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JavaConcurrency

InPractice

TimPeierls

JoshuaBloch

JosephBowbeer

DavidHolmes

DougLea

AddisonͲWesleyProfessional

ISBNͲ10:0Ͳ321Ͳ34960Ͳ1

ISBNͲ13:978Ͳ0Ͳ321Ͳ34960Ͳ6

iiJavaConcurrencyInPractice Index

Index ii

Preface xiii

HowtoUsethisBookxiii

CodeExamplesxiv

Acknowledgmentsxv

Chapter 1 - Introduction 1

1.1. A (Very) Brief History of Concurrency 2

1.2. Benefits of Threads 3

1.2.1.ExploitingMultipleProcessors3

1.2.2.SimplicityofModeling3

1.2.4.MoreResponsiveUserInterfaces4

1.3. Risks of Threads 5

1.3.1.SafetyHazards5

1.3.2.LivenessHazards6

1.3.3.PerformanceHazards6

1.4. Threads are Everywhere 8

Part I: Fundamentals 10

Chapter 2. Thread Safety 11

2.1.WhatisThreadSafety?12

2.2.Atomicity13

2.3.Locking16

2.4.GuardingStatewithLocks19

2.5.LivenessandPerformance20

Chapter 3. Sharing Objects 23

3.1.Visibility23

3.2.PublicationandEscape26

3.3.ThreadConfinement28

3.4.Immutability31

3.5.SafePublication33

Chapter 4. Composing Objects 37

4.1.DesigningaThreadͲsafeClass37

4.2.InstanceConfinement39

4.3.DelegatingThreadSafety41

4.5.DocumentingSynchronizationPolicies49

Chapter 5. Building Blocks 51

5.1.SynchronizedCollections51

5.2.ConcurrentCollections54

5.4.BlockingandInterruptibleMethods59

5.5.Synchronizers60

SummaryofPartI69

iiiPart II: Structuring Concurrent Applications 71

Chapter 6. Task Execution 72

6.1.ExecutingTasksinThreads72

6.2.TheExecutorFramework74

6.3.FindingExploitableParallelism78

Summary83

Chapter 7. Cancellation and Shutdown 85

7.1.TaskCancellation85

7.2.StoppingaThreadͲbasedService93

7.3.HandlingAbnormalThreadTermination100

7.4.JVMShutdown102

Summary103

Chapter 8. Applying Thread Pools 104

8.2.SizingThreadPools105

8.3.ConfiguringThreadPoolExecutor106

8.4.ExtendingThreadPoolExecutor111

8.5.ParallelizingRecursiveAlgorithms112

Summary116

Chapter 9. GUI Applications 117

9.1.WhyareGUIsSingleͲthreaded?117

9.2.ShortͲrunningGUITasks119

9.3.LongͲrunningGUITasks121

9.4.SharedDataModels123

Summary126

Part III: Liveness, Performance, and Testing 127

Chapter 10. Avoiding Liveness Hazards 128

10.1.Deadlock128

10.2.AvoidingandDiagnosingDeadlocks133

10.3.OtherLivenessHazards135

Summary136

Chapter 11. Performance and Scalability 137

11.1.ThinkingaboutPerformance137

11.2.Amdahl'sLaw139

11.3.CostsIntroducedbyThreads142

11.4.ReducingLockContention144

11.5.Example:ComparingMapPerformance150

11.6.ReducingContextSwitchOverhead151

Summary152

Chapter 12. Testing Concurrent Programs 153

12.1.TestingforCorrectness153

12.2.TestingforPerformance160

12.4.ComplementaryTestingApproaches167

Summary169

Part IV: Advanced Topics 170

Chapter 13 - Explicit Locks 171

13.1.LockandReentrantLock171

13.2.PerformanceConsiderations174

13.3.Fairness175

ivJavaConcurrencyInPractice

13.5.ReadͲwriteLocks176

Summary178

Chapter 14 - Building Custom Synchronizers 179

14.1.ManagingStateDependence179

14.2.UsingConditionQueues183

14.3.ExplicitConditionObjects188

14.4.AnatomyofaSynchronizer189

14.5.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer190

Summary194

