Asim K Das, Chemistry Education (Macmillan), 3(3) (1987) 34-38 Journal of Environmental Sciences, 6(5), 905-911, 2016 http://www ipublishing co in
Learning the chemistry of carboxylic acids and their derivatives Environmental Chemistry with green chemistry by Asim K Das, Books and
Unit I Fundamentals of Chemistry for Environmental Science Environmental Chemistry with Green Chemistry: Asim K Das Books and Allied (P) LTD Kolkata
Das Asim K Das Dedicated to Education Volume 3B Third Edition Bioinorganic Chemistry; Environmental Chemistry with Green Chemistry; Biophysical,
M Sc (Environmental Science) Two Years (4 Semester) Environmental Chemistry with Green Chemistry, Asim K Das, Books and Allied (P) LTD Kolkata
d) Priecipitation: Physical and chemical methods of preparation, 5 Environmental chemistry with Green chemistry by Asim K Das,
Environmental Chemistry with Green Chemistry: Asim K Das, 2010 5 A text book of Soil Chemical Analysis: P R Hesse, CBS Publishers, 2002
growth curves, r and K selection, deme, concept of metapopulation Inorganic Chemistry (Biological and Environmental Aspects) Asim Kr Das (1
Ghosh, Sachin Kumar 7 5000 Solved Problems in Organic Chemistry (For 43 Environmental Chemistry with Green Chemistry Das, Asim K Das, Mahua
93073_79789390709120.pdf 7 PMVNF #'VOEBNFOUBM$PODFQUTPG *OPSHBOJD$IFNJTUSZ5IJS E &EJUJPO%BT%BT"TJN,%BT%FEJDBUFEUP&EVDBUJPO7
PMVNF#5IJS
E&EJUJPO&X V 2 J o&X2 V
&2 J 2 J o&2 J + J 2 J o+2 J & V 2 J o&2 J & V 2 J o&2 J 'VOEBNFOUBM$PODFQUTPG *OPSHBOJD $IFNJTUSZ± ±>)H &1 @>)H &1 @± ,,S+'VOEBNFOUBM$PODFQUTPG *OPSHBOJD$IFNJTUS Z7
PMVNF#5IJS
E&EJUJPO ;,3
UDKODG6WUHHW$QVDUL5RDG'DU\DJDQM1HZ'HOKL,QGLD (PDLO GHOKL#FEVSGFRPFEVSXEV#DLU
WHOPDLOLQ :HEVLWH ZZZFEVSGFRP
1HZ'HOKL_%HQJDOXU
X_&KHQQDL_.RFKL_.RONDWD_0XPEDL_
____+\GHUDEDG-KDUNKDQG1DJSXU3DWQD3XQH8WWDUDNKDQG&%63XEOLVKHUV 'LVWULEXWRUV
3YW/WG ,6%1 7
PMVNF"UPNJD4USVDUVSF 8BWF.FDIBOJDTBOE2VBOUVN$IFNJTUSZ /VDMFBS4USVDUVSF /VD MFBS$IFNJTUSZ /VDMFBS3FBDUJPOTBOE/VDMFBS&OFSHZ 3BEJBUJPO$IFNJTUSZ /VDMFPTZOUIFTJT PG &MFNFOUT $IFNJDBM1FSJPEJDJUZPGUIF&MFNFOUT 7
PMVNF#POEJOH5IFPSJFT 7#5BOE.05
PG$PWBMFODZ 4USVDUVSFBOE3FBDUJWJUZPG$PWBMFOU $PNQPVOET
4UFSFPDIFNJDBM/POSJHJEJUZBOE'MVYJPOBMJUZ .PMFDVMBS4ZNNFUSZBOE1PJOU(SPVQT
)ZES PHFO#POEJOHBOEPUIFS8FBL$IFNJDBM'PSDFT 4VQSBNPMFDVMBS4ZTUFNTBOE.PMFDVMBS
3FDPHOJUJPOT
