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The Complete Manual of Typography Second Edition

“Dangerously good book on typography. 'Dangerous' because there is enough pdf files—which typically include embedded fonts—are relatively large and need ...



The Complete Manual of Typography Second Edition

“Dangerously good book on typography. 'Dangerous' because there is enough pdf (Portable Document Format) 291 pdl (page description language)



The Elements of Typographic Style Robert Bringhurst 1992

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Complete Manual of Typography by James Felici

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The Elements of Typographic Style Robert Bringhurst 1992

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The art & practice of typography : a manual of American printing

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What are the best books about typography?

Designer Jason Santa Maria’s book is one of the shortest books about typography that I own but also one of my favorites. It features a nice overview of the basics and also includes some new ideas that I hadn’t read about in other books. The How We Read section is particularly good and is even available to read for free online.

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You only need to know a little to make a big difference in the stuff you do every day. The right kind of knowledge is critical in the way of learning typography. In this post, we have selected some great typography e-books for you to master in typography. All these typography books are absolutely free to download and use.

TheART&•PRACTICEo/TYPOGRAPHY

ByEDMUNDG.GRESS

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ANDELABORATESHOWINGOFMODERN

COMMERCIALTYPOGRAPHICSPECIMENS

By

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-AJytanual ofAmericanPrinting

INCLUDINGABRIEFHISTORYUPTOTHE

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TIONSOFTHEWORKOFEARLYMASTERS

OFTHECRAFTyANEXTENSIVEREVIEW

ANDELABORATESHOWINGOFMODERN

COMMERCIALTYPOGRAPHICSPECIMENS

By

EDMUNDG.GRESS

EDITORANDCO-AUTHORTHEAMERICANMANUALOFTYPOGRAPHY

AUTHOR

•THEAMERICANHANDBOOKOFPRINTING" •TYPEDESIGNSINCOLOR-

NEWYORK-OSWALDPUBLISHINGCOMPANY1910

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WHO

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ANDINSPIREDBYAMBITION

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

PAGE

SYNOPSISOFCONTENTSVII

LISTOFREPRODUCTIONSXVII

LISTOFDESIGNERSXXIII

AUTHORSPREFACEXXV

WHENBOOKSWEREWRITTEN1

THEORIGINOFTYPOGRAPHY7

THESPREADOFTYPOGRAPHY13

TYPOGRAPHYINCOLONIALDAYS19

TYPOGRAPHYINTHE19thCENTURY27

THE"LAYOUT"MAN35

HARMONYANDAPPROPRIATENESS41

TONEANDCONTRAST47

PROPORTION,BALANCEANDSPACING53

ORNAMENTATION59

THETYPOGRAPHYOFBOOKS67

BOOKLETS75

CATALOGS83

PROGRAMS91

ANNOUNCEMENTS99

TICKETS107

LETTERHEADSANDENVELOPSIll

BILLHEADSANDSTATEMENTS119

BUSINESSCARDSANDBLOTTERS123

POSTERS129

THETYPOGRAPHYOFADVERTISEMENTS135

TYPE-FACES.143

IMPRINTS153

THETYPOGRAPHYOFACIRCULARi

THETYPOGRAPHYOFABUSINESSCARDix

THETYPOGRAPHYOFABLOTTERxvii

SYNOPSISOFCONTENTS

PARTONE

WFIEXBOOKSWEREWRITTEN

Paf/e1

Theprinter

DarkAges - I^tininwrittenbookskeptknowledgealive

Meaningof"manuscript" - Writingmaterials - Arrow-

shapedwritingoftheChaldeans - Papyrusrollsoftiic Egyptians - Ink,paperandblock-printingsupposedlyin- ventedbytheChinese - Dressedskinsandpalmleavesused byHindoos - TheHebrewswroteuponstonesandanimal skins - WeowethepresentRomanalphabettothePhoe- nicians - Theword"alphabet"derivedfromthefirsttwo lettersoftheGreekalphabet.AlphaandBeta - Thebards ofGreece - Manuscriptswrittenbyslaves - Papyrusim- portedfromEgypt - Developmentofparchment,andwhat itis - ThegreatAlexandrianlibrary - lengthofrolls - Story of"Septuagint" - DestructionoftheAlexandrianlibrary