Chapter 15. Atomic Variables and Non-blocking Synchronization 195

15.1.DisadvantagesofLocking195

15.2.HardwareSupportforConcurrency196

15.3.AtomicVariableClasses198

15.4.NonͲblockingAlgorithms201

Summary206

Chapter 16. The Java Memory Model 207

16.2.Publication211

Summary215

Appendix A. Annotations for Concurrency 216

A.1.ClassAnnotations216

A.2.FieldandMethodAnnotations216

Bibliography 217

v1BListingandImageIndex

ListingandImageIndex

Preface v

Chapter 1. Introduction 11

Chapter 2. Thread Safety 11

Listing2.1.AStatelessServlet.13

Chapter 3. Sharing Objects 23

Listing3.4.CountingSheep.26

Listing3.5.PublishinganObject.27

viJavaConcurrencyInPractice

Chapter 4. Composing Objects 37

Chapter 5. Building Blocks 51

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.51

Listing5.7.ConcurrentMapInterface.56

Listing5.9.StartingtheDesktopSearch.58

vii1BListingandImageIndex

Figure5.2.PoorConcurrencyof66

Chapter 6. Task Execution 72

Listing6.1.SequentialWebServer.72

Listing6.3.ExecutorInterface.74

Listing6.4.WebServerUsingaThreadPool.75

Chapter 7. Cancellation and Shutdown 85

viiiJavaConcurrencyInPractice

Listing7.17.ShutdownwithPoisonPill.97

Chapter 8. Applying Thread Pools 104

Listing8.5.ThreadFactoryInterface.109

Listing8.6.CustomThreadFactory.110

Listing8.7.CustomThreadBaseClass.111

Listing8.15.SequentialPuzzleSolver.115

ix1BListingandImageIndex

Chapter 9. GUI Applications 117

Listing9.3.SimpleEventListener.120

124

Chapter 10. Avoiding Liveness Hazards 128

Chapter 11. Performance and Scalability 137

Listing11.3.CandidateforLockElision.143

Listing11.5.ReducingLockDuration.145

Chapter 12. Testing Concurrent Programs 153

xJavaConcurrencyInPractice

Listing12.7.TestingforResourceLeaks.159

Listing12.11.BarrierͲbasedTimer.161

Semaphores.164

Chapter 13 - Explicit Locks 171

Listing13.1.LockInterface.171

Listing13.4.LockingwithaTimeBudget.173

Listing13.6.ReadWriteLockInterface.176

Chapter 14 - Building Custom Synchronizers 179

xi1BListingandImageIndex

Listing14.10.ConditionInterface.188

Chapter 15. Atomic Variables and Non-blocking Synchronization 195

Listing15.1.SimulatedCASOperation.197

Chapter 16. The Java Memory Model 207

Listing16.5.EagerInitialization.213

xiiJavaConcurrencyInPractice xiii2BPreface

Preface

underheavyload.

WehopeyouenjoyJavaConcurrencyinPractice.

BrianGoetz

Williston,VT

March2006

HowtoUsethisBook

[JLSn.m],and[EJItemn]. xivJavaConcurrencyInPractice beforewritinganyconcurrentcode! bytheplatformlibraries. performance.

CodeExamples

[1]

Listing1.BadWaytoSortaList.Don'tDothis.

public > void sort(List list) { // Never returns the wrong answer!

System.exit(0);

threadsafetyiscompromised. xv2BPreface

Listing2.LessthanOptimalWaytoSortaList.

public > void sort(List list) { for (int i=0; i<1000000; i++) doNothing();

Collections.sort(list);

Acknowledgments

improvements.

Chapter1ǦIntroduction

onlybecomemoreimportant.

2JavaConcurrencyInPractice

1.1.A(Very)BriefHistoryofConcurrency

computerresources. simultaneously:

1.2.BenefitsofThreads

read,andmaintain. threadsfortheirorganization.

