[PDF] CERT C Programming Language Secure Coding Standard





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LegalNotice

Thispage lastchangedon Sep10,2007 byrcs.

CERTC ProgrammingLanguageSecure Coding

Standard

DocumentNo. N1255

September10, 2007

LegalNotice

Thisdocument representsapreliminary draftof theCERT CProgramming LanguageSecureCoding Standard.This projectwas initiatedfollowingthe 2006BerlinmeetingofWG14to produceasecure codingstandard basedonthe C99standard.Although thisisan incompletework,we wouldgreatly appreciatey ourcommentsandfeedbackatthis timetofurther thedevelopment andrefinementof the material.Please providecomments thatarecommensuratewiththe existingdetailin thedocument.F or example,if aruleor recommendationissimply astuby oumay wishtocomment ifyou thinkhaving a ruleor recommendationinthat areaisun warranted. Thiswork issponsoredb ytheU .S.Department ofDefense. TheSoftw areEngineeringInstituteisafeder allyfundedresearch anddevelopment centersponsoredb y theU .S.DepartmentofDefense.

Copyright2007CarnegieMellon University .

NOW ARRANTY

THISCARNEGIE MELLONUNIVERSITY ANDSOFTWAREENGINEERINGINSTITUTE MATERIALIS FURNISHEDON AN"AS- IS"BASIS .CARNEGIEMELLONUNIVERSITYMAKESNOWARRANTIES OFANY KIND,EITHEREXPRESSED ORIMPLIED, ASTOANYMA TTERINCLUDING, BUTNOTLIMITEDTO , WARRANTYOFFITNESS FORPURPOSEOR MERCHANTABILITY,EXCLUSIVITY, ORRESULT SOBT AINED FROMUSE OFTHEMA TERIAL.CARNEGIEMELL ONUNIVERSITYDOES NOTMAKEANYWARRANTY OFANY KINDWITH RESPECTTO FREEDOMFROMP ATENT,TRADEMARK,ORCOP YRIGHTINFRINGEMENT. Useof anytr ademarksinthisreportisnot intendedinanywa ytoinfringe ontherights ofthetr ademark holder. Internaluse. Permissionto reproducethisdocumentandtoprepare derivative worksfromthis document forinternal useisgr anted,provided thecopyright and"NoWarranty" statementsareincludedwithall reproductionsand derivative works. Externaluse. Requestsfor permissiontoreproducethisdocumentor preparederivativ eworksof this documentfor externalandcommercial useshouldbe addressedtothe SEILicensingAgent. Thiswork wascreated intheperformanceofFeder alGov ernmentContract NumberF19628-00-C-0003 Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page8 withCarnegie MellonUniversit yforthe operationoftheSoftwareEngineeringInstitute,a federallyfunded researchand developmentcenter .TheGovernmentof theUnitedStateshasaro yalty -free government-purposelicensetouse,duplicate,ordisclosethe work,inwhole orinpart andinan y manner,andtoha veor permitothersto doso,forgovernmentpurposespursuant tothecop yright licenseunder theclauseat 252.227-7013. Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page9

Acknowledgements

Thispage lastchangedon Aug07, 2007by rcs.

Thanksto everyone whocontributedtomakingthiseffortasuccess.

Contributors

JuanAlv arado,HalBurch,StephenC.Dewhurst,Chad Dougherty, MarkDowd,William Fithen,Jeffrey

Seacord.

Reviewers

JerryLeichter ,ScottMeyers,R onNatalie,DanPlakosh,Michel Schinz,EricSosman, AndreyTar asevich,

HenryS.Warren,and IvanVecerina.

Editors

JodiBlak e,PamelaCurtis

Developersand Administrators

RudolphMaceyko, JasonMcCormick,JoeMcManus,BradRubbo

SpecialThanks

JeffCarpenter ,JasonRafail,Frank Redner

Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page11

CERTC ProgrammingLanguageSecure CodingStandard

Thispage lastchangedon Jun14,2007 byjpincar.

00.Introduction

01.Preprocessor(PRE)

02.DeclarationsandInitialization(DCL)

03.Expressions(EXP)

04.Integers(INT)

05.FloatingPoint(FLP)

06.Arrays(ARR)

07.Strings(STR)

08.MemoryManagement(MEM)

09.InputOutput(FIO)

10.TemporaryFiles(TMP)

11.Environment(ENV)

12.Signals(SIG)

13.Miscellaneous(MSC)

50.POSIX

99.TheVoid

AA.CReferences

BB.Definitions

Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page12

00.Introduction

Thispage lastchangedon Mar20,2007 bypdc@sei.cmu.edu. Anessential elementofsecure codinginthe Cprogramming languageiswell documentedand enforceablecoding standards.Codingstandards encourageprogr ammerstofollow auniformset ofrules andguidelines determinedby therequirementsof theprojectandorganization,rather thanby the programmer'sfamiliarityor preference.Onceestablished,thesestandardscan beusedas ametricto evaluatesourcecode(using manualorautomated processes). Scope

RulesVersusRecommendations

DevelopmentProcess

Usage

SystemQualities

PriorityandLevels

Identifiers

Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page13

DevelopmentProcess

Thispage lastchangedon Mar20,2007 bypdc@sei.cmu.edu. Thedev elopmentofasecurecodingstandard forany programminglanguage isadifficult undertaking thatrequires significantcommunity involv ement.Thefollowingdevelopmentprocess hasbeenusedto createthis standard:

1.R ulesandrecommendationsforacoding standardaresolicited fromthecommunities involv edin

thedev elopmentandapplicationofeachprogr amminglanguage,including theformalor defacto standardbodies responsibleforthe documentedstandard.

