BUFFER SOLUTIONS
4- Know how to prepare all types of buffer solutions . 5- Recognize the role of Cl will produce a basic buffer solution : drops of NaOH + excess NH. 4. Cl ...
What are buffer zones and why does my farm need them?
According to the USDA organic regulations a buffer zone is “an area located between a certified production operation or portion of a production operation
Calbiochem
Buffer capacity generally depends on the concentration of buffer solution. Buffers with higher concentrations offer higher buffering capacity. On the other
Laboratory Procedure Manual: Biochemistry Profile
certain types of brain injury diabetic coma after therapy with insulin
Choose the right floor pad for the job.
Ideal for autoscrubbers. 3M™ Red Buffer Pad 5100. Designed for everyday cleaning and light scrubbing to remove light soil scuff marks
Water pollution from agriculture: a global review - Executive summary
When livestock is concentrated the associated production of wastes tends to go beyond the buffering capacity of surrounding ecosystems
Vaccines with Diluents: How to Use Them
Buffer solution plus bottled water see footnote¶. Refrigerator. YF-VAX (YF). Sanofi. YF. Sodium chloride 0.9%. 60 min. Refrigerator or room temp. Vaccines with
Volatile Acids and Alkalinity
In a stabilized system the methane formers use the volatile acids as fast as the saprophytes produce them. The alkalinity
Laboratory Solution Preparation
Buffer: A solution which tends to maintain a constant pH when excess acid or base is added. Concentrated: For some commonly used acids and bases the.
HYDRANAL MANUAL FOR KARL FISCHER TITRATION
The base of this reagent was changed to imidazole in 1986 to improve the buffering of the KF system and increase the water capacity of the solvent to 7 mg/mL.
List of HIV Diagnostic test kits and equipments classified according
08-Jul-2022 Categories falling under Criterion-1 and -3. In-Vitro Diagnostic Products with respect ... Buffer solution included: 1 bottle × 5mL/bottle.
Centre Buffer Coupler
Buffing load through side buffers. Types of CBC adopted in IR. ? AAR E/F type used in wagon. ... Solution. ? POH of CBC/ Month in LLH-34 Nos.
Laboratory Procedure Manual: Biochemistry Profile
buffer and serum solution to allow side reactions with NADH to occur AST measurements are used in the diagnosis and treatment of certain types of liver ...
UNIT-1 Water and its Treatment
The natural water is usually contaminated by different types of impurities. Preparation of Buffer solution: Add 67.5g of NH4Cl to 570 ml of Con.
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTON Histopathology- Definition it is a
5-10% aqueous solution or with additives like formalin or buffer are used. Page 25. 25. Formic acid. 1. Brings out fairly rapid decalcification.
Section 19.1. Acid-Base Buffer Solutions
Buffer Calculations: Two types we must be able to handle: (A) Calculate the pH (or pOH [H3O+]
BUFFER ZONES and their MANAGEMENT
as a sustainable solution it is nevertheless applied on a large scale in The type of conservation area with or without a buffer zone depends on a ...
Engineering-Chemistry.pdf
Buffer solution is classified into two types. 1. Acidic buffer. 2. Basic buffer. Acidic buffer is obtained by mixing a weak acid with a salt of the same.
Sub- Physical Pharmacy B. Pharm
https://www.iptsalipur.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/BP302T_PYP_UNIT_V.pdf
EXPERIMENT--3 DETERMINATION OF pH OF A SAMPLE OF
measurement pH meter should be calibrated by using at least two buffers. The pH meter can be standardized by measuring the 7-pH buffer solution or any.
What are the two types of buffers?
There are two types of buffers, acid buffer and basic buffer. A buffer solution containing large amounts of a weak acid, and its salt with a strong base, is termed as an acid buffer. Such buffer solutions have pH on the acidic side i.e., pH is less than 7 at 298 K. The pH of an acid buffer is given by the equation. CH3COOH and CH3COONa (Fig. 22.1)
What is a buffer solution?
A buffer (or buffered) solution is one that resists a change in its pH when H + or OH – ions are added or removed owing to some other reaction taking place in the same solution. Buffers do so by being composed of certain pairs of solutes: either a weak acid plus its conjugate base or a weak base plus its conjugate acid.
Which equation gives the pH of an acid buffer?
The equation gives the pH of an acid buffer. CH3COOH, with CH3COONa. A buffer solution that contains relatively large quantities of a weak base and its salt with a strong acid is called a simple buffer. On the alkaline side, these buffers have pH, i.e., pH is higher than 7 at 298 K.
What is a buffer solution made by dissolving sodium acetate into acetic acid?
Consider the example of a buffer solution made by dissolving sodium acetate into acetic acid, to consider how a buffer functions. As you can see from the name, acetate acid is an acid: CH3COOH, while sodium acetate dissociates in solution to yield the conjugate base, CH3COO-acetate ions.
