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Making Games with

Python & Pygame

By Al Sweigart

Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com

Copyright © 2012 by Albert Sweigart

) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.

You are free:

To Share to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work

To Remix to make derivative works

Under the following conditions:

Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). (Visibly include the title and author's name in any excerpts of this work.) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. This summary is located here: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/ Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. There is a human-readable summary of the Legal Code (the full license), located here:

Book Version 2

If you've downloaded this book from a torrent, it's probably out of date. Go to http://inventwithpython.com/pygame to download the latest version.

ISBN (978-1469901732)

1st Edition

For Calvin Chaos

Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com

Who is this book for? i

WHO IS THIS BOOK FOR?

When you get down to it, programming video games is just about lighting up pixels to make pretty pictures appear on the screen in response to keyboard and mouse input.

And there are very few things that are as fun.

This book will teach you how to make graphical computer games in the Python programming language using the Pygame library. This book assumes you know a little bit about Python or Or you can jump right into this book and mostly pick it up along the way. This book is for the intermediate programmer who has learned what variables and loops are, but What do actual game programs look like There was a long gap after I first really know how to use that skill to make something cool my hope that the games in this book will give you enough ideas about how programs work to provide a foundation to implement your own games. The full text of this book is available in HTML or PDF format at http://inventwithpython.com/pygame. -Al Sweigart ii http://inventwithpython.com/pygame Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Hello! This book will teach you how to make graphical computer games with the Pygame framework (also called the Pygame library) in the Python programming language. Pygame makes it easy to create programs with 2D graphics. Both Python and the Pygame framework can be downloaded for free from http://python.org and http://pygame.org. All you need is a computer and this book to begin making your own games. This book is an intermediate programming book. If you are completely new to programming, you can still try to follow along with the source code examples and figure out how programming works. However, it might be easier to learn how to program in Python first. Invent Your Own Computer Games with Python is a book that is available completely for free from http://inventwithpython.com. That book teaches programming by making non-graphical, text- based games for complete beginners, and also has a few chapters about using the Pygame library. However, if you already know how to program in Python (or even some other language, since Python is so easy to pick up) and want to start making games beyond just text, then this is the book for you. The book starts with a short introduction to how the Pygame library works and the functions it provides. Then it provides the complete source code for some actual games and explains how the code works, so you can understand how actual game programs make use of

Pygame.

This book features seven different games

already played. The games are a lot more fun and interactive than the text-based games in Invent with Python, but are still fairly short. All of the programs are less than 600 lines long. This is pretty small when you consider that professional games you download or buy in a store can be hundreds of thousands of lines long. These games require an entire team of programmers and artists working with each other for months or years to make. The website for this book is http://inventwithpython.com/pygame. All the programs and files mentioned in this book can be downloaded for free from this website, including this book itself. Programming is a great creative activity, so please share this book as widely as possible. The Creative Commons license that this book is released under gives you the right to copy and charge money for it). If you ever have questions about how these programs work, feel free to email me at al@inventwithpython.com.

About This Book iii

Who is this book for? ........................................................................................................................ i

About This Book .............................................................................................................................. ii

Chapter 1 Installing Python and Pygame ...................................................................................... 1

What You Should Know Before You Begin ................................................................................ 1

Downloading and Installing Python ............................................................................................. 1

Windows Instructions .................................................................................................................. 1

Mac OS X Instructions ................................................................................................................. 2

Ubuntu and Linux Instructions .................................................................................................... 2

Starting Python............................................................................................................................. 2

Installing Pygame......................................................................................................................... 3

How to Use This Book ................................................................................................................. 4

The Featured Programs ................................................................................................................ 4

Downloading Graphics and Sound Files ...................................................................................... 4

Line Numbers and Spaces ............................................................................................................ 4

Text Wrapping in This Book ....................................................................................................... 5

Checking Your Code Online ........................................................................................................ 6

More Info Links on http://invpy.com ........................................................................................... 6

Chapter 2 Pygame Basics .............................................................................................................. 7