2.These rulesandrecommendations areeditedb yseniormembers oftheCER Ttechnicalstaff for

contentand styleand placedontheCERTSecure CodingStandardsweb siteforcomment and review.

3.The usercommunity maythen commentonthepublicallypostedcontent usingthreadeddiscussions

andother communicationtools.Once aconsensusdev elopsthatthe ruleorrecommendation is appropriateand correct,thefinal ruleisincorpor atedintothe codingstandard. DraftsoftheCER TCProgr ammingLanguageSecure CodingStandardarereviewedby theISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14internationalstandardization workinggroupfor theCprogr amminglanguageand other industrygroups asappropriate. Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page14

Identifiers

Thispage lastchangedon Mar20,2007 bypdc@sei.cmu.edu. Eachrule andrecommendationis givena uniqueidentifierwithin astandard.These identifiersconsistof threeparts: •A threelettermneumonic representingthesection ofthestandard •A twodigitnumeric valuein therange of00-99 •The letter"A"or "C"toindicate whetherthecoding practiceis anadvisoryrecommendation ora compulsoryrule Thethree lettermneumoniccan beusedto groupsimilarcoding practicesand toindicateto which categorya codingpractice belongs. Thenumeric valueis usedtogiveeachcoding practicea uniqueidentifier. Numericvalues intherangeof

00-29are reservedfor recommendations,whilevaluesinthe rangeof 30-99arereserv edforrules.

Theletter "A"or"C" intheidentifier isnotrequired touniquelyidentif yeachcoding practice.It isused onlyto providea clearindicationofwhetherthecoding practiceis anadvisoryrecommendation ora compulsoryrule. Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page15

Priorityand Levels

Thispage lastchangedon Mar20,2007 bypdc@sei.cmu.edu. Eachrule andrecommendationin asecurecoding standardhasan assignedpriority .Prioritiesare assignedusing ametricbased onFailure Mode,Effects,and CriticalityAnalysis (FMECA)[IEC60812]. Threev aluesareassignedforeachrule onascale of1- 3for •sev erity-howseriousaretheconsequencesof therulebeing ignored

1= low(denial-of-service attack,abnormaltermination)

2= medium(dataintegrit yviolation,unintentional informationdisclosure)

3= high(runarbitr arycode)

•lik elihood-howlikelyis itthata flawintroduced byignoringtherulecould leadtoan exploitable vulnerability

1= unlikely

2= probable

3= likely

•remediation cost-how expensiveis ittocomply withtherule

1= high(manualdetection andcorrection)

2= medium(automaticdetection /manualcorrection)

3= low(automaticdetection andcorrection)

Thethree valuesare thenmultipliedtogetherforeachrule. Thisproductpro videsameasure thatcanbe usedin prioritizingtheapplication oftherules. Theseproductsr angefrom1 to27.R ulesand recommendationswith apriority inther angeof1-4arelevel 3rules,6-9 arelevel 2,and12-27arelevel

1.As aresult,it ispossibleto claimlevel 1,level 2,orcomplete compliance(level 3)witha standardby

implementingall rulesina level,as showninthe followingillustration: Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page16 Recommendationsarenotcompulsory andarepro videdforinformation purposesonly. Themetric isdesignedprimarily forremediationprojects. Itisassumed thatnewdev elopmenteffortswill conformwith theentirestandard. Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page17

RulesVersus Recommendations

Thispage lastchangedon Aug29, 2007by rcs.

Thissecure codingstandardconsists ofrulesandrecommendations.Coding practicesare definedtobe ruleswhen allofthe followingconditionsare met:

1.Violation ofthecoding practicewill resultina securityfla wthatmayresultin anexploitable

vulnerability.

2.There isanenumer ablesetof exceptionalconditions (ornosuchconditions)inwhich violatingthe

codingpr acticeisnecessarytoensurethe correctbehavior fortheprogr am.

3.Conformance tothecoding practicecan beverified.

Rulesmustbefollowed toclaimcompliance withthisstandard unlessanex ceptionalconditionexists. If anex ceptionalconditionisclaimed,theex ceptionmustcorrespond toapredefined exceptionalcondition andthe applicationofthis exceptionmust bedocumentedin thesourcecode. Recommendationsareguidelinesor suggestions.Codingpr acticesaredefined toberecommendations whenall ofthefollowing conditionsaremet:

1.Application ofthecoding practiceis likelyto improve systemsecurity.

