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by Allen G.Taylor SQL FOR

DUMmIES

5TH EDITION

by Allen G.Taylor SQL FOR

DUMmIES

5TH EDITION

SQL For Dummies

, 5th Edition

Published by

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

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Hoboken, NJ 07030

www.wiley.com Copyright © 2003 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

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About the Author

Allen G. Taylor is a 30-year veteran of the computer industry and the author of 22 books, including Crystal Reports 9 For Dummies, Database Development For Dummies, Access Power Programming with VBA, and SQL Weekend Crash Course. He lectures internationally on databases, networks, innovation, and entrepreneurship. He also teaches database development through a leading online education provider and teaches digital electronics at Portland State University. He teaches computer hardware via distance learning at the International Institute for Information, Science & Technology in Shanghai, China. For the latest news on Allen's activities, check out allengtaylor.com.

You can contact Allen at

allen.taylor@ieee.org.

Dedication

This book is dedicated to all the seekers who are trying to find their way in the world. May you find what you seek.

Acknowledgments

First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the help of Jim Melton, editor of the ISO/ANSI specification for SQL. Without his untiring efforts, this book, and indeed SQL itself as an international standard, would be of much less value. Andrew Eisenberg has also contributed to my knowledge of SQL through his writing. I would also like to thank my project editor, Kala Schrager, and my acquisitions editor, Terri Varveris, for their key contribu- tions to the production of this book. As always, thanks to my agent, Matt Wagner of Waterside Productions, for his support of my career.

PublisherÕs Acknowledgments

We're proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/. Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the foll owing:

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Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies

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Contents at a Glance

Introduction ........................................................... .....1 Part I: Basic Concepts ..................................................5

Chapter 1: Relational Database Fundamentals ..............................................................7

Chapter 2: SQL Fundamentals ........................................................................

...............21

Chapter 3: The Components of SQL ........................................................................

......45 Part II: Using SQL to Build Databases .........................71 Chapter 4: Building and Maintaining a Simple Database Structure ..........................73

Chapter 5: Building a Multitable Relational Database ................................................91

Part III: Retrieving Data ..........................................119

Chapter 6: Manipulating Database Data .....................................................................121

Chapter 7: Specifying Values ........................................................................

................139

Chapter 8: Advanced SQL Value Expressions ............................................................161

Chapter 9: Zeroing In on the Data You Want ..............................................................173

Chapter 10: Relational Operators ........................................................................

........199 Chapter 11: Delving Deep with Nested Queries ........................... ..............................223

Chapter 12: Recursive Queries ........................................................................

............241

Chapter 13: Providing Database Security ...................................................................251

Part IV: Controlling Operations .................................265 Chapter 14: Protecting Data ........................................................................ .................267

Chapter 15: Using SQL Within Applications ...............................................................285

Part V: SQL in the Real World ..................................295 Chapter 16: ODBC and JDBC ........................................................................ ................297

Chapter 17: SQL:2003 and XML ........................................................................

............307 Part VI: Advanced Topics .........................................321 Chapter 18: Cursors ........................................................................ ..............................323

Chapter 19: Persistent Stored Modules ......................................................................33

3 Chapter 20: Error-Handling ........................................................................ ..................351 Part VII: The Part of Tens .........................................363

Chapter 21: Ten Common Mistakes ........................................................................

....365

Chapter 22: Ten Retrieval Tips ........................................................................

............369 Part VIII: Appendixes ...............................................373

Appendix A: SQL:2003 Reserved Words .....................................................................375

Appendix B: Glossary ........................................................................ ...........................379 87

SQL For Dummies, 5th Edition

viii

Table of Contents

Introduction ........................................................... ......1 About This Book ........................................................................ ......................1 Who Should Read This Book? ........................................................................ 2 How This Book Is Organized ........................................................................ ..2 Part I: Basic Concepts ........................................................................ ...2 Part II: Using SQL to Build Databases .................................................2 Part III: Retrieving Data ........................................................................ .3 Part IV: Controlling Operations ...........................................................3 Part V: SQL in the Real World .............................................................3 Part VI: Advanced Topics .....................................................................3 Part VII: The Part of Tens .....................................................................4 Part VIII: Appendixes ........................................................................ ....4 Icons Used in This Book ........................................................................ .........4 Getting Started ........................................................................ ........................4 Part I: Basic Concepts ..................................................5 Chapter 1: Relational Database Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Keeping Track of Things ........................................................................ ........7 What Is a Database? ........................................................................ ................9

Database Size and Complexity ......................................................................9

What Is a Database Management System? .................................................10 Flat Files ........................................................................ .................................11 Database Models ........................................................................ ...................12 Relational model ........................................................................ ..........13 Why relational is better ......................................................................13 Components of a relational database ...............................................14 Guess whoÕs coming to dinner? .........................................................14 Enjoy the view ........................................................................ ..............15 Schemas, domains, and constraints .................................................18 The object model challenges the relational model .........................19 Object-relational model ......................................................................20 Database Design Considerations ................................................................20 Chapter 2: SQL Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 What SQL Is and IsnÕt ........................................................................ ............21 A (Very) Little History ........................................................................ ..........23 SQL Commands ........................................................................ .....................24 Reserved Words ........................................................................ ....................25 Data Types ........................................................................ .............................25 Exact numerics ........................................................................ ............26 Approximate numerics .......................................................................2 8 Character strings ........................................................................ .........30 Booleans ............................................................... ................................31 Datetimes .............................................................. ................................31 Intervals ................................................................... .............................33 ROW types ........................................................................ ....................33 Collection types ........................................................................ ...........34 REF types ........................................................................ ......................35 User-defined types ........................................................................ ......36 Data type summary ........................................................................ .....38 Null Values ........................................................................ ..............................40 Constraints ............................................................ Using SQL in a Client/Server System ..........................................................41 The server ........................................................................ ....................41 The client ........................................................................ ......................42 Using SQL on the Internet/Intranet .............................................................43 Chapter 3: The Components of SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Data Definition Language ........................................................................ .....46 Creating tables ........................................................................ .............46 A room with a view ........................................................................ ......48 Collecting tables into schemas ..........................................................53 Ordering by catalog ...................................................... .......................54 Getting familiar with DDL commands ...............................................55 Data Manipulation Language ......................................................................56 Value expressions ........................................................................ ........57 Predicates ............................................................... ..............................60quotesdbs_dbs10.pdfusesText_16

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