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  • What is software architecture with example?

    Software architecture is, simply, the organization of a system. This organization includes all components, how they interact with each other, the environment in which they operate, and the principles used to design the software. In many cases, it can also include the evolution of the software into the future.

  • How to draw architecture diagram for software?

    How to diagram system architecture for software products

    1Start with a whiteboard. Write down every element of the system that you can think of, then use lines and arrows to show how they connect to each other. 2Pick a tool. 3Draft your diagram. 4Get feedback. 5Make it look nice.

  • What is a software architecture diagram?

    Software architecture diagrams visually represent software components, relationships, and system interactions. They document, analyze, and communicate software design and are used to make decisions on implementation.

  • How to design software architecture in 5 steps

    Have a clear understanding of your requirements. Start thinking about each component. Divide your architecture into slices. Prototype. Identify and quantify non-functional requirements. Visualize your design. Don't choose patterns.

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UML

DesignandUMLDiagrams

Howdopeopledraw/writedownso9warearchitecture?Examplearchitectures personUMassstudentCS320studentVerizonWirelessGPSsatelliteCellphoneseaagentlakeagentamphibiousagent

BigquesLons

• WhatisUML? - WhyshouldIbother?DopeoplereallyuseUML? • WhatisaUMLclassdiagram? - WhatkindofinformaLongoesintoit?- HowdoIcreateit?- WhenshouldIcreateit?

Designphase

• design:specifyingthestructureofhowaso9waresystemwillbewriQenandfuncLon,withoutactuallywriLngthecompleteimplementaLon

• atransiLonfrom"what"thesystemmustdo,to "how"thesystemwilldoit - Whatclasseswillweneedtoimplementasystemthat meetsourrequirements? - Whatfieldsandmethodswilleachclasshave?- Howwilltheclassesinteractwitheachother?

Howdowedesignclasses?

• classidenLficaLonfromprojectspec/requirements - nounsarepotenLalclasses,objects,fields- verbsarepotenLalmethodsorresponsibiliLesofaclass • CRCcardexercises - writedownclasses'namesonindexcards- nexttoeachclass,listthefollowing:

• responsibili,es:problemstobesolved;shortverbphrases• collaborators:otherclassesthataresentmessagesbythisclass

(asymmetric) • UMLdiagrams - classdiagrams(today)- sequencediagrams- ...

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UML

In an effort to promote Object Oriented designs, three leading object oriented programming researchers joined ranks to combine their languages:

- Grady Booch (BOOCH) - Jim Rumbaugh (OML: object modeling technique) - Ivar Jacobsen (OOSE: object oriented software eng) and come up with an industry standard [mid 1990's].

UML - Unified Modeling Language

• The result is large (as one might expect) - Union of all Modeling Languages

• Use case diagrams • Class diagrams • Object diagrams • Sequence diagrams • Collaboration diagrams • Statechart diagrams • Activity diagrams • Component diagrams • Deployment diagrams • ....

- But it's a nice standard that has been embraced by the industry.

IntroducLontoUML

• UML:picturesofanOOsystem - programminglanguagesarenotabstractenoughforOO design - UMLisanopenstandard;lotsofcompaniesuseit • WhatislegalUML? - adescrip(velanguage:rigidformalsyntax(like programming) - aprescrip(velanguage:shapedbyusageandconvenLon- it'sokaytoomitthingsfromUMLdiagramsiftheyaren't neededbyteam/supervisor/instructor

UsesforUML

• asasketch:tocommunicateaspectsofsystem

- forwarddesign:doingUMLbeforecoding- backwarddesign:doingUMLa9ercodingasdocumentaLon- o9endoneonwhiteboardorpaper- usedtogetroughselecLveideas

• asablueprint:acompletedesigntobeimplemented - someLmesdonewithCASE(Computer-AidedSo9ware

Engineering)tools

• asaprogramminglanguage:withtherighttools,codecan beauto-generatedandexecutedfromUML - onlygoodifthisisfasterthancodingina"real"language

UMLclassdiagrams

• WhatisaUMLclassdiagram? • Whataresomethingsthatarenot representedinaUMLclassdiagram? n details of how the classes interact with each other n algorithmic details n how a particular behavior is implemented n UML class diagram: a picture of

n the classes in an OO system n their fields and methods n connections between the classes n that interact or inherit from each other

Diagramofoneclass

• classnameintopofbox - write<>ontopofinterfaces'names- useitalicsforanabstractclassname • aQributes(opLonal) - shouldincludeallfieldsoftheobject • operaLons/methods(opLonal) - mayomittrivial(get/set)methods • butdon'tomitanymethodsfromaninterface! - shouldnotincludeinheritedmethods

