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[PDF] Ancient China - From the Neolithic Period to the Han Dynasty
The rise of civilization in China meant a gradual process of organizing disparate groups around a set of common beliefs, first by force, and then by
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![[PDF] Ancient China - From the Neolithic Period to the Han Dynasty](https://pdfprof.com/EN_PDFV2/Docs/PDF_5/9482_5Ancient_China_Color_PDF.pdf.jpg "[PDF] Ancient China - From the Neolithic Period to the Han Dynasty")
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(F:CAFM )BCF3" -HGE MBA 0AGDCMBC: 1AHCG? MG MBA .3F ,NF3LMN blnwp5 83u55pz lzo uxx6453l5po m: Brian Hogarth, Director of Education, Asian Art Museum8u5t spzp3-64 l44u45lznp r3-yI
Pearl Kim, School Programs Coordinator, Asian Art Museum Michael Knight, Curator, Chinese Art, Asian Art Museum He Li, Associate Curator of Chinese Art, Asian Art MuseumJohn Stuckey, Librarian, Asian Art Museum
Lisa Pollman, Graduate Student, University of San Francisco WhitneyWatanabe, Graduate Student, University of Washington Deb Clearwaters, Adult Programs Coordinator,Asian Art Museum Rose Roberto, Education Programs Assistant, Asian Art Museum Portions of this packet are based on lectures by Michael Knight and Pat Berger at the Asian Art Museum, and particularly the writings of K.C. Chang,Tom Chase,Wu Hung, He Li, Robert Murowchick and Jessica Rawson. (For a complete list of sources, see bibliography) Photographs of Asian Art Museum objects by KazTsuruta and Brian HogarthL3ntlp-x-sunlx 1t-5-4 n-635p4: -rI
Academia Sinica, Republic of China
China Pictorial Service, Beijing, PRC
Cultural Relics Bureau, Beijing, PRC
Hubei Provincial Museum,Wuhan, PRC
Hamilton Photography, Seattle,WA
Asian Art Museum, February 20, 1999
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oEKIF;L:K@FEb zKL;P@E> fE:@Introduction-Studying Ancient China
This teacher"s packet accompanies a school tour program of the same name.The tour program emphasizes ancient Chinese ceramics, bronzes and jades in the collections of the Asian Art Museum from the Neolithic period (ca.D"::: HIJ-;"E:: HIJ) through the end of the Han dynasty (ca.??: IJ)This packet complements an earlier one produced by the Asian Art Museum, 610'%766'4 ?'6#.5/+6* 166'4? ?46+565 1( ?0%+'06 ?*+0#. Although there is some overlap between the two packets, this one emphasizes the broader historical contexts of the art objects on display, with archaeological, philosophical and technological perspectives. This packet contains historical overview of the main periods, as well as examples of three important archaeological excavations from the;GE:M. In the summer of the year?:::, the Asian Art Museum will present a new exhibition of recent archaeological finds from China, *' ?1.&'0 ?)' 1( ?*+0'5' ?4%*#'1.1);. At that time, a supplementary guide featuring some of the highlights of that exhibition will be added to this packet. Studying ancient China is like trying to hit a moving target. New archaeological discoveries are frequently being made in China meaning that the histories are constantly being rewritten. Another challenge is that, even when new finds are announced, it often takes years for work and reports to be completed, and even longer for the results of this work to appear in English.The reader and student should be aware that much of what is written now will likely be revised before long. An important point to consider when dealing with the distant past is that there is much that we do not, and cannot know.The archaeological record is limited at best, and even spectacular finds, such as those profiled in this packet, often raise more questions than answers. Similarly, objects that appear in museum collections were usually collected privately as works of art appealing to the individual collector, rather than as historical documents, or as attempts to fill in a historical record.They too, form a picturesque, but incomplete view of the past. It is the museum"s task, then, to try and fill in some of the gaps in the viewer"s understanding.The task of the student of Chinese art objects is to study the objects as products of an original cultural environment, without going too far into the realm of pure speculation. In reading this packet, a distinction should always be made between what is clearly evident, and what is interpreted or speculative.This point will come up again in the slide descriptions and enclosed student activities. Some overall goals for this packet and program are: ?To explore the rise of ancient Chinese civilization, and how characteristics of this civilization are reflected in surviving examples of its material culture; for example, how objects reflect belief systems and cultural values; ?To understand some of the technical and artistic breakthroughs achieved in ancient ceramics, jade and bronze; ?To recognize the limitations and opportunities of interpreting historical objects, especially those excavated from tombs by archaeologists e4*"/ e35 y64&6.n%6$"5*0/ i&1"35.