7 PMVNF"4PMJE4UBUF$IFNJTUSZ4USVDUVSFBOE#POEJOH .BHOFUJDBOE'FSSPFMFDUSJD.BUFSJBMT # POEJOHJO.FUBMTBOE.FUBM$MVTUFST 14158BEFhT3VMFBOE+FNNJhT3VMF &MFDUSJDBM $POEVDUJWJUJFT PG4PMJET 4FNJDPOEVDUPSTBOE4VQFSDPOEVDUPST "DJETBOE#BTFTBOE*POJD &RVJMJCS JB 7 PMVNF#/POBRVFPVT4PMWFOUTBOE*POJD-JRVJET 3FEPY1PUFOUJBMT 'PSNBM1PUFOUJBMTBOE "QQMJDBUJPOT &.'%JBHSBNT &MFDUSPBOBMZUJDBM5FDIOJRVFT 1IPUPSFEPY3FBDUJPOT 0TDJMMBUJOH
3FBDUJPOT
1SJODJQMFTPG.FUBMMVSHZBOE3FmOJOHBOE1VSJmDBUJPOPG.FUBMT %JGGFSFOU5FDIOJRVFTPG
4FQBSBUJPO4PMW
FOU&YUSBDUJPO
*PO&YDIBOHFBOE$ISPNBUPHSBQIZ 7
PMVNF$PPSEJOBUJPO$IFNJTUSZ*OUSPEVDUJPO
4USVDUVSF 4UFSFPDIFNJTUSZBOE*TPNFSJTN /PNFOD
MBUVSF
#POEJOH5IFPSJFT 7#5 $'5 -'5BOE.05 "QQMJDBUJPOTPG$'5 +5%JTUPSUJPO
4QFDUS
PDIFNJDBM4FSJFT
BOE4UBCJMJUJFTPG.FUBM$PNQMFYFT 7 PMVNF$PPSEJOBUJPO$IFNJTUSZ*OPSHBOJD3FBDUJPO.FDIBOJTNT -JHBOE4VCTUJUVUJPO *TPNFS
JTBUJPO
3BDFNJTBUJPO &MFDUSPO5SBOTGFSBOE1IPUPDIFNJDBM3FBDUJPOT &MFDUSPOJD4QFDUSB PG .FUBM$PNQMFYFT 7 PMVNF$PPSEJOBUJPO$IFNJTUSZ.BHOFUPDIFNJTUSZBOE.BHOFUJD1SPQFSUJFTPG.FUBM $PNQMF
YFT 4USVDUVSF
#POEJOHBOE3FBDUJWJUJFTPG0SHBOPNFUBMMJDTJODMVEJOH.FUBM$BSCPOZMT BOE /JUSPTZMT 0SHBOPNFUBMMJDTBT$BUBMZTUT 7 PMVNF"QQMJDBUJPOPG.FUBM$PNQMFYFTJO"OBMZUJDBM$IFNJTUSZBOEPUIFS'JFMET "QQMJDBUJPOT PG
4QFDUSPQIPUPNFUSJD.FUIPET *3
3BNBO /.3 &43 .PTTCBVFS 677*4 671&4 5IFPSZPG&SSPST BOE
4UBUJTUJDBM5SFBUNFOUPG%BUB"TJN
,%BT#4D TU$MBTTTU $6 .4D (PME.FEBMJTU $6 1I% $6 %4D 7JTWB#IBSBUJ JT
DVSSFOUMZ1SPGFTTPS
%FQBSUNFOUPG$IFNJTUSZ 7JTWB#IBSBUJ6OJWFSTJUZ 4BOUJOJLFUBO 8FTU#FOHBM)FIBTPWFS
ZFBSTPGUFBDIJOHFYQFSJFODFBUUIFCPUIVOEFSHSBEVBUFBOEQPTUHSBEVBUFMFWFMT)FQBTTFECPUIUIF#4D
)POT *O$IFNJTUSZ JOBOE.4D TQFDJBMJ[BUJPOJO*OPSHBOJD$IFNJTUSZ JO 4UBOEJOH'JSTU$MBTT'JSTU GS
PNUIF6OJWFSTJUZPG$BMDVUUB)FSFDFJWFEIJT1I%EFHSFFGSPNUIFTBNF6OJWFSTJUZVOEFSUIFTVQFSWJTJPOPG
1S
PG%#BOFSKFB
UIFUIFO4JS3BTICFIBSJ(IPTF1SPGFTTPSPG$IFNJTUSZ)FSFDFJWFEIJT%4DEFHSFFGSPN7JTWB #IBSBUJ JO%S%BTIBTQVCMJTIFENPSFUIBOSFTFBSDIQBQFSTJOUIFmFMEPGUIFSNPEZOBNJDBOELJOFUJD
BTQFDUT
PGNFUBMDPNQMFYFTJOSFQVUFEOBUJPOBMBOEJOUFSOBUJPOBMKPVSOBMT)FIBTXSJUUFOUIFCPPLT #JPJOPS HBOJD$IFNJTUSZ &OWJSPONFOUBM$IFNJTUSZXJUI(SFFO$IFNJTUSZ #JPQIZTJDBM #JPPSHBOJDBOE #JPJOPS HBOJD$IFNJTUSZ "O*OUSPEVDUJPOUP/BOPNBUFSJBMTBOE/BOPTDJFODFBOE"O*OUSPEVDUJPOUP
4VQSBNPMFDVMBS
$IFNJTUSZ
Fundamental Concepts of
Inorganic
Chemistry
Third Edition
Volume 3B
Contents at a Glance
1. Classical and Vector Models of Atom
2. Origin of the Quantum Theory
3. Fundamentals of Wave Mechanics
4. Wave Mechanical Model of Atom
5. Atomic Nucleus and its Structure
6. Radioactivity and Radiation Chemistry
7. Nuclear Reaction
8. Periodic Table and Periodic Trends of Different Properties of Elements