1.2.1.ExploitingMultipleProcessors

1.2.2.SimplicityofModeling

thelearningcurveforusingsuchframeworks.

4JavaConcurrencyInPractice

platforms. [1]

1.2.4.MoreResponsiveUserInterfaces

1.3.RisksofThreads

issues.

1.3.1.SafetyHazards

multithreadedenvironmentdoesnot. @NotThreadSafe public class UnsafeSequence { private int value; /** Returns a unique value. */ public int getNext() { return value++; theworstcase [2]

6JavaConcurrencyInPractice

suchaccess. [3] thus @ThreadSafe public class Sequence { @GuardedBy("this") private int nextValue; public synchronized int getNext() { return nextValue++;

1.3.2.LivenessHazards

insingleͲthreadedprograms.

1.3.3.PerformanceHazards

8JavaConcurrencyInPractice

1.4.ThreadsareEverywhere

methodsinthesethreads. forthreadsafetyiscontagious. application. servletsneedtobethreadͲsafe. [4] graphicalviewpresentedtotheuser. threadͲsafemanner.

10JavaConcurrencyInPractice

PartI:Fundamentals

Chapter2.ThreadSafety

Chapter3.SharingObjects

Chapter4.ComposingObjects

Chapter5.BuildingBlocks

Safety

Chapter2.ThreadSafety

mutablestate. undesirableconsequences. brokenandmayfailatanymoment. broken.Therearethreewaystofixit:

Don'tsharethestatevariableacrossthreads;

Makethestatevariableimmutable;or

tohelpmaintainerskeepitthatway.

12JavaConcurrencyInPractice

realisticconditions. [1] thefield. beanobjectoranentireprogram.

2.1.WhatisThreadSafety?

"safe"? multiplethreads. correctinasingleͲthreadedenvironment. [2] inaninvalidstate. 13

Safety

2.1.1.Example:AStatelessServlet

preservingitsthreadsafety.

Listing2.1.AStatelessServlet.

@ThreadSafe public class StatelessFactorizer implements Servlet { public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse resp) {

BigInteger i = extractFromRequest(req);

BigInteger[] factors = factor(i);

encodeIntoResponse(resp, factors);

StatelessobjectsarealwaysthreadͲsafe.

becomesanissue.

2.2.Atomicity

14JavaConcurrencyInPractice

@NotThreadSafe public class UnsafeCountingFactorizer implements Servlet { private long count = 0; public long getCount() { return count; } public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse resp) {

BigInteger i = extractFromRequest(req);

BigInteger[] factors = factor(i);

++count; encodeIntoResponse(resp, factors); [3]

Thepossibilityofincorrectresults

(Section3.1.1).

2.2.1.RaceConditions

[4]

16formoreondataraces.

Safety

@NotThreadSafe public class LazyInitRace { private ExpensiveObject instance = null; public ExpensiveObject getInstance() { if (instance == null) instance = new ExpensiveObject(); return instance; returnthesameinstance. youareinmidͲupdate.

2.2.3.CompoundActions

16JavaConcurrencyInPractice

@ThreadSafe public class CountingFactorizer implements Servlet { private final AtomicLong count = new AtomicLong(0); public long getCount() { return count.get(); } public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse resp) {

BigInteger i = extractFromRequest(req);

BigInteger[] factors = factor(i);

count.incrementAndGet(); encodeIntoResponse(resp, factors); accessthecounterstateareatomic. [5] ignored.

2.3.Locking

safestatevariables? numberfactored,anditsfactors.

AtomicReference,

[6]

UnsafeCachingFactorizerinListing2.5.

Safety

@NotThreadSafe public class UnsafeCachingFactorizer implements Servlet { private final AtomicReference lastNumber = new AtomicReference(); private final AtomicReference lastFactors = new AtomicReference(); public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse resp) {

BigInteger i = extractFromRequest(req);

if (i.equals(lastNumber.get())) encodeIntoResponse(resp, lastFactors.get() ); else {

BigInteger[] factors = factor(i);

lastNumber.set(i); lastFactors.set(factors); encodeIntoResponse(resp, factors); doesnothold.