&/5Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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In this packet, Ancient China refers to the time between the Neolithic period, beginning aboutF":::years ago, and the Han dynasty, which is roughly equivalent to the period of the Roman Empire in theWest.This is the formative stage of Chinese civilization. During this time, what we now call China developed from a collection of isolated cultural communities to a set of organized states which eventually coalesced around the idea of a single unified state, and then expanded to include contact with other civilizations. The first step was the development of agriculture.This resulted in settled life which produced surplus or stored goods. As more and more cultures came into close contact, the need for defence arose, and communities were walled in for protection. Societies became stratified around rulers and subjects, with allegiances and authority based on clan lines. Organized warfare on a massive scale began. In its rise to civilization, China developed a system of writing, various beliefs about heaven and the cosmos, as well as technological breakthroughs that allowed for political control and economic expansion. The rise of civilization in China meant a gradual process of organizing disparate groups around a set of common beliefs, first by force, and then by articulating what it meant to be Chinese.This self-consciousness of 'Chinese-ness" first occured during the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( EE: - ??; HIJ ) when a 'hundred schools" of philosophy debated everything from the nature of man to notions of proper conduct and the ideal ruler.This period was so influential that later dynasties would refer back to it as a measure of their own worth.R2<<27- N7w2y7= P127u @2=1 <=>xy7=<
In addition to the student activities enclosed in this packet, here are some suggestions on discussing ancient China with your students: ?Have students recreate the timeline, noting the long history of Chinese civilization, and the importance of studying the history and culture of such a large portion of the world"s current population ( ;-Abillion people); ?There is a tendency for children"s books on Ancient China to include everything before the modern era.Try to define the period as noted above; similarly, note the differences between ancient customs and rituals and what the students see as characteristics of today"s Chinese cultures and communities; ?Use this packet to explore different dimensions of ancient China such as technolgical innovations; social and political developments, beliefs and practices as revealed through burial sites, and artistic achievements; ?Before (using the slides) or after you visit the museum, ask the students to recreate aspects of ancient China that are suggested by the art objects on display: who made and who used each object, where would these objects have been used; what sort of life did these people live, what was a typical day like? ?Having thought about the previous questions, how much of what the students imagine can be gleaned from the art objects and written records of ancient China?What can be said for certain about these things, and how much is speculation? How do different scholars (ie archaeologists, art historians) use these objects to interpret the past? Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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f?y;?2y@ 8z =1y ey852=12w gy;28x The Neolithic Period is part of prehistory, which is usually broken down into two main sections: Palaeolithic (Old Stone Age) and Neolithic (New Stone Age).The Neolithic begins aboutE":::orF"::: HIJand ends with the Bronze Age around?"::: HIJ, but as we shall see, bronzes emerge before the so-called Bronze Age. Dating is problematic and unresolved. For the purposes of simplicity, this period runs roughly betweenD"::: HIJand ;"EC: HIJ .The Neolithic cultures discussed below have been divided by regions and as early or later Neolithic. It was originally thought that prehistoric communities first emerged in north central China, and then spread to other parts of China.The archaeological record, however, now suggests the simultaneous emergence of a variety of cultures across China, each with their own characteristics. Our discussion will be limited to some of the major cultures to emerge in North-central China and Eastern China, as these are reflected in the Asian Art Museum collections. Our knowledge of the Neolithic period is based entirely on the archaeological record. Most of the evidence appears in the form of burials or cemetaries near encampments or the remains of ancient villages.The Neolithic is characterized by the beginning of settled life, brought on by agriculture.This coincides with the use of stone tools for farming, and the fashioning of ceramic pots to store and cook the harvested foodstuffs.Therefore, most of the objects found at these ancient grave sites are pots, and to a lesser extent, tools and other objects made of bone and stone.There is usually enough evidence to make some observations about the historical environment. For example, sites often reveal bits of foodstuffs and discarded bones and shells that help indicate eating habits.We know that in many cases, a diet based on domesticated plants and animals was still supplemented with hunting and gathering of food. The name of a culture is usually based on a single site which defines a distinct cultural group. For example,Yangshao is