RomesupersedesAlexandriaasanintellectualcenter

Caesarcreditedasthefounderofthefirstnewspaper

"Short-hand"writing - The{)eriodofEmperorAugustusa memorableoneinliterature - Producinglargeeditionsof manuscriptrolls - Bookswereplentifulandcheap - Elab- orateparchmentrolls - Originofflat-sheetbooks - Hinged

waxedtablets - DestructionofthelibraryatConstantinople - DriftofliteraturetowardtheEast - Transcribingand

decoratingholywritingsinthemonasteriesofEurope

MonopolyoflearninggavepowertoChurchofRome

SincetheseventhcenturymonasterymanuscriptsinLatin, theofficiallanguageofthatchurch - TranslationofBible into"Vulgartongue"forbidden - ^WilliamTyndale'sEnglish translation - MartinLuther'sGermantranslation - Making ofmanuscriptbooksintheMiddleAges - St.Benedictsets themonkstoworkcopyingmanitscripts - Popularityof cloisters - Thescriptoriumandtherulesgoverningscribeor copyist - Toolsandmaterials - Rubrics - Illuminating - The copyistatwork - AbeautifulIrishbook - Illuminators' colorsandbindingofmanuscriptbooks - Missal,Psalter, BookofHours - Donatus,booksassociatedwiththeMiddle

Ages - FirsttypeswereimitationsofcurrentGothiclettering - TypescutinstyleofRomanlettering - AncientRoman

writingallcapitals - EvolutionofRomancapitalsintosmall orlower-caseletters - Theuncialandhalf-uncial - Minus- culeandmajuscule - Developmentofwritingtowardboth heavypointedGothicandtheRomanstyleusedbyNicholas

Jensen - Cursive,a"script"letter.

THEORIGINOFTYPOGRAPHY

Page7

Theinventionoftypographymarkedthebeginningofa

newcivilization - ThebeginningandendoftheMiddle

Ages - Printingwithseparatemetaltypesanevolution

Demandforplayingcardsandsacredpictures - Engraved

woodblocks - Blockbooks,andmethodofprintingthem - Coloringcardsandpicturesbymeansofstencils - Theoldest datedspecimenofprinting - Thefirstblockbooksprobably

Latingrammars - The"ArtofDying,"the"Bibleofthe

Poor,"andthe"MirrorofHumanSalvation" - When,where

andbywhomwastypographyinvented.* - Theinventor failedtoprinthisnameonhisproduct - Almostevery Europeancountryclaimedthehonor - Allclaimsdisproved exceptingthoseofGermanyandHolland - Weightofevi- denceiswithGermany - Typographywaspracticedby GutenbergatMainzsometimeduring1450-1455 - Claimsof priorityforCosterofHaarlem - Storyoftheinventionby UlrichZelltheearliesttestimonyonthesubject - Dierick Coornhert'sversion - Theunfaithfulservant - Dignifiedgray headspointoutthehouseof"thefirstprinter" - Hadrian

Juniusandhis"CosterLegend" - Fashioningthebarkofa

beechtreeintheformofletters - Changingtheletterstolead andthentotin - Oldwineflagonsmeltedintotype - Awork- man,JohnFaust,stealsthetype-makinginstruments Cornells,anoldbookbinder - Thestorydissected - Peter Scriveriushasanotherversion - Aclapofthunder - ^Con- fusionofdates - AstatueerectedtoCosterinHaarlem "Trueandrationalaccount"byoneLeiz - GerardMeer- man'sstory - Thesheriffwhoprintedwithwoodentypes^

RobbedbyabrotherofJohanGutenberg - JacobKoning

awardedaprizeforhisessayontheinvention - Makesre- searchesinHaarlemarchives - Corroboratessomedetailsin precedingstories - FormanyyearsCostergivenecjualhonor withGutenberg - InvestigationsbyDr.AntonVander Linde - Forgeriesandmisrepresentationsrevealed - Haar- lempracticallysurrendersitsclaimandaltersitsschool books - RecordsofLouwerijsJanszoonandLaurens JanszoonCoster - VanderLindegoestoGermany,altershis nameandwritesabook - Hesselstranslatesthebookinto

English,andafterwardbecomesaHaarlemadvocate

Costerproofsareweak - Haarlemclaimantsunableto

agreeastoCoster'sidentity - Gutenbergatangiblehuman being,andprobableinventoroftheart - Parentageof

Gutenberg - ThefamilyremovesfromMainzpresumably

toStrassburg^WasthenewartpracticedatStrassburg?

