ ƭźƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ IğƓ
5ǤƓğƭƷǤͲ ƷŷĻźƩ ĻǣźƭƷĻƓĭĻ źƓ ƷŷĻ ЊЎƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ƦƩĻķğƷĻƭ ƷŷğƷ ƚŅ
Y͵{͵ ƚƒ ƒĻƓƷźƚƓƭ Ʒŷźƭ ƭğƒĻ ƩĻƦğźƩĻķ aźƓŭ
ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻķ ĬǤ bĻĻķŷğƒͲ ĬǒƷ ğķķƭ ƷŷğƷ ƩĻĭĻƓƷ
ƩĻƭĻğƩĭŷ ŷğƭ ƩĻǝĻğƌĻķ ğ ķƚĭǒƒĻƓƷ Ǟŷźĭŷ ƌźƭƷƭ ƷŷĻ ƓğƒĻƭ ƚŅ ƷŷƚƭĻ
Ǟŷƚ ğƌƌĻŭĻķƌǤ ĬǒźƌƷ ğƓ źƩƚƓ ĭŷğźƓ ƭǒƭƦĻƓƭźƚƓ ĬƩźķŭĻ źƓ ǒƓƓğƓ
The Luding Bridge suspension bridgeʹ ŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ƩĻŅĻƩĻƓĭĻ Ʒƚ ƷŷĻ ĭğƩķ ŭğƒĻ źƓ ǞƚƩƌķ ŷźƭƷƚƩǤ
ķğƷĻƭ Ɠƚ ƌğƷĻƩ ƷŷğƓ ƷŷĻ ВƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤͲ ǞŷĻƓ ƷŷĻ /ƚƌƌĻĭƷźƚƓ ƚŅ
Ͳ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ĬǤ {ǒ 9 ΛŅƌ͵ ББЉΜͲ ķĻƭĭƩźĬĻķ ƷŷĻ Ļź
ĭƌğƓ ΛŅğƒźƌǤ ƚŅ tƩźƓĭĻƭƭ ƚƓŭĭŷğƓŭγƭ ŷǒƭĬğƓķΜ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ
ВЉА !5Μ ĻƓƆƚǤźƓŭ ƷŷĻ δƌĻğŅ ŭğƒĻδ źƓ БЏБ͵ΝЍЌВΞΝЍЍЉΞΝЍЍЊΞ ŷĻ Ļǩź
Ǟğƭ ğ ĬƚƚƉ ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ĭğƩķ ĭğƒĻ Ǟŷźĭŷ Ǟğƭ ğƌƌĻŭĻķƌǤ ǞƩźƷƷĻƓ ĬǤ ğ
ğƓŭ ǞƚƒğƓ ğƓķ ĭƚƒƒĻƓƷĻķ ƚƓ ĬǤ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ ƭĭŷƚƌğƩƭ źƓ ƭǒĬƭĻƨǒĻƓƷ
bƚƷĻƭ !ŅƷĻƩ wĻƷźƩĻƒĻƓƷͲ ƷŷĻ {ƚƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ
hǒǤğƓŭ -źǒ ΛЊЉЉАΑЊЉАЋΜ ğƭƭĻƩƷĻķ ƷŷğƷ ƦƌğǤźƓŭ
ĭğƩķ ŭğƒĻƭ ĻǣźƭƷĻķ ƭźƓĭĻ ƷŷĻ ƒźķ ğƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ğƓķ ğƭƭƚĭźğƷĻķ Ʒŷźƭ
źƓǝĻƓƷźƚƓ ǞźƷŷ ƷŷĻ ƭźƒǒƌƷğƓĻƚǒƭ ĻǝƚƌǒƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ĭƚƒƒƚƓ /ŷźƓĻƭĻ
ǞƩźƷźƓŭ ƒĻķźǒƒ ŅƩƚƒ ƦğƦĻƩ Ʃƚƌƌƭ Ʒƚ ƭŷĻĻƷƭ ƚŅ ƦğƦĻƩ ƷŷğƷ ĭƚǒƌķ ĬĻ
5ǒƩźƓŭ ƷŷĻ aźƓŭ 5ǤƓğƭƷǤ ΛЊЌЏБΑЊЏЍЍΜͲ ĭŷğƩğĭƷĻƩƭ
ƭǒĭŷ ğƭ ƷŷĻ ğƷĻƩ ağƩŭźƓ ǞĻƩĻ ǞźķĻƌǤ ŅĻğƷǒƩĻķ
ƚƓ ƷŷĻ ŅğĭĻƭ ƚŅ ƦƌğǤźƓŭ ĭğƩķƭ͵ΝЍЍЋΞΝЍЍЌΞ .Ǥ ƷŷĻ ЊЊƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ ƦƌğǤźƓŭ
ĭğƩķƭ ĭƚǒƌķ ĬĻ ŅƚǒƓķ ƷŷƩƚǒŭŷƚǒƷ ƷŷĻ !ƭźğƓ ĭƚƓƷźƓĻƓƷ͵ΝЍЍЍΞ tƌğǤźƓŭ
ĭğƩķƭ ǞĻƩĻ ƭƚƒĻ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ŅźƩƭƷ ƦƩźƓƷĻķ ƒğƷĻƩźğƌƭ źƓ 9ǒƩƚƦĻͲ ğƦƦĻğƩźƓŭ
ĬǤ ƷŷĻ ЊЍƷŷ ĭĻƓƷǒƩǤ Λź͵Ļ͵ źƓ {ƦğźƓ ğƓķ DĻƩƒğƓǤ źƓ ЊЌААͲ źƓ LƷğƌǤ ğƓķ
.Ļƌŭźǒƒ źƓ ЊЌАВͲ ğƓķ źƓ CƩğƓĭĻ źƓ ЊЌБЊΜ ğƓķ ƦƩƚķǒĭĻķ ĬǤ 9ǒƩƚƦĻğƓ
ĬĻŅƚƩĻ ƷŷĻ źƓƓƚǝğƷźƚƓ ƚŅ ƷŷĻ ƦƩźƓƷźƓŭ ƦƩĻƭƭ ĬǤ
Λĭ͵ ЊЍЉЉΑЊЍЏБΜ͵ΝЍЍЍΞΝЍЍЎΞ