[PDF] COMPUTER HARDWARE REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE





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COMPUTER HARDWARE REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE

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System and Security: Troubleshoot problems with Windows Update modify power settings check for computer performance issues and run maintenance tasks including cleaning up unused ?les and shortcuts Also check search and indexing problems and adjust performance settings The Troubleshooting applet lists only some of the items for each

  • Troubleshooting

    Do you know what to do if your screen goes blank? What if you can't seem to close an application, or can't hear any sound from your speakers? Whenever you have a problem with your computer, don't panic! There are many basic troubleshooting techniquesyou can use to fix issues like this. In this lesson, we'll show you some simple things to try when t...

  • Using The Process of Elimination

    If you're having an issue with your computer, you may be able to find out what's wrong using the process of elimination. This means you'll make a list of things that could be causing the problem and then test them out one by one to eliminate them. Once you've identified the source of your computer issue, it will be easier to find a solution.

  • Simple Solutions to Common Problems

    Most of the time, problems can be fixed using simple troubleshooting techniques, like closing and reopeningthe program. It's important to try these simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the problem still isn't fixed, you can try other troubleshooting techniques.

What are the most common computer hardware problems?

Some of the most common PC hardware problems that need troubleshooting are: Your computer won’t turn on. Your computer turns on, but still doesn’t work. Your computer screen freezes. Your computer has insufficient memory. You get a CMOS error. Your operating system is missing or your hard drive isn’t detected. You get the blue screen of death.

What is troubleshooting a computer?

Troubleshooting is the process of identifying the root cause of a problem and then finding a solution. Troubleshooting a computer involves a variety of different steps and thought processes. Done right, it can significantly reduce how long it takes you to find a fix for your PC.

How do I troubleshoot a bad PC?

This is one of the core principles of successful PC troubleshooting. A typical example would be to take out a stick of RAM and try booting your PC again. If it works, then either that RAM or the slot it was in is the cause of your problem. As you eliminate potential causes, it may also help to take notes to help you keep track of what you've tried.

Why is my computer not working?

What may seem like a hardware issue could be caused by your operating system, a faulty driver, or some other software-related fault. Ruling it out will edge you closer to the real problem. Try restoring your system to an earlier point, if possible. Uninstall applications you recently added. Roll back drivers if you made changes to them.

COMPUTERHARDWAREREPAIRSANDMAINTENANCE

Presenta(onByAkusaPeterAker

nd -24 th

May,2017

1ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Objec>ves

KnowledgeofComputerHardware

Iden(fycomputerhardwareIssues/Problems determinefaultyComputerhardware KnowBasiccomputertroubleshoo(ng(ps KnowledgeofOpera(ngSystemand device

Drivers

Iden(fyhardwarePeripherals Basicknowledgeofsafeguardinghardware Applytheknowledgetorepair/maintaina computer.

2ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

LearningtheCOMPUTERBasics

3ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

WhatisaComputer?

• Anelectronicdevice,oper a(ngunderthecontrol ofinstruc(onsstored initsownmemory,thatcan: - Acceptdata(input)- Processthedataaccordingtospecified rules(process) - Produceresults(output)- Storetheresults (storage) forfuture use.

4ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

WhatisaComputer?...

5ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Examples and type of computer

6ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

SmartphoneNotebookDesktopPDATablet

Mainframe

SupercomputersWearableComputers

Computer System is functional only if :

users

SoTware

Hardware

7ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Basic Hardware components

Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer i.e. the components that can be seen and touched. Examples of Hardware are following:Inputdevices:keyboard,mouseetc.Outputdivices:printer,monitor,speakeretc.Secondarystoragedevices:Harddisk,CD,DVDetc.Internalcomponents:CPU,motherboard,RAMetc.

8ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

ComputerHardware

9ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

HardwareComponents

Case/SystemUnit.Thecomputercase(alsocalledatowe r)istheboxthatenclosesmanyoftheparts/componentsofthecomputerPowerSupplyorSMPS(SwitchedModePowerSupply ).ConvertsACvoltagefromthewalloutlettoDCvoltagethecomputercanuse.Itsupp liesDC voltagesforintern alcomputercomponentsandhasafantokeepthecomputercool.Processor & Fan.Theprocessoristhemain"brain"ofacomputersystemwhiletheFanhelp toprevent overhea(ngofthevariouselectr oniccomponentsMotherboard. Themotherboardisalargeelectronic boardthatisusedtoconnectthepowersuppl ytovario usotherelectronicparts,andtoholdthesepartsinplaceonthecomputer.RAM(RandomAccessMemoryq shorttermmemorythatisusedtostoredocumentswhiletheyarebeingprocessed.q Theamountof RAMinacomputer determinethespeedofacomputer.q RAMa]ach estothemotherboard viasomespecificslots.NIC(N etworkInterfaceCard)used todescribetoolsthatallowyourcomputertoconnectand communicatewith variousinputandoutputdevices.

10ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Hardware Components cont...

Drives.q Acom puter'sdrivesarethedevicesusedforlongter mstorage ofinforma(on.e.g.HardDisk,FlashDi sketc.q harddrive-Orharddisk,isacommonstoragedeviceformaintaining filesinsidethecomputer,us uallymou ntedbeloworbesidethefloppydrive.q CDdrive-q Holdsdisks(CD s)thathavedata,music,orsocwareapplica(ons.q DVD(Digita lVersa>leDisk)drive-Popularalterna(vetoaCD drivethatsupportsCDsaswellasmusicandvideoDVDs.q FlashDrive-NIC(NetworkInterfaceCard)(NIC)isacomputer hardwarecomponentthatallowsacomputer toconnecttoanetwork.NICsmaybeusedforbothwiredandwirelessconnec(ons.ANICi salsokno wnasane tworkinterfacecontroller(NIC) ornetworkcard,LANcard,n etworkadapter ornetworkadaptercard(NAC).ComputerHarddiskareoftwo types,IDE(Integrateddriveelectronics)-q Hasarib bon likecablewitheither a40-pinor80 -pinconnector.q TheIDEdatatransferinterfacerunsinparallel.SATA(SerialAdvancedTechnologyA\achment)-q hasanarr owercable withasplitdataandpowerconnec(ons.q Ithasa7-pincableandamuchfasterdatatransferrate.q MostmotherboardsnowsupportSATAq Wellknowhardd iskmanufactures areSeagate,Wes ternDigitaletc.Peripheralhardware.q Arethecomp utercompo nentsthatarenotfoundwithinthecomputercaseq Itisdefinedasanyauxiliarydevicethatconn ectstoandworkswiththecomputerin someway. E.g.mouse,microphoneandkeyboard,monitor,printerandspeakersetc.

11ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

WhatisComputerPorts?

Port:

Isacon nec toronthemotherboardorona

separateadapterthatallowsadevicetoconnecttoacom pute r;thesemayincludekeyboard ,mouse,serial,parallel,network,sound,orvideoports.

q Portsvar ywiththetype ofequipme ntthat connectstotheports. q Portshavegraduallychangedover(meas

12ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Portcontd...

q Maleports-Have pinsthat protrudeoutfromtheconn ectorandrequireacablewithafemaleconnector. q Femaleports.Haveholesintheconnectortoacceptthemale cable'spins.

13ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Ports...

• D-shellconnector-Aconnectorwithmorepinsorholesonthetoprowthanonthebo]omsothataconnectedcablecanonlybea]achedinonedirec(onandnotaccidentallyconnectedthewrongway;generallyrep resentedwith thele]ersDBandthenumberofpinssuchas,DB-9,DB-15,orDB-25.

• DINconnector -Rou ndwithsmallho lesand normallykeyed;thekeyboar dandmouseareusuallythistypeofconnectorwitheither5or6pins.

14ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

USB.q A4-wireconnectortypeofportq Differentmodels(USB1.0,USB2.0andUSB3.0),q Co nnectallkindsofexte rnalUSBdevicese.g.externalharddisk,printer,scanner,mouse,keyboardetc.q MostofthecomputersprovidetwoUSBorthreeUSBportsasminimum.q Datatravels at12megabitspersecondsq USBcompliantdevicescangetpowerfromaUSBportTRS.TRS((p,ringandsleeve)portsAlsoknownasportsformini-jacksoraudiojacks.Theyarecommonlyusedtoconnectaudiodevicessuchasheadphonesandmicrophonestocomputers.HDMI(HighDefini(onMul(mediaInterface)q providesaninterfacebetween anyaudio/videosource,e.g.DVDplayer,orA/Vreceiverandanaudioand/orvideomonitor,suchasadigitalte levision(DTV),q HDMIs upportsstandard,enhanced, orhigh-defini(on video,plusmul(-channeldigitalaudioonasinglecable.SerialPort.D-ShellConnectorq usespinconnectors,q AlsoknownasaCOMport)canbea9-pinFemaleD-shellconnectorq Datatravelsat115kilobitspersecondParallelPort.(D-ShellConnector)q Thislongandslenderportisalsonolongercommonlyused,q Themostcommonparallelporthasholesfor25pins,q Usedforscannersandprintersq AlsocalledprinterportPS/2.DINConnectorsq Mostdesktopcomputershavetwooftheseroundportsforsixpinconnectors,oneforthemouseandoneforthekeyboard.GAMEPORT.D-ShellConnector.A15portpinusedtoconnectgames

15ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

IEEE1394ports-q As erialtechnologydevel opedbyAppleComputersom e(mescalledtheFireWireport.q A6-wirecable/port(4fordata,2forpower)q sp eedsof100,200,40 0,800, and1200Mbps.EthernetPortq ConnectstoanetworkandhighspeedInternet.q Connectnetworkcabletoacomputer.q ThisportresidesonanEthernetCard.q Datatrave lsat10megabitsto10 00 megabitspersecondsd ependingup onthenetworkbandwidth.VGAq Athreerow,q 15-pinfemaleD-shell connectorfornewerVGA,SVGA,XGA,SXGA,orUXGAmonitorsq Connectsmonitortoacompu ter'svideocard.q Similartoserialportc onnecto rbutserialportconnector haspins,i thasholes.ModemPortq ConnectsaPC'smodemtothetelephonenetwork.GamePort.q Connectajoys(cktoaPCq NowreplacedbyUSBSerialPort.MaleD-ShellConnectorq usespinconnectors,q itisnolongercommonlyused,q Itw asu sedfor printers,mice, modemsandavarietyof otherdig ital devices.q Datatravelsat115kilobitspersecond

16ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

ArrangementofcomputerComponents/Ports

17ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

ComputerSoTware

18ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

WhatisaSoTware?SoTware.

definedfunc(on.AProgramis asequenc eo finstruc(onswri]entosolveapar(cularproblem. TypesofsoTwareq SystemSoTwareØ Thesystems ocwareiscollec(on ofprogramsdesigned to operate,control,an dextendth eprocessingcap abili(esofthecomputeritself. Ø Systemsocwareare generallypreparedbyc omputer manufactures. Ø Systemsocwareservesastheinterfacebetweenhardware andtheend users.e.g. Opera(ngSystem, Compilers,Interpreter,Assemblersetc.

19ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Software Types and Categories...

Applica>onSoTware:

q Applica(onsocwareproductsare designedtosa(sfya par(cularneedofapar(cularenvironment. q Applica(onsocwaremayconsistofasingleprogram,suchasa q Itmayalsoconsistofacollec(onofprograms,ocencalleda

socwarepackage,whichw orktogethertoaccompli shatask,suchasaspreadsheetpackage.e.g.PayrollSocware,StudentRecordSocware,InventoryManagementSocware,MicrosocOfficeSuiteSocware,AdobePremieresuitesetc.