VIIISYNOPSISOFCONTENTS

Recordsofalawsuit - GutenbergagreedtoteachAndrew

Dritzehencertaintradesecrets - Fustlendsmoneyto

Gutenbergandtakesamortgageonhisprintingoffice

Fustseizesalltypes,pressesandbooks - Recordsofthis suitevidenceofGutenberg'sinvention - ThefamousForty- twoLineBible - Gutenbergagainestablisheshimselfasa printer - AnappointmentfromtheBishopofMainz - Dies

about1468 - H.NoelHumphrey'stribute - PeterSchoeffer - CopiesbooksattheUniversityofParis - BecomesGuten-

berg'sassistant - Assumeschargeafterhismaster'sdeath MarriesFust'sdaughter - ThenewfirmpublishesaPsalter - Firstbookwithaprinteddate - Featuresofthebook.

THESPREADOFTYPOGRAPHY

PageIS

ThecityofMainz - Aconflictbetweentwoarchbishops

Thecityissetafire - FustandSchceffer'sprintingoffice burned - TheworkmenfleetovariouspartsofEurope

AtableofthespreadoftypographyfromMainz - InGer-

many - JohnMentelatStrassburg - AlbrechtPfisterat

Bamberg - UlrichZellatCologneneverprintedabookin

theGermanlanguage - ArnoldTerHoornefirsttouse

Arabicnumerals - GuntherZaineratAugsburgfirstin

GermanytoprintwithRomancharacters - HeinrichKefi'er atNuremberg - JohnSensenschmidtatNurembergand

Bamberg - TheBambergMissal - AnthonyKoburgerat

Nuremberghadtwenty-fourpressesinoperation - InItaly

FirsttypeprintingdoneinthemonasteryatSubiaco -

ConradSchweinheimandArnoldPannartzbroughtfrom

Germany - UlrichHahnfirstprinterincityofRomeproper - JohndeSpirafirsttypographeratVeniceandhadex- clusiveright - NicholasJensoncomestoVeniceandusesa newRomantype-face - Storyofhisintroductiontotheart

Thefirstpageofdisplayedtypecomposition - J,UandW

notinbooksprintedbyJenson - HisofficepassestoAldus Manutius - Italicintroduced - Aldusreducesthesizeof booksandsuggeststheprintingofapolyglotBible - Works ofPeterPaulPorrusandAugustinJustinian - Aldusas- sistedbyscholar-refugeesfromConstantinople - Hiscom- pletename - Venetianprintingofficesandtheirproduct

BernardoCenniniatFlorence - JohanNunieisteratFoligno - InSwitzerland - BertoldRuppelatBasel - Thiscity

gaveFranceitsfirsttypographers - JohnFrobenatBasel

Erasmushashimprinthisbooks - InFrance - Ulrich

Gering,MartinCrantzandMichelFriburgeratParis

Geringbecomesrich - Sectionalwoodborderonbook

printedbyPhilipPigouchetforSimonVostre - Henry

EstienneatParis - ^Firstofillustriousfamilyoftypographers - RobertEstiennebestknownandmostscholarly - Flees

toGeneva,Switzerland,forsafety - Diesthereafteralabor oflove - IntheNetherlands - ApresserectedatUtrecht

ColardMansionandWilliamCaxtonatBrugesproduce

thefirstbookprintedinEnglish - VanderGoesatAntwerp - ChristopherPlantinatAntwerpgaverenowntothatcity - Hisprintingofficenowamuseum - ApolyglotBiblehis

greatestwork - LouisElzevir,founderofafamilyoflearned printers,atLeyden - ThesecondLouisElzeviratAmster- dam - JohannesAndriessonatHaarlem - InEngland

WilliamCaxtonthefirsttosettypeinthatcountry - Ap-

prenticedtoamerchantandgoestoBruges - Becomes

Governor - EnterstheserviceoftheDuchessofBurgundy

Translatesa"HistoricofTroye"andlearnshowtoprintit

ReturnstoEnglandandsetsupapressatWestminster

Abbey - PeculiaritiesofCaxton'swork - WynkendeWorde succeedstoCaxton'sbusiness - IntroducedtheRoman letterintoEngland - RichardPynsonatLondon - Richard GraftonasaprinterofEnglishBiblestranslatedbyWilliam