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ClassaQributes

• aQributes(fields,instancevariables) - visibilityname:type[count]=default_value- visibility:+public #protected-private~package(default)/derived - underlinestaLcaQributes- deriveda ribute:notstored,butcan becomputedfromotheraQributevalues - aQributeexample: -balance:double=0.00

ClassoperaLons/methods

• operaLons/methods - visibilityname(parameters):return_type- visibility:+public #protected-private~package(default) - underlinestaLcmethods- parametertypeslistedas(name:type)- omitreturn_typeonconstructorsand whenreturntypeisvoid - methodexample: +distance(p1:Point,p2:Point):double

Comments

• representedasafoldednote,aQachedtotheappropriateclass/method/etcbyadashedline

RelaLonshipsbetweenclasses

• generaliza,on:aninheritancerelaLonship - inheritancebetweenclasses- interfaceimplementaLon • associa,on:ausagerelaLonship - dependency- aggregaLon- composiLon

GeneralizaLonrelaLonships

• generalizaLon(inheritance)relaLonships - hierarchiesdrawntop-downwitharrowspoinLng upwardtoparent - line/arrowstylesdiffer,basedonwhetherparentis a(n): • class: solidline,blackarrow • abstractclass: solidline,whitearrow • interface: dashedline,whitearrow - weo9endon'tdrawtrivial/obviousgeneralizaLon relaLonships,suchasdrawingtheObjectclassasaparent

AssociaLonalrelaLonships

• associaLonal(usage)relaLonships

1.mulLplicity(howmanyareused)

• *⇒0,1,ormore• 1⇒1exactly• 2..4⇒between2and4,inclusive• 3..*⇒3ormore

2.name(whatrelaLonshiptheobjectshave)3.navigability(direcLon)

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n one-to-one n each student must carry exactly one ID card n one-to-many n one rectangle list can contain many rectangles

MulLplicityofassociaLonsAssociaLontypes

• aggrega,on:"ispartof" - symbolizedbyaclearwhitediamond • composi,on:"isenLrelymadeof" - strongerversionofaggregaLon- thepartsliveanddiewiththewhole- symbolizedbyablackdiamond • dependency:"usestemporarily" - symbolizedbydoQedline- o9enisanimplementaLon detail,notanintrinsicpartofthatobject'sstate 1 1

Car aggregation Engine

Lottery Ticket Random

dependency Page Book composition * 1

Class diagram example

Aggregation - Order class contains OrderDetail classes. Could be composition?

UML example: people

23

Classdiagram:voters

Classdiagramexample:videostore

DVD Movie VHS Movie Video Game

Rental Item

Rental Invoice

1..* 1

Customer Checkout Screen

0..1 1

Simple

Association

Class Abstract

Class

Simple

Aggregation

Generalization Composition Multiplicity

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Classdiagramexample:student

1 100

ToolsforcreaLngUMLdiagrams

• Violet(free) - hQp://horstmann.com/violet/ • RaLonalRose - hQp://www.raLonal.com/ • VisualParadigmUMLSuite(trial) - hQp://www.visual-paradigm.com/- (nearly)directdownloadlink: hQp://www.visual-paradigm.com/vp/download.jsp?product=vpuml&ediLon=ce (therearemanyothers,butmostarecommercial)

Classdesignexercise

• ConsiderthisTexasHold'empokergamesystem:

- 2to8humanorcomputerplayers- Eachplayerhasanameandstackofchips- Computerplayershaveadifficultyseqng:easy,medium,hard- Summaryofeachhand:

• Dealercollectsantefromappropriateplayers,shufflesthedeck,anddeals eachplayerahandof2cardsfromthedeck.

• Abeqngroundoccurs,followedbydealing3sharedcardsfromthedeck.• Assharedcardsaredealt,morebeqngroundsoccur,whereeachplayercan

fold,check,orraise. • Attheendofaround,ifmorethanoneplayerisremaining,players'handsare compared,andthebesthandwinsthepotofallchipsbetsofar. - Whatclassesareinthissystem?WhataretheirresponsibiliLes?

Whichclassescollaborate?