• U>litySoTware.Allowacomputertoperformtasksthatare

notpartof the opera(ng system,b utares(ll prac(calanduseful.Forexample,au (li tysocwaremi ghtinstructacomputeronhowtocopy(burn)informa(ontoaCD-ROMdisk,oritmightbeanan(-virusprogram

20ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Proprietary Software vs. Open Source Software

Ø Theyarepropri etary,whichmeans

thattheiruse andmodifica(onarerestricted.Ø Theycanbequitecostlytobuylicensesfor.Ø theyarenotadaptabletomeetlocalneeds.Ø Someusers,par(cularlyindevelopingcountries,illegallyuseunlic ensed(alsoknownaspirate)copiesofthissocware.Ø Th isislegallyu nwise,and canalsokeeptheuserfromaccessingimportantsocwareupdates.

Ø Userswhocannotaffor dproprietary socwareorprefersoc warethatcan belocallymodified,canchoosetouseopensource(ocencalledfreeandopensourceorFOSS)socware.Ø Fo rmostofthe standardcompu teruses,anopensour cesoc wareop(onisavailable.E.g.Linuxfami ly ofopera(ngsystems(whichincludesUbuntu,andtheOpenOffice.orgproduc(vityprograms.Ø TheSourceForgewebsite(www.sourceforge.net)isagoodresourceforfindinganddownloadingopensource

programs.

21ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

ExamplesandtypesofsoTware

22ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Rela>onshipBetweenHardware/SoTware

23ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Rela>onshipbetweenHardwareandSoTware

Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other. Both of them must work together to make a computer produce a useful output.

Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware. Ha rdware without set of programs to operate upon

cannot be utilized and is useless. To get a par ticular job d one on the computer, relevant software should be loaded into the hardware . i.e. a device driver is needed.

Hardware is a one-time expense.

24ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense.

Different software applicatio ns can be

loaded on a hardware to run different jobs.

A software acts as an interface between the

user and the hardware.

If Hardware is the 'hea rt' of a computer

system, then Software is its 'soul'. Both are complimentary to each other.

ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance25

Rela>onshipbetweenHardwareandSoTware

Iden>fyingComputerProblems/Issues

26ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

HardwareorSocwareProblem?

27ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

q Werethereanyloudnoisesorsmokewhen

theproble mfirstappeared?Theniti sprobablyahardwareproblem,withthemostlikelyculpritbeingtheSMPS(SwitchedModePowerSupply)unit.

Note:Makesureyou reducepossible "external"problemsbeforeproc eeding.Thismeansunpl uganyexternalde vices(suchasharddrives,scannersorprinters),andremoveanyUSBFlashdisk,CDorDVDdisksfromtheirdrives.

28ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

q Isthecomputeren(relydead?Orthescreenblank?Orthescreenshowingapoor/incompletepicture?Thesefaultsareprobablyalsoduetohardwareproblems.

q Doesthecomputerproduceaseriesofbeeps?Thisisa codethatcanbeu sedto dis(nguis hsomehardwareproblems. q Doesthesystem giveanye rrorcodesordes crip(ons

whileboo(ng?The secanbeduetohardwareorsoTwareproblems.Takecarefulnoteofallinforma(ongivenintheerrorcode.

29ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

q Doesthecomputer produceerrorinforma>onacerithasbootedoronlywhenyouopenspe cificprograms? TheseerrorcodesareprobablyduetosoTwareproblems.

q Haveanyrec entchanges beenmadeto

30ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

q Hasthecomputerbeenexposedtovirusesorothermalware?Thisco uldbeacauseof soTwareproblems.

q UsetheDeviceManager.TheDeviceManagerwilllistallofthehardwaredevicesinstalledonaPC.Anydevicewithaproblem willhaveawarningsymbolnexttoit,anddoubleclickingonthatdevicewoul dgivedetailsandsuggeste dremediesfortheproblem.

Warningsymbol

31ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

ComputerMaintenance

32ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Computermaintenanceisnecessary...

v Checkharmfulmaterials e.g.dust,vir us,outdatedsoTware,faultyelectrical Power/gadgete.g.cables,sockets,extensionsetc.

v Checkanymalfunc(onsofperipherals.v Propermaintenancehelpstokeepthecomputer runningsmoothlyforyears.

33ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

ComputerMaintenance...

