Tutoriel SQL
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ABOUT THE TUTORIAL
SQL Tutorial
SQL is a database computer language designed for the retrieval and management of data in relational database. SQL stands for Structured Query Language.This tutorial will give you quick start with SQL.
Audience
This reference has been prepared for the beginners to help them understand the basic to advanced
concepts related to SQL languages.Prerequisites
Before you start doing practice with various types of examples given in this reference, I'm making an
assumption that you are already aware about what is database, especially RDBMS and what is a
computer programming language.Copyright & Disclaimer Notice
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Table of Content
SQL Tutorial ............................................................................. 2 Audience .................................................................................. 2 Prerequisites ............................................................................ 2 Copyright & Disclaimer Notice .................................................. 2 SQL Overview ........................................................................ 15What is SQL? ........................................................................................... 15
Why SQL? ................................................................................................ 15
History: ..................................................................................................... 16
SQL Process: ........................................................................................... 16
SQL Commands: ...................................................................................... 17
DDL - Data Definition Language: ............................................................. 17 DML - Data Manipulation Language: ........................................................ 17 DCL - Data Control Language: ................................................................. 17 DQL - Data Query Language: .................................................................. 17 SQL RDBMS Concepts .......................................................... 18What is field? ............................................................................................ 19
What is record, or row? ............................................................................ 19
What is column? ....................................................................................... 19
What is NULL value?................................................................................ 19
SQL Constraints: ...................................................................................... 20
NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 20
DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 21
Example: .................................................................................................. 21
Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 21
UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 21
Example: .................................................................................................. 21
DROP a UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................... 22PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 22
Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 22
Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 23
FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 24
Example: .................................................................................................. 24
DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 25CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 25
Example: .................................................................................................. 25
DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 25INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 26
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Example: .................................................................................................. 26
DROP a INDEX Constraint: ...................................................................... 26Data Integrity: ........................................................................................... 26
Database Normalization ........................................................................... 27
Third Rule of 1NF: .................................................................................... 29
SQL RDBMS Databases ........................................................ 32MySQL ..................................................................................................... 32
History: ..................................................................................................... 32
Features: .................................................................................................. 33
MS SQL Server ........................................................................................ 33
History: ..................................................................................................... 33
Features: .................................................................................................. 34
ORACLE .................................................................................................. 34
History: ..................................................................................................... 34
Features: .................................................................................................. 35
MS- ACCESS ........................................................................................... 36
Features: .................................................................................................. 36
SQL Syntax ............................................................................ 37 SQL SELECT Statement: ......................................................................... 37 SQL DISTINCT Clause: ........................................................................... 37 SQL WHERE Clause:............................................................................... 37 SQL AND/OR Clause: .............................................................................. 37SQL IN Clause: ........................................................................................ 38
SQL BETWEEN Clause: .......................................................................... 38SQL Like Clause: ..................................................................................... 38
SQL ORDER BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38 SQL GROUP BY Clause: ......................................................................... 38 SQL COUNT Clause: ............................................................................... 38 SQL HAVING Clause: .............................................................................. 38 SQL CREATE TABLE Statement: ............................................................ 38 SQL DROP TABLE Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL CREATE INDEX Statement: ............................................................ 39 SQL DROP INDEX Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL DESC Statement: ............................................................................. 39 SQL TRUNCATE TABLE Statement: ....................................................... 39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement: ............................................................... 39 SQL ALTER TABLE Statement (Rename): .............................................. 39 SQL INSERT INTO Statement: ................................................................ 39 SQL UPDATE Statement: ........................................................................ 39TUTORIALS POINT
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SQL DELETE Statement: ......................................................................... 40 SQL CREATE DATABASE Statement: .................................................... 40 SQL DROP DATABASE Statement: ........................................................ 40SQL USE Statement: ............................................................................... 40
SQL COMMIT Statement: ........................................................................ 40 SQL ROLLBACK Statement: .................................................................... 40 SQL Data Types .................................................................... 41 Exact Numeric Data Types: ...................................................................... 41 Approximate Numeric Data Types: .......................................................... 41 Date and Time Data Types: ..................................................................... 42 Character Strings Data Types: ................................................................. 42 Unicode Character Strings Data Types: ................................................... 42Binary Data Types: ................................................................................... 42
Misc Data Types: ..................................................................................... 43
