[PDF] Lesson 5: Mysterious Mixtures Experiment





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How do you find the concentration of a mixture?

    If we start with a mixture of A and B that corresponds to the dashed white line on the graph and the letter C1 (concentration 1). The mixture is vaporized (distilled). Follow the horizontal blue line until it reaches the vapor curve. This is concentration C2 in the diagram.

When should you discard a solution in an extraction?

    When doing extractions, it is a good idea not to discard any solutions until the very end of the experiment in order to avoid inadvertently discarding one of the products. As you proceed, think about which compound each flask contains and make a note of it in your notebook.

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You Be The Chemist

Activity Guide

|page 65

LESSON 5:Mysterious Mixtures

sandwiches. The different parts of these mixtures can be clearly seen. In this experiment, different solutions are made by mixing water with different colors and amounts of food coloring. Students should notice that once the w0ater and colors are mixed together, the liquid looks the same throughout. It is a solution-a homogeneous mixture.0 Next, a special process is used to separate the 0different parts of the different solutions. A separation process uses the different properties of a mixture"s parts to get them to separate. In the experiment, when the end of a strip of filter paper is placed in a solution, the paper 0will begin to absorb the liquid. As the solution moves up the paper, the different color components move through the paper at different rates. As a result, the colors separate, leaving bands of color along the paper based on 0how far that color component can travel through the paper. (The cup with red, yellow, and blue may only separate into two colors, red and green. In this case, the 0red separated out, but the yellow and blue stayed mixed and migrated up the paper at the same rate.)

FORMULAS & EQUATIONS

Food coloring is a type of food additive that makes the food a certain color (or makes the color more vibrant). People have been adding color to food for thousands of years to enhance the appeal of 0the food, either by making it appear more familiar, vibrant in color, or simply for decoration. Food colorings were initially developed using spices, crushed seeds, or even crushed insects. However, more recently, chemists have developed synthetic food colorings to create even brighter colors and colors that are hard to find in nature. Different colors and food-coloring products contain a variety of chemical compounds, so there is not one exact formula.

HYPOTHESIS

uDifferent food colorings and water can be combined to create uniform solutions. When the edge of a strip of filter paper is placed in the solution, the different colors of the solution will flow through the paper at different rates and separate into different bands of color on the paper.

CONNECT TO THE YOU BE THE

CHEMIST

CHALLENGE

For additional background information, please

review CEF"s Challenge study materials online at •Additional information on mixtures and basic separation processes can be found in the

Classification of Matter section of CEF"s

Passport

to Science Exploration: The Core of Chemistry

You Be The Chemist

Activity Guide

|page 66

LESSON 5:Mysterious Mixtures

LOWER GRADE LEVELS/BEGINNERS

For younger students, this experiment can demonstrate that most things are made up of parts and some parts you cannot see. Discuss mixtures and the two types of mixtures-homogeneous and heterogeneous. Show your class a picture of iced tea or apple juice-these are homogeneous mixtures! Then, show your class a picture of salad or vegetable soup-these are heterogeneous mixtures! Challenge your students to come up with other examples of each type of mixture.

HIGHER GRADE LEVELS/ADVA3NCED STUDENTS

DESCRIPTION

Use the process of chromatography to separate mixed dyes into the different colors that make up the dye.

OBJECTIVE

This lesson examines mixtures and demonstrates the separation process of chromatography.

OBSERVATION & RESEARCH

Most of the things around us are mixtures, like the air, the ocean, and food coloring! A mixtureis made of two or more substances that are combined physically. A mixture can be classified as either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixtureis a type of mixture that is considered to be the same throughout. Homogeneous mixtures are mixed evenly. Therefore, each part of the mixture seems to be the same. A solutionis a homogeneous mixture in which one or more substances (the solutes) are dissolved into another substance (the solvent). Solutions are made up of elements or compounds mixed together at the molecular level. On the other hand, a heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the makeup is not the same throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures are not mixed evenly, so they do not appear uniform. In a mixture, the chemical structure of each pa0rt of the mixture remains the same. Therefore, scientists are able to separate mixtures into their original parts. 0Separating a mixture of substances into two or more distinct products is called a separation process. A separation process uses the different properties of a mixture"s part to get them to separate. A mixture can be separated either through physical or chemical means. A physical separation process uses physical properties to separate the parts of a mixture. This separation occurs

without changing the chemical properties of the parts.Common physical separation processes include filtration

and distillation.