based on a village in Henan close to a site excavated first in;G?;, even though the term can be applied to a vast area. Similarly, Longshan cultures are named after a single village in Shandong province, even though a variety of Longshan cultures exist across China in the later Neolithic period.The names given to these groups are of course modern appelations, and we do not know what the original peoples called themselves until we reach the historical period. According to K C Chang, who has written extensively on ancient Chinese archaeology (Chang,;GFD), China was very moist and much greener in prehistoric times.The evidence of animal remains, soil samples from archaeological sites, and the imagery used on ancient ceramic vessels, suggest a more tropical, forested environment throughout China. Animals found in north-central China at this time would have included water buffalo, bamboo rat, elephants, tapirs, water deer-animals normally associated with a more southern climate. Some of the earliest domesticated animals appear to have been dogs, pigs, and water buffalo; pig remains turn up most often. In the north, farmers raised millet crops, hemp and cabbage. Some of the earliest remains of farming are found at the sites of Peiligang and Cishan. In the south, rice was the main crop, with some of the first evidence showing up in the middle reaches of theYangzi river. Along the east coast, there is evidence of bottle gourds, acorns and water chesnuts. Cord was made from a nettle plant known as ramie.Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
Ancient China-Early Neolithic Cultures
Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
e8;=1Dwy7=;u5De8;=1 @y<=Dru7-<1u8Ddu32uAu8 P>5=>;y< The group of sites and associated cultures of the north central plains in early Neolithic times are collectively known asYangshaocultures.This is the group most often represented in western museum collections of Asian art, since it was the area first collected by western and Chinese archaeologists in the first half of this century.The pottery from this group is distinguished by a variety of painted designs, hence the term, 'painted pottery" cultures. Some of the major phases represented by pottery from this group are, listed from earliest to latest:Yangshao
- Banpo phase (ca.B"F::-A"D:: HIJ)Miaodigou phase (ca.AEC:-A"?:: HIJ)
Miaodigou II phase
Majiayaophase* (ca.A"F::-?"::: HIJ)
-Banshan type -Machang type * some see this phase as a separate cultural group Slide # 1 in this teacher"s packet is one of the oldest pieces in the Asian Art Museum"s collections, a small painted bottle from Banpo.This site is quite well known to tourists, as it is often seen on trips that include the First Emperor"s tomb outside of present-day Xian. Banpo was a large fortified village along the banks of theWei river.The use of slash and burn agriculture meant that the villagers would have abandoned the site after a short time (Chang, 1986). An unusual feature of this site is the presence of children buried in urns, usually beneath the houses or within the walls of the habitations. Adult bodies were buried outside the village, which was surrounded by a ditch. Houses were made with wooden poles plastered with mud. Inside each house was a hearth for cooking, and benches or raised areas possibly used for sleeping.The layout of the homes suggests some kind of social organization, with larger houses surrounded by smaller ones. An interesting development in the Majiayao phase burials is the separation of men"s and women"s graves, men buried with stone tools, and women buried with spindle worls and pots. During this period, it is suggested that there was a transition from matriarchal to patriarchal forms of society (He Li,;GGD). ru7-<1u8 98==y;A Yangshao pottery is characterized by the use of reddish earthenware painted with black decorative designs.These designs change from site to site, moving from representational art to more abstract designs. In some instances, the designs resemble mask shapes with fish-like protrusions, in others, the designs are swirling patterns with a tooth-like pattern (see illustration). SomeG:% of Banshan pottery is painted.Tripod vessels used for cooking ( &+0)) appear at this time, and a lot of basket and cord impressions suggest a sophisticated level of fabric and basket technology.BanshanVessel
Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
e8;=1Dyu<= DW87-<1u7 P>5=>;y< Some of this century"s earliest archaeological work in China was carried out by the Japanese in north-east China.Hongshancultures flourished betweenA"C::-?"C:: HIJ, in the hills above the Manchurian plain bordering the grasslands of Mongolia (Liaoning province). Hongshan finds include some of the earliest jades used as pendants, traces of bronze casting, larger-than-life female statues, and cist tombs marked by slabs. Some well- known jades from this culture are the so-called 'pig dragons" that were placed on the chest of tomb occupants. Perhaps most interesting is the presence of central stone altar areas, suggesting that the Hongshan built some of the earliest temple structures in ancient China (Lei,;GGD). Su<= P8u<= D Ru@y748>A Wy6>x>A du32uvu7-A c2u7-B1> Traveling south from the area of Hongshan cultures, we encounter sites of theDDaawweennkkoouu