2.One ormoreof therequirementsnecessary foracoding practiceto beconsidereda rulecannotbe

met. Compliancewith recommendationsisnot necessarytoclaim compliancewiththis standard.Itis possible, however,toclaimcompliancewithrecommendations (especiallyincases inwhichcompliance canbe verified).Thesetof recommendationsthata particulardevelopment effortadoptsdepends onthe securityrequirementsofthe finalsoftware product.Projectswith high-securityrequirements candedicate moreresources tosecurity andarethus likelytoadoptalarger setofrecommendations. Implementationof thesecurecoding rulesdefinedin thisstandardare necessary(butnot sufficient)to ensurethe securityof softwaresystemsdevelopingin theCprogr amminglanguages. Thefollowing graphshows thenumberandbreakdownofrules andrecommendationsfor theCERT C

ProgrammingLanguageSecureCoding standard:

Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page18 Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page19 Scope Thispage lastchangedon Mar20,2007 bypdc@sei.cmu.edu. TheCERTC ProgrammingLanguageSecure CodingStandardwasdevelopedspecifically forversionofthe

Cprogr amminglanguagedefinedby

•ISO/IEC 9899-1999Programming Languages - C, SecondEdition[ISO/IEC9899-1999] •T echnicalcorrigendaTC1andT C2 •ISO/IEC TR24731-1Extensions totheC Library, PartI: Bounds-checkinginterfaces[ ISO/IECTR

24731-2006]

•ISO/IEC WDTR24731-2 SpecificationforSaferCLibrary Functions - P artII:Dynamic Allocation

Functions

Mostof thematerialincluded inthisstandard canalsobe appliedtoearlier versionsof theC programminglanguage. Rulesandrecommendationsincluded inthisstandard aredesignedto beoperating systemandplatform independent.Howev er,thebestavailablesolutionsto theseproblemsis oftenplatformspecific. Inmost cases,we have attemptedtoprovideappropriatecompliantsolutionsforPOSIX -compliantandWindows operatingsystems.Inman ycases,compliant solutionshav ealsobeenprovidedfor specificplatforms suchas LinuxorOpenBSD .Occasionally, wealsopoint outimplementationspecificbehaviorswhen these behaviorsareofinterest. Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page20

SystemQualities

Thispage lastchangedon Mar20,2007 bypdc@sei.cmu.edu. Securityisoneof manysystem attributesthatmust beconsideredin theselectionandapplicationofa codingstandard. Otherattributesof interestincludesafet y,portabilit y,reliabilit y,a vailability , Manyoftheseattributes areinterrelatedin interestingwa ys.For example,readability isanattribute of maintainability;bothareimportant forlimitingthe introductionofdefects duringmaintenancethat could resultin securityfla wsorreliabilityissues.R eliabilityandavailabilit yrequireproper resources management,which contributesalsoto thesafety andsecurity ofthesystem. Systemattributes suchas performanceand securityare ofteninconflict,requiringtradeoffs tobeconsidered. Thepurpose ofthesecure codingstandardis topromotesoftw aresecurity .However ,becauseof the relationshipbetween securityand othersystemattributes,thecodingstandards maypro vide recommendationsthat dealprimarilywith someothersystem attributethatalso hasasignificant impact onsecurit y.Thedualnatureoftheserecommendationswill benotedin thestandard. Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page21 Usage Thispage lastchangedon Mar20,2007 bypdc@sei.cmu.edu. Theserules maybe extendedwithorganization-specificrules.However ,therules containedina standard mustbe obeyedto claimcompliancewiththestandard. Trainingmaybedeveloped toeducatesoftwareprofessionalsregarding theappropriateapplication of securecoding standards.Afterpassing anexamination,these trainedprogr ammersmay alsobecertified assecure codingprofessionals. Oncea securecodingstandard hasbeenestablished, toolscanbe developedor modifiedtodetermine compliancewith thestandard.One oftheconditions foracoding practiceto beconsidereda ruleisthat conformancecan beverified. Verificationcan beperformedmanuallyorautomated.Manual verification canbe laborintensive anderrorprone. Toolverificationisalso problematicinthat theability ofastatic analysistool todetectall violationsofa rulemustbe proven foreachproduct releasebecauseof possible regressionerrors. Evenwith thesechallenges,automatedvalidationma ybethe onlyeconomically scalablesolution tovalidate conformancewiththe codingstandard. Softwareanalysistoolsma ybecertified asbeingable toverifycompliancewith thesecurecoding standard.Compliant softwaresystems maybecertifiedascompliant bya properlyauthorizedcertification bodyb ytheapplicationofcertifiedtools. Documentgenerated byConfluenceon Sep10,2007 13:11Page22

01.Preprocessor (PRE)

Thispage lastchangedon Aug02, 2007by shaunh.

Recommendations

PRE00-A.Preferinlinefunctionstomacros

Rules

RiskAssessment Summary

Cost

PriorityLevel

PRE00-A1(low)1(unlikely)2(medium)P2L3

PRE01-A1(low)1(unlikely)3(low)P3L3

PRE02-A1(low)1(unlikely)3(low)P3L3

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