Chromatographyis a group of separation

processes used to separate and analyze complex mixtures based on differences in their structure or composition.

During chromatography, a mixture is moved over a

stationary material, called the stationary phase. The mixture that flows over the material is called the mobile phase. The different parts that make up the mobile phase flow through the stationary phase at different rates. As a result, the components separate, generally leaving behind distinct bands of the different components. In this experiment, different solutions are made by mixing water with different colors and amounts of food coloring. Next, a chromatography process is used to separate the different parts of the different solutions. When the end of a strip of filter paper is placed in a solution, the paper will begin to absorb the liquid. As the solution moves up the paper, the different color components move through the paper at different rates. As a result, the colors separate, leaving bands of color along the paper based on how far that color component can travel through the paper. (The cup with red, yellow, and blue may only separate into two colors, red and green. In this case, the red separates out, 0but the yellow and blue stays mixed and migrates up the paper at the same rate.)

CONNECT TO THE YOU BE THE

CHEMIST

CHALLENGE

For additional background information, please

review CEF"s Challenge study materials online at •Additional information on mixtures and basic separation processes can be found in the

Classification of Matter section of CEF"s

Passport

to Science Exploration: The Core of Chemistry •Additional information on chromatography can be found in the Laboratory Separations section of CEF"s

Passport to Science Exploration: Chemistry

Concepts in Action.

DIFFERENTIATION IN THE C4LASSROOM

You Be The Chemist

Activity Guide

|page 67

LESSON 5:Mysterious Mixtures

EXPERIMENTATION

As the students perform the experiment, challenge them to identify the independent, dependent, and controlled variables,

as well as whether there is a control setup for the experiment. (Hint: If the colors in the solution change, do the colors on

the paper change?) Review the information in theHNTPXdTQTN :XaeTbisection on pages 14-16 to discuss variables.

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0- Fill each cup with three tablespoons of water.

1- Put three drops of red and three drops of blu0e

food coloring into one cup. Put three drops o0f red and three drops of yellow in a second cup, and put three drops of each color-red, blue, and yellow-in a third cup.

2- Write the color combinations in each cup on a

piece of masking tape, and tape it to the bo0ttom of the corresponding cup where students cannot see it.

3- Take an unused coffee filter, and cut three strips

about 10 cm long and 2 cm wide. Wrap one end of a strip around a pencil, and lower the other end so that it goes about 1 cm into the 0water. Tape the filter paper to the pencil, and place the pencil on the rim of the cup.

4- Repeat step 4 for your two other cups.

5- Have the students observe and then guess (if they

don"t already know) which cup contains which food coloring. If green appears on the filter strips, ask the students how this is possible.

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Have students record data in their science notebooks or on the following activity sheet. What is a solution? What colors were separated from each solution? You can use the table in the activity sheet (or a similar one of your own) for students to record their data. NOTES

You Be The Chemist

Activity Guide

|page 68

LESSON 5:Mysterious Mixtures

ANALYSIS & CONCLUSION

Use the questions from the activity sheet or your own questions to discuss the experimental data. Ask students to determine whether they should accept or reject their hypotheses. Review the information in the

HNTPXdTQTN

:XaeTbisection on pages 14-16 to discuss valid and invalid hypotheses. :PPBPPJBKR.DL:IP Upon completion of this lesson, students should be0 able to ... •Apply a scientific inquiry process and perform an experiment. •Define and provide examples of different types of mixtures. •Compare and contrast homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. •Define and identify solutions and the parts of a solution. •Understand separation processes, specifically chromatography (see 5TQQPbPXdTLdTYX TX dSP

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Modifications and extensions provide alternate methods for performing the lesson or similar lessons. They also introduce ways to expand on the content topics presented and think beyond those topics. Use the following examples or have a discussion to generate other ideas as a class. •Prepare the solutions before class. When the students arrive, tell them that the cups contain mixtures of different colors and that you need to figure out what colors are in the cups. Ask them to think about how to do this, and challenge them to predict what 0colors are in the solutions based on their physical observations. Introduce chromatography as a separation process, but do not tell them how it works to separate the colors. Then perform the experiment and have them compare their predictions against the actual results. •If green appears, ask students if they notice anything odd about their results. They may produce a number of answers, but eventually remind students that green is not a primary color. Green is a mixture of blue and yellow. Ask students to consider why those two colors did not separate.