TyndaleandMilesCoverdale - Tyndalesuffersdeath

Graftonimprisonedforprintingthe"GreatBible" - Ed-

wardWhitechurchhispartner - JohnDayealsoimprisoned - Fox's"ActsandMonuments" - InScotland - Andrew

MyllarandWalterChepmanatEdinburgh - InIreland

HumphreyPowellatDublin - InNorthAmerica - John

CrombergeratMexicoCity - IntheUnitedStates

StephenDayeatCambridge,Mass.

TYPOGRAPHYINCOLONIALDAYS

Page1!)

Martyrsintypographichistory - Ecclesiasticalandpoliti- calconditionsinEuropefromthesixteenthtoeighteenth centuries - Abookoftreatiesontheintendedmarriageof

QueenElizabeth - OliverCromwellencouragesprinting

andliterature - ^FirsteditionofMilton's"ParadiseLost"

ThomasRoycroftprintsBrianWalton'sPolyglotBible

ThefirstbookpublishedinEnglandbysubscription - Paper fortheworkallowedtocomeindutyfree - CardinalMazarin discoversacopyofGutenberg'sForty-twoLineBible (^hap-booksandsomethingaboutthem - Poorrepresenta- tivesoftheartoftypography - Woodcutsandtypebat- teredandworn - Peddledbychapmen - Diceybooks

Broadsides - PuritanslandatCharlestownandbeginto

settleCambridgeandBoston - Rev.JesseGloversolicits moneyforpressandtypes - ContractswithStephenDaye tocometonewcountry - Rev.Gloverdies - Dayereaches Cambridgewithoutfit - Beginsprintingin1639 - Thefirst work - Thefirstbook - Poorlyprinted - PresidentDunster ofHarvardCollegeappointsSamuelGreentosucceedDaye - Anotherpressandtypesadded - Aninventory - The printingofficediscontinued - Printinginthecoloniesof MassachusettsandVirginia - PennsylvaniasecondEnglish colonytohavetypography - WilliamBradfordprintsan almanac - BradfordarrestedinPhiladelphiaforprintingan address - Typepagesasevidence - "Pied"byajuryman

BradfordgoestoNewYork - Firstprintshopthere

Officialprinter - PublishesthefirstNewYorknewspaper BenjaminFranklin - IndenturedtohisbrotherJames - The NewEngland"Courant" - Jamesisimprisoned - Benjamin becomesthepublisher - Thebrothersdisagree - Benjamin shipstoNewYork - MeetsWilliamBradfordandgoesto

Philadelphia - SecuresemploymentwithSamuelKeimer

LeavesforEnglandtobuyprintingequipment - Goesto

workinLondon - ReturnstoPhiladelphiaandstartsa printingoffice - Oneofthefirstjobs - Publishes"Poor Richard'sAlmanack" - Proverbswidelyquoted - Sellshis shoptoDavidHall - QuaintnessofColonialtypography

Commentsonreproductions - PagefromaCaslonspecimen

bookof1764.

SYNOPSISOFCONTENTSIX

TYPOGRAPHYINTHE19thCENTURY

Page27

WilliamMorris"declaration - Thefirstprintedbooka

testimonytogenius - Thefirstcylinderpressandfirstlino- typewerecrudelyconstructed - Typographyatitshighest point - ItalianandGermanstylescontrasted - Thesestyles blendedintotheColonial - Franklinasatypographercom- paredtoAldusandPlantin - Beginningofthenineteenth century - Utilityandart - WilliamNicholsonplansacylin- derpress - Dr.Kinsleyconstructsamodel - Anewronian type-facedesigned - Ornamentsandbordersdiscarded Styleoftypographybecominguninteresting - Transitionil- lustratedbyfourtitle-pages - CharlesWhittinghamand WilliamPickering - Artisticqualitiesintroduced - Punches ofCaslonold-stylerecovered - ^ApageinColonialstyle