Centre Buffer Coupler
Introduction
Coupling facilitates inter connection of rolling stock to form a train.Earlier design
àDraft load through screw coupling arrangement
àBuffing load through side buffers.
Screw Coupling.
Limitations
àHaulage of longer train is not possible in freight àClimbing of coaches in collisions and derailment.àShunting Staff at Risk.
àHigher maintenance staff requirement
Centre Buffer Coupler
Transmits both draft & buffing load between
vehicles and to/ from under-frameAbsorb high frequency forces during impact
Dissipates low frequency forces to protect
the vehicle from damage.Multi functional units
àDraft+Buffing
àAutomatic FP+BP connections
Advantages of CBC
Safe for shunting staff & reduces time required.àAutomatic coupling type
àQuick detachment possible.
Less staff for uncoupling
Coach only - Anti-climbing feature is to prevent damage to life & property during accident.Prevention of un- coupling in the event of
derailment / accidentTypes of CBC adopted in IR
AAR E/F type used in wagon.
AAR(H) type Tight lock used in LHB coach.
àSupplied by M/S Faiveley & M/S Escorts
Dellner Coupler used in LHB coaches
Rigid Type- Shacku coupler used in EMU.
Slackless drawbar Ȃ BLC wagons
Transition coupling
Hook type Ȃ MG/ NG stock
Main Components of CBC
Coupler body,Knuckle,Lock
Knuckle thrower
Lock lifter assly
Yoke,Yoke pin,Yoke pin support
Striker casting
Draft Gear
Uncoupling device
Back stop.
Coupler for Wagon
Knuckle
Knuckle
Fitted with coupler
head.Used to couple two
coupler heads of two coaches/wagonsNO repair work.
Always replace by
NEW one.
LockFitted with coupler
head.After assly of two
coaches, it locks the both coupler headsLock Lifter Assly
Fitted with coupler
head.Used to lift the lock
during uncoupling.Toggle,Lock lift lever
connector,Lock lift lever hook.Striker Casting
Knuckle Thrower
CBC used in LHB Coach
AAR(H) type tight lock coupler
àCouple-ability with E type coupler.
àAnti-climbing feature in built.
ASF-Key Stone made Draft Gear which was
earlier fitted in coach is obsolete now.At present,supplied by M/S Faiveley & M/S
Escorts
Dellner Coupler from M/S Dellner, Sweden
Dellner Coupler Photo
Dellner Coupler Single piece coupler
àNo connection between draft gear & coupler shank.àNo any horizontal pivoting movement.
àNo slack generation due to draft gear action.
àTight tolerances-minimum slack 2 mm between
heads.AAR(H) Type Tight Lock CBC
Tightlock Coupler Head
Draft Gear
Supporting Device
Manual Uncoupling Device
Aikon Draft Gear
Faiveley Draft Gear
Faiveley Double acting Draft
Gear H-Type tight lock coupler head Duoble Acting Draft GearMaintenance of Draft Gear
MonthlyCheck for loose bolts, external damage.
Quarterly
Repeat above checks.
Check draft gear seating in the pocket.
Examine condition of buff plate. Apply grease if
necessary.AnnuallyRepeat above checks.
6 8 years
Repeat above checks.
Check pre-load value. Replace spring column if
necessary.MonthlyCheck for loose bolts, external damage.
Quarterly
Repeat above checks.
Check draft gear seating in the pocket.
Examine condition of buff plate. Apply grease if
necessary.AnnuallyRepeat above checks.
6 8 years
Repeat above checks.
Check pre-load value. Replace spring column if
necessary.Problems noticed during POH &
Solution
POH of CBC/ Month in LLH-34 Nos.
DG Rubber Pads damaged,36%
à Replace
Longitudinal jerk due to excess pre-load
àReduced pre load from 50 KN to 30 KN
Yoke hole oblonged,18%
àReplace
Housing cracked,9%
àReplace
Coupler Heads
Faivley made Escourt made
Problems Noticed & Solution
Coupler body cracked,9%
àReplace.
Knuckle worn out,65%
àReplace
Yoke Hole worn out,40%
àReplace
Maintenance of Coupler Head
Monthly
Check tell tale of couplers.
Visual check for external damage, condition of wear plate on shank. Replace wear plate if necessary.Quarterly
Repeat above checks.
Coat bare steel areas of coupler head body and knuckle withMolykote D321R (or equivalent) dry spray.
CAUTION: Do not spray on the knuckle locking surface and internal parts like lock etc.Annually
Repeat above checks.
Check gap between coupler head and knuckle with Jaw gap gauge (NO-GO). If wear out is not acceptable replace knuckle etc., as advised in the maintenance manual.Check by profile gauge (GO).