GUI vs. CLI ................................................................................................................................. 7

Source Code for Hello World with Pygame ................................................................................ 7

Setting Up a Pygame Program ..................................................................................................... 8

Game Loops and Game States ................................................................................................... 10

pygame.event.Event Objects ........................................................................................... 11

The QUIT Event and pygame.quit() Function .................................................................. 12

Pixel Coordinates ....................................................................................................................... 13

iv http://inventwithpython.com/pygame Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com A Reminder About Functions, Methods, Constructor Functions, and Functions in Modules (and

the Difference Between Them) .................................................................................................. 14

Surface Objects and The Window ............................................................................................. 15

Colors ......................................................................................................................................... 16

Transparent Colors ..................................................................................................................... 17

pygame.Color Objects .......................................................................................................... 18

Rect Objects ............................................................................................................................... 18

Primitive Drawing Functions ..................................................................................................... 20

pygame.PixelArray Objects .............................................................................................. 23

The pygame.display.update() Function ...................................................................... 24

Animation .................................................................................................................................. 24

Frames Per Second and pygame.time.Clock Objects ....................................................... 27

Drawing Images with pygame.image.load() and blit() ............................................ 28

Fonts ........................................................................................................................................... 28

Anti-Aliasing.............................................................................................................................. 30

Playing Sounds........................................................................................................................... 31

Summary .................................................................................................................................... 32

Chapter 3 Memory Puzzle .......................................................................................................... 33

How to Play Memory Puzzle ..................................................................................................... 33

Nested for Loops ..................................................................................................................... 33

Source Code of Memory Puzzle ................................................................................................ 34

Credits and Imports .................................................................................................................... 42

Magic Numbers are Bad ............................................................................................................ 42

Sanity Checks with assert Statements ................................................................................... 43

Telling If a Number is Even or Odd .......................................................................................... 44

Crash Early and Crash Often! .................................................................................................... 44

Making the Source Code Look Pretty ........................................................................................ 45

Using Constant Variables Instead of Strings ............................................................................. 46

Making Sure We Have Enough Icons ........................................................................................ 47

Tuples vs. Lists, Immutable vs. Mutable ................................................................................... 47

About This Book v

One Item Tuples Need a Trailing Comma ................................................................................. 48

Converting Between Lists and Tuples ....................................................................................... 49

The global statement, and Why Global Variables are Evil.................................................... 49

Data Structures and 2D Lists ..................................................................................................... 51

..................................................................................................... 52

The Game Loop ......................................................................................................................... 52

The Event Handling Loop .......................................................................................................... 53

Checking Which Box The Mouse Cursor is Over ..................................................................... 54

Handling the First Clicked Box ................................................................................................. 55

Handling a Mismatched Pair of Icons ........................................................................................ 56

Handling If the Player Won ....................................................................................................... 56

Drawing the Game State to the Screen ...................................................................................... 57

......................................................................... 58

Creating the Board Data Structure: Step 1 Get All Possible Icons ......................................... 58

Step 2 Shuffling and Truncating the List of All Icons ............................................................ 59

Step 3 Placing the Icons on the Board .................................................................................... 59

Splitting a List into a List of Lists.............................................................................................. 60

Different Coordinate Systems .................................................................................................... 61

Converting from Pixel Coordinates to Box Coordinates ........................................................... 62

Drawing the Icon, and Syntactic Sugar ...................................................................................... 63

.................................... 64

Drawing the Box Cover ............................................................................................................. 64

Handling the Revealing and Covering Animation ..................................................................... 65

Drawing the Entire Board .......................................................................................................... 66

Drawing the Highlight ............................................................................................................... 67

..................................................................................................... 67

Revealing and Covering the Groups of Boxes ........................................................................... 68

.................................................................................................... 68

Telling if the Player Has Won ................................................................................................... 69

vi http://inventwithpython.com/pygame Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com

Why Bother Having a main() Function? ................................................................................ 69

Why Bother With Readability? .................................................................................................. 70

Summary, and a Hacking Suggestion ........................................................................................ 74