Punctuationmarksomitted - Fiftyyearsaheadoftheir

time - Jobprintingofmoderndevelopment - Newspaper, bookandjobwork - Typographyshouldbebaseduponart foundations - ABookofCommonPrayer - Title-pages withoutornamentation - Jobprinterstaketofancytypog- raphv - Imitationsofcopperplateengravers'work - Abusi- nesscardandabilloffare - Changingstylesappliedtocom- mercialheadings - MacKellar,Smiths&Jordan - Acard

withapologies - Alongingforpictures,coloranddecoration - Brassruleandtintblocks - Remarkableskillexhibited

The'"ModernRenaissance" - Machineryledtypography

awayfromart - Printersthoughttheyweredoingartistic work - InspirationwTonglyinterpreted - Formingofa curiouschainofevents - TheKelmscottPress - William Morris,artist,poet,designerandcraftsman - Franklinand theFranklinstove - MorrisandtheMorrischair - Thein- fluenceofMorrisonhousefurnishingandtypography

Hishome - Learnedtoprintandtomakepaper - Designs

tvpe-faces - "Golden" - "Troy" - Drawsdecorativeinitials andborders - AdditionaldesignsbyBurne-Jones - Morris criticised - Revolutionizestypography - AubreyBeardsley WillBradley - Acountryprinter - StudiesartinChicago

The"WaysidePress" - "Bradley:HisBook" - Inspired

bybothpastandpresent - Anewtypography - Combines withtheUniversityPress - Becomesaninterestingsubject fordiscussion - AnopinionbyGeorgeFrench - Attempts anothernewstyleoftypography - Profuseornamentation Worksrapidly - Bradleyandhisclients - Hispersonality

InfluenceupontheAmericanstyleoftypography - Other

influences - TheodoreL.DeVinne - Hasacollegedegree-

Apprenticeinacountryprintshop - Jobcompositorwith

FrancisHart - Takeschargeofthebusiness - Awriteron printingsubjects - Exponentoftheconservativeanddig- nifiedintypography - Shouldbenoconflictbetweenthe stylesofMorris,DeVinneandBradley - Fordifferentpur- poses - Thecompositormustdecide - DeVinnealeaderin perfectingmodernmethods - Designsatypc-face - Per- suadesprinterstogroupwording - CharlesT.Jacobi - HasdonemuchfortypographyinEngland - Responsibilities ofthemodemtypographer - Underratingthevalueofhis- tory- - Allknowledgeisvaluable. [ThechaptersfoUoyoingaredevoted tothecontiderationoftypography a»practicedinthetwentiethcentury.]

PARTTWO

THE 'MAN"LAYOUT"

Page35

Typographyinthetwentiethcentury - Artisticprinting abundant - -Thecommercialartistdeservescredit - The necessityofcarefullypreparingajob - Everyprintshop shouldhavealayoutman - Whenabuildingiserected Qualityprintingisnotaccidental - Shopstyle - Layoutmen inlargeandsmallshops - Pleasethecustomer - Typog- raphyessentiallyabusinessvocation - Ordersobtained thru"dummies"submitted - Selectingalayoutman

Typeequipmentshouldbeappropriateandsufficient -

A workingoutfitforthelayoutman - Portfolioofsample sheets - ^Layingoutasmallbooklet - Paper,margins,type pageandsizeoftype - Wordstoasquareinch - Arrange- mentoftitle-page - Specimenpagesinavailablebodytype

L'seofcrayonandpencil - Dummysubmittedtocustomer

Duplicatingitintheworkrooms - Dummysheetsforperiod- icalsandlargecatalogs - Incorporatingillustrationsinthe textmatter - -Markingcopyformachinecomposition - The averagestationeryjob - Apatchworkoftypographicstyles Differentresultsifhandledbyalayoutman - Studyingcolor harmony - Determiningcolorcombinations - Thecolder colorshouldpredominate - Indicatingthefinishedresult-

Proofsinthecolorsandonthestocktobeused - Blending

paperstock - Layingoutadvertisements.