cult ur es (ca. B"C:: N A"::: HIJ) in what is now Shandong and Jiangsu provinces. Peoples of this culture used finely polished stone tools and built complex pottery forms, usually grey and black. Whereas Yangshao and Majiayao cultures are distinguised by the frequent use of painted designs, east coast cultures appear to have emphasized form over decoration. Dawenkou vessels show several advances, such as the use of the wheel and firing techniques to achieve very thin, delicate wares. Increased social stratification occurs in Dawenkou sites, where some graves have wooden coffins with goods, some with only goods, and others with no grave goods. Pig heads turn up in some of the larger graves. Perforated turtle shells appear, a precursor to the oracle bones used in divination we shall see later in the Shang. Hemudu(ca. C":::- B"C:: HIJ) and Majiabang(ca. C":::- A"::: HIJ) cultures inhabit the areas south and north, respectively, of Hangzhou Bay on the central east coast of China. The late phase of Majiabang is known as Songze. It is hard to know the exact range of many of these cultures, often named on the basis of a single site. Hemudu, for example, in nothern Zhejiang province, reveals many interesting finds. These include joinery found in the remains of timber buildings, evidence of rice cultivation, blackware pottery, hoes made of animal shoulder blades, and one of the earliest lacquered bowls found in China. Majiabangcultures, to the north of Hemudu, also incorporated mortise and tenon joints in their habitations. Bones of boar, elephant, deer, turtle, fox, alligator, fish, and mollusk appear, indicating the importance of hunting wild game. Tools include hoes made of animal shoulder blades, items made of bone, antler and stone, and ring-shaped jades. Domesticated animals include dogs, pigs, and water buffalo. Burials are usually single, with heads facing down and pointing north. c2u7-B1> One of the most remarkable cultures to emerge slightly later along the east coast is known as Liangzhu (ca. A":::- ?"::: HIJ) located in the area around present-day Shanghai, and possibly a later outgrowth of Majiabang/Songze cultures. Originally, it was felt that this was another branch of Longshan culture, but it is now seen as an independent culture. Liangzhu has been studied at nineteen sites in Zhejiang province.Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
Ancient China-Late Neolithic Cultures
Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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Based on two classic texts, the Dao De Jingand Zhuang Zi, the first attributed to the sage Lao Zi, whose existence and dates are uncertain; the second written by Zhuang Zi (ca. ??? ? ??? ???) The Daoist texts are difficult to decipher because they are written in poems and parables. Daoists deemphasized ambition and greed, seeing these very human tendencies as ultimately leading to oppression. Instead, they advocated non-action and non-interference in the affairs of the world, by following the way of nature. Daoism was to have a profound influence on many aspects of Chinese arts and culture. dfWakd Founded by Mo Zi (ca ??? ? ??? ???). Initially a follower of Confucious, Mo Zi rejected selective love based on the family, preaching universal or brotherly love, where everyone is treated equally with the same sense of obligation extended to the family. Similarly, rulers should treat enemies as if they were his own kin, and not wage war. Mohists emphasized engineering and other practical arts, and deemphasized music and ritual. cSVNcakd Legalism assumed that humans are basically greedy and selfish and therefore need to be ruled with a strong hand. The ruler"s job was to promote a set of harsh laws, to provide a system of rewards and punishments, so that everyone would work hard in the interests of the state, and refrain from wasteful discourse. Legalism was adopted by the First Emperor (Qin dynasty) under the direction of the chief minister Shang Yang. Legalism was also promoted by Han Fei Zi, a member of the ruling family during the Han dynasty. l1y y6y;-y7wy 8z =1y <=u=y< 8z P1> u7x h27 One of the largest copper mines in use during the Warring States period was located at Tonglushan in Hubei, within Chu territory. Chuwas the last great state before Qin domination. It had assisted the Zhou defeat of Shang, but had suffered the humiliation of being labelled barbarian. Chu expanded during the period of the eastern Zhou along the central region of the Yangzi river basin, swallowing up the eastern states of Wu and Yue and then Zeng to its north. Chu was a wealthy state, able to support a range of arts and crafts in a distinct regional style. Slide # ??shows the famous tomb of Yi, Marquis of the state of Zeng, from a time when Zeng was allied to Chu. Objects in the tomb attest to the highly sophisticated state of bronze casting at this time, utilizing the lost wax technique, as well as the extensive use of lacquer. Lacquer was used in furniture, weapons, daily utensils and dishes, as well as coffins. An anthology of poetry, the Chu Ci, survives from the state of Chu, attributed to one of the earliest known Chinese poets, Qu Yuan. Asian Art MuseumEducation Department
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