Chapter 4 Slide Puzzle ................................................................................................................ 77

How to Play Slide Puzzle ........................................................................................................... 77

Source Code to Slide Puzzle ...................................................................................................... 77

Second Verse, Same as the First ................................................................................................ 85

Setting Up the Buttons ............................................................................................................... 86

Being Smart By Using Stupid Code .......................................................................................... 87

The Main Game Loop ................................................................................................................ 88

Clicking on the Buttons ............................................................................................................. 89

Sliding Tiles with the Mouse ..................................................................................................... 90

Sliding Tiles with the Keyboard ................................................................................................ 90

in Operator ........................................................................ 91

WASD and Arrow Keys ............................................................................................................ 91

Actually Performing the Tile Slide ............................................................................................ 92

IDLE and Terminating Pygame Programs ................................................................................. 92

........................ 92

Creating the Board Data Structure ............................................................................................. 93

Not Tracking the Blank Position ................................................................................................ 94

Making a Move by Updating the Board Data Structure ............................................................ 94

When NOT to Use an Assertion ................................................................................................ 95

Getting a Not-So-Random Move ............................................................................................... 96

Converting Tile Coordinates to Pixel Coordinates .................................................................... 97

Converting from Pixel Coordinates to Board Coordinates ........................................................ 97

Drawing a Tile ........................................................................................................................... 97

The Making Text Appear on the Screen .................................................................................... 98

Drawing the Board ..................................................................................................................... 99

Drawing the Border of the Board ............................................................................................... 99

About This Book vii

Drawing the Buttons ................................................................................................................ 100

Animating the Tile Slides ........................................................................................................ 100

The copy() Surface Method ................................................................................................. 101

Creating a New Puzzle ............................................................................................................. 103

Animating the Board Reset ...................................................................................................... 104

Time vs. Memory Tradeoffs .................................................................................................... 105

Nobody Cares About a Few Bytes ........................................................................................... 106

Nobody Cares About a Few Million Nanoseconds .................................................................. 107

Summary .................................................................................................................................. 107

Chapter 5 Simulate .................................................................................................................... 108

How to Play Simulate .............................................................................................................. 108

Source Code to Simulate .......................................................................................................... 108

The Usual Starting Stuff .......................................................................................................... 114

Setting Up the Buttons ............................................................................................................. 115

The main() Function ............................................................................................................. 115

Some Local Variables Used in This Program .......................................................................... 116

Drawing the Board and Handling Input ................................................................................... 117

Checking for Mouse Clicks ..................................................................................................... 118

Checking for Keyboard Presses ............................................................................................... 118

The Two States of the Game Loop .......................................................................................... 119

Figuring Out if the Player Pressed the Right Buttons .............................................................. 119

Epoch Time .............................................................................................................................. 121

Drawing the Board to the Screen ............................................................................................. 122

Same Old terminate() Function ....................................................................................... 122

Reusing The Constant Variables .............................................................................................. 123

Animating the Button Flash ..................................................................................................... 123

Drawing the Buttons ................................................................................................................ 126

Animating the Background Change ......................................................................................... 126

The Game Over Animation ...................................................................................................... 127

viii http://inventwithpython.com/pygame Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com

Converting from Pixel Coordinates to Buttons ........................................................................ 129

Explicit is Better Than Implicit ................................................................................................ 129

Chapter 6 Wormy ...................................................................................................................... 131

How to Play Wormy ................................................................................................................ 131

Source Code to Wormy ............................................................................................................ 131

The Grid ................................................................................................................................... 137

The Setup Code ........................................................................................................................ 137

The main() Function ............................................................................................................. 138

A Separate runGame() Function .......................................................................................... 139

The Event Handling Loop ........................................................................................................ 139

Collision Detection .................................................................................................................. 140

Detecting Collisions with the Apple ........................................................................................ 141

Moving the Worm .................................................................................................................... 142

The insert() List Method................................................................................................... 142

Drawing the Screen .................................................................................................................. 143

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