- Drawaclassdiagramforthissystem.IncluderelaLonshipsbetween classes(generalizaLonandassociaLonal). UML

UMLSequenceDiagrams

UMLsequencediagrams

• sequencediagram:an"interacLondiagram"thatmodelsasinglescenarioexecuLnginthesystem - perhaps2ndmostusedUMLdiagram (behindclassdiagram) • relaLonofUMLdiagramstootherexercises: - CRCcards->classdiagram- usecases->sequencediagrams

Keypartsofasequencediagram

• par,cipant:anobjectoranenLty;thesequencediagramactor - sequencediagramstartswithanunaQached "foundmessage"arrow • message:communicaLonbetweenobjects• theaxesinasequencediagram: - horizontal:whichobject/parLcipantisacLng- verLcal:Lme(forwardinLme)

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SequencediagramfromusecaseRepresenLngobjects

• Anobject:asquarewithobjecttype,opLonallyprecededbyobjectnameandcolon - writeobject'snameifitclarifiesthediagram- object's"lifeline"representedbydashedvert. line• message(methodcall):horizontalarrowtootherobject - writemessagenameandargumentsabovearrow

MessagesbetweenobjectsDifferenttypesofmessages

• Typeofarrowindicatestypesofmessages - dashedarrowbackindicatesreturn- differentarrowheadsfornormal/concurrent (asynchronous)methods

LifeLmeofobjects

• crea(on:arrowwith'new'wriQenaboveit - anobjectcreateda9erthe startofthescenarioappearslowerthantheothers • dele(on:anXatboQomof object'slifeline - Javadoesn'texplicitlydelete objects;theyfalloutofscopeandaregarbagecollected

IndicaLngmethodcalls

• ac,va,on:thickboxoverobject'slifeline - Either:thatobjectisrunningitscodeoritison thestackwaiLngforanotherobject'smethod - nesttoindicaterecursion

Activation Nesting

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SelecLonandloops

• frame:boxaroundpartofasequencediagramtoindicateselecLonorloop

- if->(opt)[condiLon]- if/else->(alt)[condiLon],separatedbyhorizontaldashedline- loop->(loop)[condiLonoritemstoloopover]

Linkingsequencediagrams

Ifonesequencediagramistoolargeorreferstoanotherdiagram: - anunfinishedarrowandcomment- a"ref"framethatnamestheotherdiagram

Verify customer credit

refCustomer Info

Approved?

sd Example loop

StoreFrontCartInventory

AddItem

ReserveItem

PlaceItemInOrder

Checkout

ProcessOrder

ConfirmOrder

Examplesequencediagram

40

Formsofsystemcontrol

• Whatcanyousayaboutthecontrolflowofeachofthefollowingsystems? - Isitcentralized?- Isitdistributed?

Whynotjustcodeit?

• Sequencediagramscanbesomewhatclosetothecodelevel.Sowhynotjustcodeupthatalgorithmratherthandrawingitasasequencediagram?

n a good sequence diagram is still a bit above the level of the real code (not all code is drawn on diagram)

n sequence diagrams are language-agnostic (can be implemented in many different languages

n non-coders can do sequence diagrams n easier to do sequence diagrams as a team n can see many objects/classes at a time on same

page (visual bandwidth)

Pokersequencediagramexercise

ThescenariobeginswhentheplayerchoosestostartanewroundintheUI.TheUIaskswhetheranynewplayerswanttojointheround;ifso,thenewplayersareaddedusingtheUI. A ll play ers'handsareempLedintothedeck,whichisthenshuffled.Theplayerle9ofthedealersuppliesablindbetoftheproperamount.Next,eachplayerisdealta handoftwocardsfromthedeckinaround-robinfashion;onecardtoeachplayer.Thenthesecondcard.Iftheplayerle9ofthedealerdoesn'thaveenoughmoneyforhis/herblind,he/shei sremovedfromthegame andthenextplayersuppliestheblind.Ifthatplayeralsocannotaffordtheblind,thiscycleconLnuesunLlarich-enoughplayerisfoundorallplayersareremoved.

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Calendarsequencediagramexercise

TheuserchoosestoaddanewappointmentintheUI.TheUInoLceswhichpartofthecalendarisacLveandpopsupanAddAppointmentwindowforthatdateandLme. T he use rentersthenecessaryinformaLonabouttheappointment'sname,locaLon,startandendLmes. TheUIwi llpreven ttheuserfr omenteringanappointmentthathasinvalidinfor maLon, suchasan emptynameornegaLveduraLon.Thecalendarrec ord sthenewapp ointmentintheuser'sl istofappointments.Anyreminderselectedbytheuserisaddedtothelistofreminders.IftheuseralreadyhasanappointmentatthatLme,theuserisshownawarningmessageandaskedtocho oseanavail ableLmeorrep lacethe previousappointment.IftheuserentersanappointmentwiththesamenameandduraLonasanexisLnggroupmeeLng,thecalendaraskstheuserwhetherhe/sheintendedtojointhatgroupmeeLnginstead.Ifso,theuserisaddedtothatgroupmeeLng'slistofparLcipants.

quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23
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