Volume 1
9. Introduction to Chemical Bonding and Theories of Covalence - Valence Bond
Theory (VBT) and Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
10. Covalent Compounds - Characteristics, Structure and Reactivity
11. Hydrogen Bonding and Other Weaker Chemical Forces Including Supramolecular
Systems
Volume 2
15. Nonaqueous Solvents
16. Redox Systems and Electrode Potential - Application of Electrode Potential:
Electroanalytical Techniques
17. Metallurgy: Principles, Pyrometallurgy vs Hydrometallurgy - Extraction and
Purification of Metals, Physicochemical Methods of Separation of Metals
Volume 3B
12. Structure, Bonding and Properties of Ionic Solids and Solid State Chemistry
13. Bonding in Metals and Metal Clusters - Electrical Conductivities of Solids:
Semiconductors and Superconductors
14. Acids and Bases and Ionic Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions
Volume 3A
Appendices (common to all three volumes)
Appendix I: Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix II: Some Physical and Chemical Constants
Appendix III: Wavelength and Colours
Appendix IV: Names, Symbols, Atomic Numbers and Atomic Weights of the Elements Appendix V: Some Useful Mathematical Relationships
Fundamental Concepts of
Inorganic
Chemistry
Third Edition
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd
New Delhi • Bengaluru • Chennai • Kochi • Kolkata • Mumbai Hyderabad • Jharkhand • Nagpur • Patna • Pune • Uttarakhand
Volume 3B
Asim K Das
MSc (Gold Medalist, CU), PhD (CU), DSc (Visva Bharati)
Professor, Department of Chemistry
Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan
731235
West Bengal, India
Mahua Das
MSc (CU), PhD (Visva Bharati)
Formerly Research Associate
Department of Chemistry
Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan
731235
West Bengal, India
Ankita Das
MSc (Visva Bharati)
DST INSPIRE Research Fellow (IACS, Kolkata)
ISBN: 978-93-90709-12-0
Copyright © Authors and Publisher
Third Edition: 2021
First Edition: 2000
Reprint: 2001, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009
Second Edition: 2010
Reprint: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without the prior
permission in written from the authors and the publisher. Published by Satish Kumar Jain and produced by Varun Jain for
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd
4819/XI Prahlad Street, 24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India.
