[PDF] Borland - TUrbo Assembler in the subdirectory EXAMPLES THUNK95





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ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE TUTORIAL - Simply Easy Learning by

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CHAPTER 3: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE FUNDAMENTALS

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Is there a user guide for TASM?

Yeah the user guide for TASM is now 'paradigm assembler user's guide'. You can find it online no prob. Pdf is 306 pages. The guide shows the output for PASM command switches and the output is completely identical to TASM except the name change. It would have been nice if Borland kept Tasm and continued developing it.

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What is the difference between TASM and PASM?

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User's Guide

Borland"

TUrbo Assembler"

I.

User's Guide

Borland®

Turbo

Borland International, Inc., 100 Borland Way

P.O. Box 660001, Scotts Valley, CA 95067-0001

Borland may have patents and/or pending patent applications covering subject matter in this document. The

furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents.

COPYRIGHT © 1988, 1996 Borland International. All rights resewed. All Borland product names are trademarks or

registered trademarks of Borland International, Inc. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered

-trademarks of theirrespective holders.

Printed in the U.S.A.

LSM1350WW2177 4 1 EOR0196

9697989900-9 8 7 6 5 4

HI

The LENGTH unary operator . . . . . . . . . 64

The SIZE unary operator . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

The WIDTH unary operator . . . . . . . . . . 65

MASK unary operator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

General arithmetic operators . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Simple arithmetic operators . . . . . . . . . . 66

Logical arithmetic operators .......... 66

Bit shift operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Comparison operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Setting the address subtype of an

expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Obtaining the type of an expression. . . . . . 68

Overriding the segment part of an

address expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Obtaining the segment and offset of an address expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Creating an address expression using the location counter ................ 70

Determining the characteristics of an

expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Referencing structure, union, and table member offsets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Describing the contents of an address. . . . . 71

Implied addition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Obtaining the high or low byte values of

an expression . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 72

Specifying a 16-or 32-bit expression 72

Chapter 6

Choosing processor directives

and symbols 75 iAPx86 processor directives. . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Predefined symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

8087 coprocessor directives . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Coprocessor emulation directives . . . . . . . . 79

Chapter 7

Using program models and

'segmentation 81 The MODEL directive . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Symbols created

by the MODEL directive . . . 84

The @Model symbol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

The @32Bit symbol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

The @CodeSize symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

The @DataSize symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

The @Interface symbol . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85

Simplified segment directives . . . . . . . . . . 86 Symbols created by the simplified segment directives .................... 87

The STARTUPCODE directive .......... 87

The @Startup symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

87

The EXITCODE directive. . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Defining generic segments and groups. . . . . 88 ii The SEGMENT directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Segment combination attribute. . . . . . . . . 88

Segment class attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Segment alignment attribute . . . . . . . . . . 89 Segment size attribute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Segment access attribute ............. 90

The ENDS directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 The GROUP directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 The ASSUME directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Segment ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Changing a module's segment ordering ... 92

The .ALPHA directive . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

The SEQ directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

DOS ordering of segments: the DOSSEG

directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Changing the size of the stack. . . . . . . . . . 93

ChapterS

Defining data types 95

Defining enumerated data types. . . . 95

Defining bit-field records ............. 96

Defining structures and unions. . . . . . . . . . 98

Opening a structure

or union definition . . . . 98

Specifying structure and union members . . . 98

I ~~u.c~~~ ~~~~e.r ~a~~l~ ~~~. . . . 99

Aligning structure members . . . . . . . . . . 99

Closing a structure or union definition. . . . . 99 Nesting structures and unions. . . . . . . . . .100

Including one named structure within

another ....................... 101

Using structure names in expressions . . . . .102

Defining tables ................... 102

Overriding table members. . . . . . . . . . . .104 Defining a named type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Defining a procedure type. . . .. . . . . . . . 105 Defining an object. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 The TBLPTR directive. . . . . . : . . . . . . . .106 Symbols defined by the extended STRUC directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Chapter 9

Setting and using the

location counter 109 The $ location counter symbol . . . . . . . . . 109

Location counter directives ........... 110

The ORG directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

The EVEN and EVENDATA directives .... 112

The ALIGN directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 Defining labels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 The : operator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Contents

Introduction 1

New features . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . " . . .2

Hardware and software requirements . . . . . .2

About the manuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Typographic conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Software registration and technical support ... 4

Chapter 1

Getting started with Turbo Assembler 5

Installing Turbo Assembler. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

The Turbo Assemblers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.6 Utility and example programs . . . . . . . . . . .6 Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Writing

your first Turbo Assembler program ........... ' ............ 7

Assembling your first program. .