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•The separation process of chromatography is used in conducting forensics in crime scene investigations, by pharmaceutical companies in analyzing the amounts of specific chemicals in their products, by hospitals in determining the alcohol in patients" blood, and by environmentalists studying the level of pollutants in our water supply. ?LJJSKF?:RFLK Discuss the results as a class and review the activity sheet. Review the information in theHNTPXdTQTN :XaeTbi section on pages 14-16 to discuss the importance of communication to scientific progress.

Fun Fact

In the 16

th century, Spanish explorers observed the Aztecs collecting tiny cochineal insects that fed on red cactus berries.

These insects were crushed to

produce a red pigment for coloring food. You Be The Chemist Activity Guides |page 69You Be The Chemist

Activity Guide

|page 69

LESSON 5 ACTIVITY SHEET:Mysterious Mixtures

OBSERVE & RESEARCH

1.Write down the materials you see.____________________________________________________________________

2. How might these materials be used?__________________________________________________________________

3. Define the following key terms. Then, provide an example of each by writing the example or drawing/pasting an

image of the example.

TermDefinitionExample (write or add image)

Mixture

Homogeneous mixture

Solution

Heterogeneous mixture

Separation process

4. Consider how colors can be separated from a solution of 0food coloring and water using filter paper and why

that process would work. uWrite your hypothesis. ______________________________________________________________

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Activity Guide

|page 71

LESSON 5 ACTIVITY SHEET:Mysterious Mixtures

2. In what order do the colors appear on the dif0ferent papers? In what order are the colors o0f the rainbow? Compare.

3. Does green appear on your filter paper? If so, why? What colors make green? ________________________________

4. Why do the colors separate? ________________________________________________________________________0

5. If you use black ink, what do you think will0 happen? Why? ______________________________________________

6. Is your hypothesis valid? Why or why not? If not, what would be your next steps?____________________________

You Be The Chemist

Activity Guide

|page 72

LESSON 5 ACTIVITY SHEET:Mysterious Mixtures

EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE-ADVANC4ED

1. Define the following key terms. Then, provide an example of each by writing the example or drawing/pasting an

image of the example.

TermDefinitionExample (write or add image)

Chromatography

Stationary phase

Mobile phase

2. List the colors of the rainbow. ______________________________________________________________________

3. Which of those colors are made by mixing two other colors together? Explain. ______________________________

4. List other substances that are mixtures. Explain0 why they are mixtures and what types they are. ________________

You Be The Chemist

Activity Guide

|page 73

LESSON 5 ACTIVITY SHEET:Mysterious Mixtures

ANSWER KEY Below are suggested answers. Other answers may also be acceptable.

OBSERVE & RESEARCH

1.Write down the materials you see.____________________________________________________________________

2.How might these materials be used?__________________________________________________________________

3. Define the following key terms. Then, provide an example of each by writing the example or drawing/pasting an

image of the example.

TermDefinitionExample (write or add image)

Mixture

A physical combination of two or more substances

that can be physically separated.

Homogeneous mixture

A type of mixture that is considered to be the same throughout; the substances are evenly mixed.

Solution

A homogeneous (uniform) mixture in which one or

more substances (solutes) are dissolved in another substance (solvent).

Heterogeneous mixture

A type of mixture in which the makeup is not the

same throughout; the substances are not evenly mixed.

Separation process

A process that divides a mixture into two or more

distinct substances.

4. Consider how colors can be separated from a solution of 0food coloring and water using filter paper and why

that process would work. uWrite your hypothesis. ______________________________________________________________ Plastic cups may be used to hold a substance. Coffee filters may be used to separate solids

from a liquid. A ruler may be used to measure. Food coloring may be used to dye a substance. Water may be used to drink, bathe, or clean.

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