HARMONYANDAPPROPRIATENESS

PageU "Leit-motif" - Thecentralideaincomposition - Har- monyandappropriateness - Undervaluingthei^impor- tance - Whatisappropriate.' - Discriminatingjudgmentre- quired - Discreetselectionoftype,inkandpaper - Itmakes adifference - Astotype-faces - Astoinks - Astopapers

Simplicitysynonymouswithgoodtypography - Theideal

printshop - Harmonioustype-faces,inkcolorsandpaper stock - Certainamountofcontrastdesirable - Allcapitals oralllower-case - Harmonyoftype-facesandbordersil- lustrated - Typographicsins - Intypographythereshould

beamotive - "Isitappropriate?" - Anarchitecturalmotive - Inwhichstrengthisthemotive - Designsuggestedbyan

oldlock-plate - Typographicmotivefoundinwoodcut bordersandinitialsofearlyprinters - Amillinerybooklet cover - Apageseverelyplainandnon-sentimental - A programforachurchserviceappropriatetotheenviron- ment - Apageinkeepingwithafestivespirit - Typographers shouldgivesupporttoartists - TheColonialarchanda harmonioustitle-pag(^-Thebetterthetypographer,the morerestraint\

TONEANDCONTRAST

Page^7

Astoryofwhiteandblack - Acombinationpopularwith

writers,printersandreaders - Uniformityoftoneordepth ofcolor-Amixtureofirregulargrayandblacktonesin- excusable - Artprinciplestoooftenignored - Contrast necessary,butuniformityshouldnotbesacrificed - Art

SYNOPSISOFCONTENTS

makesconcessiontoutility - Arightwayandawrongway

Unjustblamingofthecustomer - AGermanexampleof

uniformtone - Practicaldemonstrationofuniformtone

Fourornaments,uponwhichfourpagesareconstructed -

Contrast,fromtheviewpointsofartandutility - Lessening thecontrastbetweenprintandpaper - Acompromise - Im- pressingtheprintfirmlyonantiquepaper - Settingthe printdaintilyuponglossypaper - Lackofartisticfeelingre- sponsibleforunpleasantcontrasts - Greatcontrastis eccentricity - MarkTwainandcontrasts - Cover-pageshould bedarkerthantitle-page - Thetoneofamassedpage Controlledbyspacing - Duplicatingthetoneofapen-and- inkillustration - Aspottedblacktone - Equalizingthetone byusinglighterink - Spacedcapitalsandopen-lineillustra- tion - Aclassicinterpretationofuniformtone - Character- isticsandtonesuperblyblended - Initialandheadpiece shouldapproachthetoneofthetypepage - Uniformtone betweendisplaylineandborder - Catalogillustrations shouldstandoutinrelief - Outlinetype-facestoobtain graytoneonnewspaperpage - Letter-spacing.

PROPORTION,BALANCEANDSPACING

Page53

Symmetryisnecessarytobeauty - Whathasarttodo

withprinting? - Twoviews - Thebookprinterandthejob printer - Pleasingthefeworbeingallthingstoallmen

Printingasabusinessandasanart - Artisessentialto

printing - Studyofartarousesambition - Unfoldsanew world - Proportion - Bookpages - Thewidthandlength ofapage - Positionofthepage - Margins - Thejobprinter andproportion - Relationofshapeoftype-facetopage Condensedtypesfornarrowjiages - Extendedtypesforwide pages - Architectureasanexample - V^erticalandhorizontal lines - Therelationoflinestoproportion - Apagewith ornament,type-faceandpagedesigninproportion - Irregu- larityandwhenitmaybeintroduced - Atypelinelarge orsmallbycontrast - Thehappymedium - Balance,anim- portantsubject - Typelineshorizontallycentered - Safety fromblunders - Out-of-the-centerbalance - Thepointdf

verticalbalanceabovecenter - Testingbalancetothelimit - -Diagonalarrangementsshowlackofimagination - Spa-

cing - Itsproperapportionment - Animportantfeaturewhen lettersaredesigned - ThecapitalIv - Emphasisbymeansof spacing - Theeffectofseparatelines - Shouldbeaneven pagetone - Distributingdisplaylinesovertheentirepage

Groupingthematthepointofbalance - Spacedwordsin

narrowmeasures - Agoodsignwhenonerecognizesim- perfections.

ORNAMENTATION

Page59

Thehumanracehasalikingforornamentation - Natural

andartificialbeauty - Naturefurnishesmotivesforman's work - Theaveragemangivingthoughttoart - Beautiful thingsallabout - Privilegesofmuseumsandartgalleries availabletoprinters - Takelessthoughtoffoodandrai- mentandthesethingsshallbeadded - Isornamentationquotesdbs_dbs10.pdfusesText_16

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