Ph: 23289259, 23266861, 23266867 Fax: 011-23243014Website: www.cbspd.com e-mail:delhi@cbspd.com; cbspubs@airtelmail.in Corporate Office: 204 FIE, Industrial Area, Patparganj, Delhi 110 092 Ph: 4934 4934 Fax: 4934 4935 e-mail:publishing@cbspd.com; publicity@cbspd.com
Branches
• Bengaluru: Seema House 2975, 17th Cross, K.R. Road, Banasankari 2nd Stage, Bengaluru 560 070, Karnataka Ph: +91-80-26771678/79 Fax: +91-80-26771680 e-mail: bangalore@cbspd.com •Chennai: 7, Subbaraya Street, Shenoy Nagar, Chennai 600 030, Tamil Nadu Ph: +91-44-26680620, 26681266 Fax: +91-44-42032115 e-mail: chennai@cbspd.com •Kochi: 42/1325, 1326, Power House Road, Opp KSEB Power House,
Ernakulam 682 018, Kochi, Kerala
Ph: +91-484-4059061-65 Fax: +91-484-4059065 e-mail: kochi@cbspd.com •Kolkata: 6/B, Ground Floor, Rameswar Shaw Road, Kolkata-700 014, West Bengal Ph: +91-33-22891126, 22891127, 22891128 e-mail: kolkata@cbspd.com •Mumbai: PWD Shed, Gala No. 25/26, Ramchandra Bhatt Marg, Next to JJ Hospital Gate No. 2, Opp. Union Bank of India, Noorbaug, Mumbai-400009, Maharashtra Ph: +91-22-24902340/41Fax: +91-22-24902342e-mail: mumbai@cbspd.com
Representatives
•Hyderabad0-9885175004 •Jharkhand0-9811541605 •Nagpur0-9421945513 •Patna0-9334159340 •Pune0-9623451994 •Uttarakhand0-9716462459 Printed at: India Binding House, Greater Noida, UP, India
Disclaimer
Science and technology are constantly changing
fields. New research and experience broaden the scope of information and knowledge. The authors have tried their best in giving information available to him while preparing the material for this book.
Although all efforts have been made to ensure
optimum accuracy of the material, yet it is quite possible some errors might have been left uncorrected. The publisher, the printer and the authors will not be held responsible for any inadvertent errors or inaccuracies.
Fundamental Concepts of
Inorganic
Chemistry
Third EditionVolume 3B
to my dear students and readers, the living source of inspiration and the memory of my mother
Late Maharani Das
who struggled silently and tolerated the extreme pains of poverty just to bring up us and to the memory of my second elder brother,
Late Pramatha Nath Das
who had an ambition, his younger brother to study in the premier institute, Ramakirishna Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata.
Asim K Das
Present-day inorganic chemistry is no more a collection of unrelated facts. The scenario has undergone
a drastic change over the last fifteen to twenty years with the application of kinetic, thermodynamic
and structural studies to inorganic substances and with newer techniques providing newer information.
Often the information gathered, has made theoreticians develop/modify valency theories and principles.
In this situation every teacher and student realise the importance of a textbook that will help them
develop the concepts and understanding of the subject. There are attempts by a few authors at achieving
this goal but those seldom cover the whole curricula followed by most of the Indian universities and
institutes. In many of these books the authors virtually neglect the evolutionary developments of the
subject, creating undesirable lacunae in the readers' understanding. Here is an honest and sincere attempt at bridging these gaps and presenting a comprehensive textbook on concepts and understanding
to the readers. The treatment of every topic is elaborate and is marked by remarkable clarity and the
author has not compromised with the volume of his work. The book Fundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry covers the inorganic chemistry curricula at the BSc (honours) and MSc (preliminaries). A large number of exercises and problems essential for modern teaching have been incorporated
meticulously at the end of each chapter to bridge the gaps, if any, in the understanding of the subject.
Hope this earnest effort of Dr Das, a teacher of distinction, will receive well-deserved acclaim from
the students and teachers of this subject.
Dr AV Saha
DSc
Head of the Department of Chemistry
Ramakrishna Mission Residential College
P.O. Narendrapur, 24-Parganas (S)
West Bengal, India, Pin: 743508
Foreword
"All power is within you, you can do anything and everything. Believe in that, do not believe that you are weak."
"The secret of religion lies not in theories but in practice. To be good and to do good - that is the whole of
religion." Have faith in yourselves, and stand up on that faith and be strong; that is what we need." - Swami Vivekananda We feel delighted to record the warm response which the first and second editions of the book has received from the students and teachers throughout the country. We have incorporated all the aspects of choice based credit system (CBCS) syllabus recently introduced in all universities and institutes and the suggestions received from the readers. In this edition, each chapter has been thoroughly revised, updated and rewritten to accommodate the recent views. In this enlarged version, scope of the book has been broadened by adding new topics and revisions of the earlier sections. In revising the book, we have taken all the measures to retain the basic features for which the earlier editions have been so popular. In preparing the manuscript, we have again freely consulted the original research papers, books and reviews of the earlier authors and have borrowed their ideas whenever required. We are grateful and indebted to them. We are grateful to Ms Udita Das, for her assistance in revising the text. All the facilities provided by our institute, Visva Bharati, are thankfully acknowledged. We are extremely grateful to Mr SK Jain, Managing Director, CBS Publishers & Distrubutors, New Delhi, for his hearty support and encouragement. We are also thankful to Mr YN Arjuna, Senior Vice
President
(Publishing, Editorial and Publicity), for his kind cooperation and suggestions. We are extremely thankful to the concerned DTP section for taking troubles in processing the manuscript. In spite of our best efforts, some mistakes and misconceptions might have again crept in and for these inconveniences, we beg to be pardoned in advance. Suggestions and constructive criticisms are always welcome to better the presentation.