Thesesteparefortheexperience

andprofessionalsonly!!Cau>on!!!•

34ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Computermaintenance

Improvingslowperformance

DustControl.

Ø Dustisveryharmfulforcomputerparts.Ø Excessdustcancausem echanicalfailu res, par(cularlyoncomputercomponen tswithmovingparts.

Ø Computersshouldbedusted regularlyby

usingcompressedairmachines.

35ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

DiskDefragmenter.Usedtoorganizefi leso ntheharddriveandop(mizefree space, improvingthespeedand performanceofthecomputer.Someapplica(onsmayfailoutrightifthe diskbecomestoofragmented.ScanDisk/CheckNow:Forharddiskfaults,usescandisk/Checknowtoscantheharddiskforfaultsandev enrepair themifpossible.Thisop(onwillchecktheHarddiskforerrors.

36ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

ExcessandUnusedFiles.

DiskCleanup:

q Asahardd is kbecomesfu ll,thecomputer 'sperformanceisreduced.q Ittakesmore(metofindandaccessneededfiles.

q Defragmenta(onisnotassuccessfuldue toalackoffree spacetote mporarilymovefi lestowhiletheyarebeingrearranged.

q Therefore,itiswiseforacomputerusernottokeepfilesthatarenolongerneeded.q Filesthatha vebeenstored inauser'sdocumentsfolderthatarenolongerneeded(suchasextra photosorol derversionsofdo cuments) shouldbedeleted.

37ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

38ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Dele>ngBrowsingHistory.

§ Thebrowserstorestherecenthistoryoftheweb

pagesthattheuserhasviewed,

§ Thismakeiteas iertofindandloadtheseweb

pagesagain.

§ Thebrowser alsostoresothersmallbi tsof

informa(onsuchasdataenteredintoformsandusernamesorpasswordsifau serhasask edawebpageto" rememberme" (althou ghthisisnotagoodideaforsharedcomputers).

§ Thisstoredinforma(oncanbeeasilydeleted.

39ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Startupfolder

theStartupfold er,forcingtheprogram toautoma(callylaunchwhenyoutur nthecomputeronorlogin.Some(mesthisisdesirable,some(mesnot.Eitherw ay,thisprac(cem ayslowyourcomputerdowntovariousd egrees,andwith theprogramrunningallthe(me,mayslowdowntheperformanceofyourcomputer.

q DeletesomeoftheprogramsintheStartupfolder

40ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

SoTwareInventory

Oncetheharddiskbecomesfull,acomputer's

performanceisreduced.Toavoidinstallingsocwarethatarenot necessary, systeminventorywillrequireyoukn owingwhatsocwareisnee ded/wantedon yourcomputer.

Note:Pleaseusecau(on whenuninstalli ng

41ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

ProtectyourPCfromcyber-threatsorMalware

Thebestwaystopreventvirusinfec#onsare:

q Keepingan(virussocwareuptodateandrunningscansonaregular basis q Strictpoliciesshouldbeputinplacetopreventvirusinfec(one.g. q Oth erpolicytoco nsideristheprohibi (onof downloading,since q Afirewallmayalsobeusedtoblocksdangerousdownloads.

42ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

UPDATINGSOFTWARE

q Itisimportantforacomputerusertofind q Upda(ngsocwarecanbedoneinavariety ofways, Automa>cUpdates,Automa>cAlertsforUpdates,ManualUpda>ng,OfflineUpda>ng.

43ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

Overhea>ng

computerperformance. q Inordertocooldownanoverheatedcomputer q Alsocooltheroomwithfansorair-condi(oning.q Alsoverifythatallofthefansinthecomputer casearefunc(oningproperly.

Note:Moderncomputershavesafeguardsthat

shutdownthe systemif acomponentis overhea(ng.

44ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

InsufficientRAM

ComputerneedsufficientRA Mtoperform

Thisproblemismostlikelyifthecomputeris

ratheroldandhas hadanewer( andmore memorydemanding) opera(ngsysteminstalled.

45ComputerHardwareRepairsandMaintenance

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