SQL Operators ....................................................................... 44 What is an Operator in SQL? ................................................................... 44 SQL Arithmetic Operators: ....................................................................... 44 SQL Comparison Operators: .................................................................... 45SQL Logical Operators: ............................................................................ 47
SQL Expressions ................................................................... 50Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 50
SQL - Boolean Expressions: .................................................................... 50 SQL - Numeric Expression: ...................................................................... 51SQL - Date Expressions: .......................................................................... 51
SQL CREATE Database ........................................................ 53Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 53
Example: .................................................................................................. 53
DROP or DELETE Database ................................................. 54Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 54
Example: .................................................................................................. 54
SQL SELECT Database ......................................................... 55Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 55
Example: .................................................................................................. 55
SQL CREATE Table .............................................................. 56Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 56
Example: .................................................................................................. 57
Example: .................................................................................................. 57
SQL DROP or DELETE Table ................................................ 59TUTORIALS POINT
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Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 59
Example: .................................................................................................. 59
SQL INSERT Query ............................................................... 60Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 60
Example: .................................................................................................. 60
Populate one table using another table: ................................................... 61 SQL SELECT Query .............................................................. 62Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 62
Example: .................................................................................................. 62
SQL WHERE Clause ............................................................. 64Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 64
Example: .................................................................................................. 64
SQL AND and OR Operators ................................................. 66The AND Operator: .................................................................................. 66
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 66
Example: .................................................................................................. 66
The OR Operator: .................................................................................... 67
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 67
Example: .................................................................................................. 67
SQL UPDATE Query.............................................................. 69Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 69
Example: .................................................................................................. 69
SQL DELETE Query .............................................................. 71Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 71
Example: .................................................................................................. 71
SQL LIKE Clause ................................................................... 73Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 73
Example: .................................................................................................. 74
SQL TOP Clause ................................................................... 75Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 75
Example: .................................................................................................. 75
SQL ORDER BY Clause ........................................................ 77Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 77
Example: .................................................................................................. 77
SQL Group By........................................................................ 79Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 79
Example: .................................................................................................. 79
SQL Distinct Keyword ............................................................ 81Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 81
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Example: .................................................................................................. 81
SQL SORTING Results .......................................................... 83Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 83
Example: .................................................................................................. 83
SQL Constraints ..................................................................... 85NOT NULL Constraint: ............................................................................. 85
DEFAULT Constraint:............................................................................... 86
Example: .................................................................................................. 86
Drop Default Constraint: ........................................................................... 86
UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................................. 87
Example: .................................................................................................. 87
DROP a UNIQUE Constraint: ................................................................... 87PRIMARY Key: ......................................................................................... 88
Create Primary Key: ................................................................................. 88
Delete Primary Key: ................................................................................. 89
FOREIGN Key: ......................................................................................... 89
Example: .................................................................................................. 89
DROP a FOREIGN KEY Constraint: ........................................................ 90CHECK Constraint: .................................................................................. 90
Example: .................................................................................................. 90
DROP a CHECK Constraint: .................................................................... 91INDEX: ..................................................................................................... 91
Example: .................................................................................................. 91
DROP a INDEX Constraint: ...................................................................... 91Dropping Constraints:............................................................................... 92
Integrity Constraints: ................................................................................ 92
SQL Joins .............................................................................. 93SQL Join Types: ....................................................................................... 94
INNER JOIN ............................................................................................. 94
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 94
Example: .................................................................................................. 94
LEFT JOIN ............................................................................................... 95
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 95
Example: .................................................................................................. 95
RIGHT JOIN ............................................................................................. 96
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 96
Example: .................................................................................................. 96
FULL JOIN ............................................................................................... 97
Syntax: ..................................................................................................... 97
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