Asim K Das
Mahua Das
Ankita Das
Preface to the Third Edition
Jðkoku~ yHkrs Kkue~
One who has shraddha acquires knowledge
As a student and also as a teacher, I have experienced that for a systematic and comprehensive coverage of the present subject, one is forced to consult various books on different disciplines to
collect the reading materials. Consequently, the students are specially constrained. Keeping this idea
in mind, it has been attempted here to present a complete textbook on the subject. In a logical sequence,
the book deals extensively with different aspects such as atomic structure (both classical and wave mechanical) and atomic spectra, fundamentals of quantum mechanics and wave mechanics, nuclear
chemistry and radiation chemistry, different theories of valence forces and chemical forces including
band and Bloch theory of solids, solid state chemistry, acids and bases, nonaqueous solvents and redox potentials. It also covers the different aspects of material science which is emerging with a
great promise. Thus the present book covers the curricula followed by most of the Indian universities
and institutes at the BSc and MSc levels. It also aims to help the students preparing for competitive
examinations like NET, GATE, SLET, etc. Adequate stress on the basic theories and concepts has been given everywhere to rationalise the presentation. The ideas have been very often illustrated
through solution of related numerical problems. Each chapter is ended with various types of questions
and problems to afford an opportunity to the students for self-evaluation. In writing a book of this nature, one accumulates indebtedness to the previous authors of different books. The books which have been consulted are listed separately and gratefully acknowledged. I express a deep sense of gratitude to Dr AV Saha, a gifted teacher, from whom I have started to learn and understand the subject in my student life in Ramakrishna Mission Residential College,
Narendrapur, for writing the foreword. I express my deep gratefulness to the teachers and authorities
of the said institute, for shaping my career. I am grateful to my wife, Dr M Das, for various types of
help, assistance and cooperation. I am especially grateful to Mr SK Jain, Managing Director, CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, for his earnest interest in publishing the book. Thanks are also due to his colleagues as well. In conclusion, my attempt will be amply rewarded, if it is found helpful to the students and teachers. In spite of all precautions, some errors might have crept in. Constructive criticism and valuable suggestions from the readers are most welcome.
Asim K Das
"No great work can be achieved by humbug. It is through love, a passion for truth; and tremendous energy,
that all undertakings are accomplished."Swami Vivekananda
"I hold every man a traitor who, having been educated at their expense pay not the least heed to them."