2.3.1.IntrinsicLocks

objectforthelock.) synchronized (lock) { // Access or modify shared state guarded by lock guardedbythatlock. releasesthelock,Awaitsforever.

18JavaConcurrencyInPractice

blockguardedbythesamelock. @ThreadSafe public class SynchronizedFactorizer implements Servlet { @GuardedBy("this") private BigInteger lastNumber; @GuardedBy("this") private BigInteger[] lastFactors; public synchronized void service(ServletRequest req,

ServletResponse resp) {

BigInteger i = extractFromRequest(req);

if (i.equals(lastNumber)) encodeIntoResponse(resp, lastFactors);quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20

[PDF] Java Concurrency In Practice Illustration of Happens-before in

JavaConcurrency

InPractice

TimPeierls

JoshuaBloch

JosephBowbeer

DavidHolmes

DougLea

AddisonͲWesleyProfessional

ISBNͲ10:0Ͳ321Ͳ34960Ͳ1

ISBNͲ13:978Ͳ0Ͳ321Ͳ34960Ͳ6

Index ii

Preface xiii

HowtoUsethisBookxiii

CodeExamplesxiv

Acknowledgmentsxv

Chapter 1 - Introduction 1

1.1. A (Very) Brief History of Concurrency 2

1.2. Benefits of Threads 3

1.2.1.ExploitingMultipleProcessors3

1.2.2.SimplicityofModeling3

1.2.4.MoreResponsiveUserInterfaces4

1.3. Risks of Threads 5

1.3.1.SafetyHazards5

1.3.2.LivenessHazards6

1.3.3.PerformanceHazards6

1.4. Threads are Everywhere 8

Part I: Fundamentals 10

Chapter 2. Thread Safety 11

2.1.WhatisThreadSafety?12

2.2.Atomicity13

2.3.Locking16

2.4.GuardingStatewithLocks19

2.5.LivenessandPerformance20

Chapter 3. Sharing Objects 23

3.1.Visibility23

3.2.PublicationandEscape26

3.3.ThreadConfinement28

3.4.Immutability31

3.5.SafePublication33

Chapter 4. Composing Objects 37

4.1.DesigningaThreadͲsafeClass37

4.2.InstanceConfinement39

4.3.DelegatingThreadSafety41

4.5.DocumentingSynchronizationPolicies49

Chapter 5. Building Blocks 51

5.1.SynchronizedCollections51

5.2.ConcurrentCollections54

5.4.BlockingandInterruptibleMethods59

5.5.Synchronizers60

SummaryofPartI69

Chapter 6. Task Execution 72

6.1.ExecutingTasksinThreads72

6.2.TheExecutorFramework74

6.3.FindingExploitableParallelism78

Summary83

Chapter 7. Cancellation and Shutdown 85

7.1.TaskCancellation85

7.2.StoppingaThreadͲbasedService93

7.3.HandlingAbnormalThreadTermination100

7.4.JVMShutdown102

Summary103

Chapter 8. Applying Thread Pools 104

8.2.SizingThreadPools105

8.3.ConfiguringThreadPoolExecutor106

8.4.ExtendingThreadPoolExecutor111

8.5.ParallelizingRecursiveAlgorithms112

Summary116

Chapter 9. GUI Applications 117

9.1.WhyareGUIsSingleͲthreaded?117

9.2.ShortͲrunningGUITasks119

9.3.LongͲrunningGUITasks121

9.4.SharedDataModels123

Summary126

Part III: Liveness, Performance, and Testing 127

Chapter 10. Avoiding Liveness Hazards 128

10.1.Deadlock128

10.2.AvoidingandDiagnosingDeadlocks133

10.3.OtherLivenessHazards135

Summary136