Conduct anti-creep check.
6 8 years
Repeat above checks.
Overhaul coupler head. Check parts for wear out. Replace if necessary.Monthly
Check tell tale of couplers.
Visual check for external damage, condition of wear plate on shank. Replace wear plate if necessary.Quarterly
Repeat above checks.
Coat bare steel areas of coupler head body and knuckle withMolykote D321R (or equivalent) dry spray.
CAUTION: Do not spray on the knuckle locking surface and internal parts like lock etc.Annually
Repeat above checks.
Check gap between coupler head and knuckle with Jaw gap gauge (NO-GO). If wear out is not acceptable replace knuckle etc., as advised in the maintenance manual.Check by profile gauge (GO).
Conduct anti-creep check.
6 8 years
Repeat above checks.
Overhaul coupler head. Check parts for wear out. Replace if necessary.Supporting Device
Supporting Device
Problems Noticed & Solution
Function: To absorb vertical vibration.
Spring box worn out causes spring height
increased,55%àReplace
100% Nut Bolts worn out causes vertical
jerking,hence replaced all nuts & bolts.Springs damaged& free hight short,70%
à Replace
Maintenance of Supporting
Device
Monthly
Visual check for external damage.
Check height 187.5 mm both sides near the
bolts. Tighten the M16 nut to set specified height.Apply grease on wear plate.
Check condition of wear plate. Replace wear
plate if necessary.QuarterlyRepeat above checks.
AnnuallyRepeat above checks.
6 8 years
Repeat above checks.
Check compression spring for loss of pre-load.
Replace if necessary.
Monthly
Visual check for external damage.
Check height 187.5 mm both sides near the
bolts. Tighten the M16 nut to set specified height.Apply grease on wear plate.
Check condition of wear plate. Replace wear
plate if necessary.QuarterlyRepeat above checks.
AnnuallyRepeat above checks.
6 8 years
Repeat above checks.
Check compression spring for loss of pre-load.
Replace if necessary.
Operating Handle
Operating Handle
Problems Noticed & Solution
Operated from both sides in coach & wagon.
Bolts worn out/corroded,100%
àReplace
Bracket corroded,100%
àIf excess, then replace
Bolts to be tightened with specific torque
value.Check groove in bore of the bracket
Maintenance of Operating Handle
Monthly
Visual check for external damage, loose bolts
etc.Apply grease on the slide and slide rods.
QuarterlyRepeat above checks.
Annually
Repeat above checks.
Check wear on slide, slide rods and bearings.
Replace if wear is excessive.
6 8 yearsRepeat above checks.
Monthly
Visual check for external damage, loose bolts
etc.Apply grease on the slide and slide rods.
QuarterlyRepeat above checks.
Annually
Repeat above checks.
Check wear on slide, slide rods and bearings.
Replace if wear is excessive.
6 8 yearsRepeat above checks.
CBC used in Freight Stock
AAR E/F Type coupler is used in wagons.
HT Draft Gears are used-MK-50 & RF-361
Supplied by M/S Jupiter & Alloy Steel India
Ltd(JASIL)
M/S Tex Meco
M/S FAS
Draft Gear to be fitted with yoke
High Capacity Draft Gears
MK-50 Draft Gear
MK-50 & RF-361 Draft Gear
MK-50RF-361
Design Features of Draft
Gears79.6 %86 %Energy
absorption36.6 %23.7 %Performance
efficiency232 T269 TReaction force
67.8 mm81.5 mmTravel
5725 Kgm5385 KgmCapacity
138 Kg170 KgWeight
RF-361MK-50Particulars
79.6 %86 %Energy
absorption36.6 %23.7 %Performance
efficiency232 T269 TReaction force
67.8 mm81.5 mmTravel
5725 Kgm5385 KgmCapacity
138 Kg170 KgWeight
RF-361MK-50Particulars
Draft Gears of BoxN HL
Couplers of BoxN HL
Location of Crack in Coupler
MK-50 Draft Gear Failure &
Solution
Housing cracked,9%
àReplace
Spring damage/ broken/bent,100%
àReplace
Yoke hole worn out,55%
àReplace
Yoke body cracked,15%
àReplace
RF-361 Draft Gear Failure &
Solution
Housing cracked,10%
àReplace
Rubber pad damage,65%
àReplace
Rubber pad thickness less than 54 mm,20%
àReplace
30° shoe broken/ worn out,15%
àReplace
CBC used in EMU
Shacku wedge lock coupler is used in EMU
Rubber pad damaged,65%
à Replace
Yoke hole bush worn out/elongated,100%
àReplace
Coupler body damaged,36%
àReplace
Housing cracked,15%
àReplace
Shacku Coupler
Reasons for the Jerks
Slack between coupler heads
Slack in the coupler & draft gear connection
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