Swami Vivekananda
Preface to the First Edition
Foreword by AV Sahavii
Preface to the Third Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition xi
15. Nonaqueous Solvents 1
15.1 Introduction 1
15.2 Classification of Solvents 1
15.3 Characteristics of the Ionising Solvents 3
15.4 Liquid Ammonia as a Solvent 5
15.5 Liquid Hydrogen Fluoride as a Solvent 19
15.6 Liquid Hydrogen Cyanide as a Solvent 21
15.7 Acetic Acid (CH
3 CO 2
H) as a Solvent 22
15.8 Sulfuric Acid as a Solvent 22
15.9 Fluorosulfonic Acid (HSO
3
F) as a Solvent and Superacids 25
15.10 Liquid Sulfur Dioxide as a Solvent 25
15.11 Bromine Trifluoride as a Solvent 26
15.12 Oxyhalides as the Solvents 27
15.13 Molten Salts (i.e. Ionic Liquids) as the Solvents 28
Exercise XV 30
16. Redox System and Electrode Potential-Application of Electrode Potential:
Electroanalytical Techniques 34
16.1 Some Preliminary Aspects of Redox Reactions 34
Ion Electron Method of Balancing Redox Reactions; Oxidation Number and Rules for Calculating Oxidation Number; Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination Reaction; Equivalent Weights of Oxidants and Reductants; Complementary and Noncomplementary Redox Reactions; Redox and Acid-Base Reactions; Disproportionation and Comproportionation Reactions
16.2 Electrode Potentials: Standard Potentials 54
Electrical Double Layer and Genesis of Electrode Potential; Determination of Electrode Potential; Electrochemical Cells: Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells: Reversible and Irreversible Cells; Thermodynamics and EMF (Electromotive Force) of Electrochemical Cells and Standard Electrode Potential; Standard Electrode Potential: Nernst Equation: Stoichiometric Standard Potential and Formal Potential: Concept of pE; Sign Conventions of the Electrode Potentials; Types of Reversible Electrode; Membrane Electrode and Ion Selective Electrode; Standard Electrode Potentials of Metals and Electrochemical Series; Standard Reduction Potentials; Cell Representations and Cell Reactions and Function of Salt Bridges; Electrochemical Cells - Chemical Cells and Concentration Cells; Reversible Chemical Cells: Cells with and without Transference: Galvanic vs. Electrolytic
Cell: Ohmic Potential and Observed Cell
Contents
xivFundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry
16.3 Formal (Conditional) Potentials 79
16.4 Effects of Different Factors on Electrode Potential: Application of such Effects
in Analytical Chemistry 82 Effects of pH on Electrode Potentials due to the Participation of H + or OH - in the Electrode Process; Effects of pH on Electrode Potentials due to the Formation of Sparingly Soluble Hydroxo- species; Effects of Precipitation (other than Hydroxides) on Electrode Potentials; Effects of Complexation on Electrode Potentials; Chemistry of Aqua Regia and Dissolution of Noble Metals: Enhancement of Oxidisability of Metals through Complexation; Attack of Noble Metals by HF and by a Mixture of HF and HNO 3 : Enhancement of Oxidisability of Metals through Complexation; Dissolution of Antimony by a Mixture of Nitric Acid and Tartaric Acid: Enhancement of
Oxidisability of Metals through Complexation
16.5 Periodic Trends of Electrode Potential 110
Variation of Standard Oxidation Potential of the Metals; Variation of Oxidising Power of the
Oxyanions in a Group
16.6 Function of Zimmermann-Reinhardt (Z-R) Solution (in Titrating Fe(II) by
KMnO 4 in the Presence of Chloride) 114
16.7 Instability of Some Species in Aqueous Solution 115
16.8 EMF Diagrams 119
Latimer Diagram; Frost Diagrams (Ebsworth Diagram); Pourbaix Diagram or Potential-pH (E-pH) Diagram
16.9 Equilibrium Constant from the Standard Electrode Potentials 133
16.10 Disproportionation and Comproportionation Reactions 135
16.11 Potential Profile in a Redox Titration 149
16.12 Selection of a Redox Indicator 159
16.13 Potentiometric Titrations 164
16.14 Practical Applications: Electrochemical Cells and Batteries - Primary Cells,
Secondary Cells, Fuel Cells: Corrosion 170
Basic Requirements of an Electrochemical Cell to Act as a Power Source; Representative Examples of Primary and Secondary Cells; Some Representative Fuel Cells; Electrochemistry of Corrosion; Electrolytic Cell vs. Galvanic Cell: Electrolysis of Solutions and Electrodeposition; Decomposition Voltage of Electrolysis and Electrolytic Separation of Metals; Some Other Practical Applications of the Knowledge of Electrode Potential
16.15 Kinetic Factors in Electrode Process and Electron Transfer Reactions 190
Importance of Kinetic Factors; Importance of Overpotential (in Electrode Process and Cell Potential): Tafel Equation; Redox Reactions through Electron Transfer; Redox Reactions through