. . . . . . . .8 Linking your first program . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Recommended reading . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 9

Chapter 2 .

Using directives and switches 11

Starting Turbo Assembler ............. 11

Command-line options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Indirect

command files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 The configuration file . . . . . . . . . . . . . '.' 27

Chapter 3

General programming concepts 29

Turbo Assembler Ideal mode. . . . . . .. . . . 29 Why use Ideal mode? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Entering and leaving Ideal mode. . . . . . . . . 30

MASM and Ideal mode differences . . . . ... 31

Expressions and operands . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Operators . . . . . . . . '.' . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Suppressed fixups . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Operand for BOUND instruction . . . . . . . 32

Segments and groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Accessing data in a segment belonging to.a group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Commenting the program. . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Comments at the

end of the line . . . . . . . . . 35

The COMMENT directive. . . . .. . . . . . . . 35

Extending the line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Using INCLUDE files " . . . .'. . . . . . . . . 37 Predefined symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Assigning values

to symbols . . . .. . . . . . . 38 General module structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

The VERSION directive

.............. 39 The NAME directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 The END directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Displaying a message during assembly. . . . . 40

Displaying warning messages . . . . . . . . . . 41 Multiple error-message reporting . . . . . . . . 42

Chap fer 4 .

Creating object-oriented programs 43

Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Why use objects in Turbo Assembler? . . . . . 44

Whatis an object? . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 44 A sample object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Declaring objects. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 45

Declaring a base object .......... ' .... 45

Declaring a derived object. . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Declaring a method procedure . . . .. . . . . . 48 The virtual method table; . . . . . . . : . . . . . 49

Initializing the virtual method table . . . . . .

50
Calling an object method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Calling a static method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Calling a virtual method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Calling ancestor virtual methods . . . . . . . . 53 More on calling methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Creating an instance of an object . . . . . . . . . 55 Programming form for objects . . . . . . . . . . 55

ChapterS

Using expressions and

symbol values 57 Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Numeric constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Changing the default radix . . . . . . . . . . .

58
String constants ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Symbols. . . . ... '. .... . . .'. . . . . . .. . . . . 59 Symbol names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Symbol types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Simple address subtypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Describing a complex address subtype ..... 61

Expressions .................... , .61

Expression precision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Constants in expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Symbols in expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Registers. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Standard symbol values. . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Simple symbol values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 The LABEL directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

The:: directive ................... 114

Chapter 10

Declaring procedures 115

Procedure definition syntax. . . . . . . . . . . 115

Declaring NEAR

or FAR procedures . . . . . 116 Declaring a procedure language. . . . . . . . 118

Specifying a

language modifier ......... 119 Defining arguments and local variables. . . . 120 ARC and LOCAL syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

The scope of ARC and LOCAL variable

names ....................... 122 Preserving registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Defining procedures using procedure types

....................... 123 Nested procedures and scope rules . . . . . . 124

Declaring method procedures for objects. . . 125

Using procedure prototypes . . . . . . . . . . 126

Chapter 11

ContrOlling the scope of symbols 129

Redefinable symbols. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 129 Block scoping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

The LOCALS and NOLOCALS

directives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 MASM block scoping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

MASM-style locallabels ............. 131

Chapter 12

Allocating data 133

Simple data directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Creating an instance of a structure or

union . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Initializing

union or structure instances. . . . 137 Creating an instance of a record . . . . : . . . 140

Initializing record instances .......... 140

Creating an instance of an enumerated

data type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Initializing enumerated data type instances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Creating an instance of a table . . . . . . . . . 141

Initializing table instances

............ 142

Creating and initializing a named-type

instance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Creating an instance of an object. . . . . . . . 143

Creating an instance of an object's virtual

methoa table ................... 143 iii

Chapter 13

Advanced coding instructions 145

Intelligent code generation: SMART and

NOSMART .................... 145

Extended jumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Additional 80386 LOOP instructions . . . . . 147

Additional 80386 ENTER and LEA VB

instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Additional return instructions . . . . . . . . . 147 Additional IRET instructions . . . . . . . . . . 148

Extended PUSH and POP instructions . . . . 148

Multiple

PUSH and POPs . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Pointer

PUSH and POPs ............. 148

PUSHing constants on the 8086 processor. . .149

Additional PUSHA, paPA, PUSHF and

POPF instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

The PUSHSTATE and POPSTATE

instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Extended shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Forced segment overrides: SEGxx '

instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Additipnal smart flag instructions . . . . . . . 151

Additional field value manipulation

instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 The SETFIELD instruction . . . . . . . . . . . .152 The CETFIELD instruction. . . . . . . . . . . .153

Additional fast immediate multiply

instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

Extensions to necessary instructions for the

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