Atom Transfer
16.16 Photochemical Reactions: Photoredox Reaction and Photochemical Splitting
of Water 194 Some Representative Photochemical Reactions Illustrating the Characteristic Features; Photochemical Splitting of Water (i.e. Artificial Photosynthesis) and Photochemistry of [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ ; TiO 2 , an Important Photocatalyst: Oxidation of Organic Matter and Photoelectrolysis of Water; Direct Photochemical Reduction of Dinitrogen; Charge Transfer Band and Redox Stability
16.17 Ellingham Diagram: Reduction of Metal Oxides: Carbon -
A Potential Reducing Agent 210
16.18 Hydrometallurgy 217
Contentsxv
16.19 Electrode Potentials in Nonaqueous Systems 217
16.20 Examples of Some Common Catalysed Redox Reactions 219
16.21 Redox Activity in Relation to Explosive Action 221
16.22 Chemistry of Some Important Electroanalytical Techniques 222
Polarographic Method of Analysis; Cyclic Voltammetry (CV); Amperometric Titration; Coulometric
Analysis
Solved Numerical Problems 255
Exercise XVI 274
Numerical Problems 283
Appendix 16A 287
Chemistry of Explosives
Appendix 16B 291
Chemical Clock Reactions: Oscillating Reactions
17. Metallurgy: Principles, Pyrometallurgy vs. Hydrometallurty-Extraction and
Purification of Metals, Physio-Chemical Methods of Separation of Metals 297
17.1 Classification of Metals and their Occurrence in Nature 297
Chief Modes of Occurrence of Metals and Classification of Metals based on their Standard Electrode Potentials; Goldschmidt's Geochemical Classification of Elements based on Chemical Affinity
17.2 The Major Sources of Metals - Earth's Crust and Sea Water: Minerals,
Ores and Gangue 300
Earth's Crust - Minerals and Ores; Sea-Water and Sea-Bed as the Sources of Metals; Classification of Ores Depending on the Nature of Chemical Composition of the Principal Constituents; Gangue
17.3 Metallurgy and its Main Steps 303
17.4 Concentration of Ore 303
17.5 Conversion of Concentrated Ore and Metallic Oxide: Calcination and Roasting 305
17.6 Smelting: Flux and Slag 307
17.7 Isolation of Metals through Reduction of Metal Ores 308
Carbon Reduction of Oxides of Metals in Furnace and Ellingham Diagram; Reduction by H 2 at High Temperature; Displacement by Metal in Solution: Cementation in Hydrometallurgy; Reduction by a More Electropositive Metal at High Temperature; Self-reduction Method; Electrolytic Reduction Method; Different Reduction Processes for Metal Extraction; Special Techniques of Metal Extraction: Extraction and Refining of Nickel by Mond's Process; Special Techniques of Metal Extraction: Hydrometallurgical Extraction of Silver; Special Technique of Metal Extraction: Hydrometallurgical Extraction of Gold; Special Technique of Metal Extraction: Extraction of Titanium and Zirconium; Extraction Procedure (Summary) of Different Metals
17.8 Hydrometallurgy and Biomining Technology 325
Hydrometallurgy vs. Pyrometallurgy and Basic Steps of Hydrometallurgy; Leaching of Ores and its Chemistry; Leach Solution: Concentration and Purification; Recovery of the Metal from the Concentrated and Purified Leach Liquor; Chemistry of Leaching of Sulfide Ores of Copper, Nickel, Zinc and Cobalt; Electrolysis of Aqueous Solution of Metal Salts for the Recovery of the Metal - Hydrometallurgical Approach; Biomining and Biomineral Technology: Metal Extraction by
Bioleaching
xviFundamental Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry
17.9 Purification and Refining of Metals After their Extraction from Ores 339
Physical Methods of Purification of Metals; Chemical Methods of Purification of Metals; Electrolytic Refining of Metals - A Special Chemical Method of Purification
17.10 Physico-Chemical Methods of Separation and Purification of Metals 347
Solvent Extraction (i.e. Liquid-Liquid Extraction) of Metals; Quantitative Treatment of Solvent Extraction (i.e. Liquid-Liquid Extraction); Characteristic Features of Ion Exchange Resins and Ion Exchange Process (i.e. Ion Exchange Chromatography); Application of Ion Exchange Chromatography for Purification and Separation of Metal Ions; Chelating Resins to Bind the Metal Ions; Chromatographic Method: Separation and Purification of Metal Ions
Exercise XVII 377
Bibliography B1-B2
Appendices A1...A10
Appendix I: Units and Conversion Factors A1
Appendix II: Some Physical and Chemical Constants A4
Appendix III: Wavelength and Colours A5
Appendix IV: Names, Symbols, Atomic Numbers and Atomic
Weights of the Elements A6
Appendix V: Some Useful Mathematical Relationships A8
IndexI1-I7