[PDF] MY BODY IS MY OWNCLAIMING THE RIGHT T O A UT ONOM Y

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Ensuring rights and choices for all since 1969

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This report was developed under the auspic-es

of the UNFPA Division for Communications and Strategic Partnerships.

Arthur Erken

Richard Kollodge

Rebecca Zerzan

Katie Madonia

Katie Madonia,

Rebecca Zerzan

Hanno Ranck

Nahid Toubia

Satvika Chalasani

Nafissatou Diop

Emilie Filmer-Wilson

Mengjia Liang

Leyla Sharafi

Daniel Baker

Alice Behrendt

Stephanie Baric

Marieke Devillé

Laura Ferguson

Gretchen Luchsinger

Mindy Roseman

Rebeka Artim

Rebeka Artim

Kaisei Nanke

Hülya Özdemir

Tyler Spangler

Naomi Vona

Illustrations were based on original p-hotography by Joel Koko (page 65); George Koranteng (page 108); Bush-ra Noor (page 16); K-ingsley Osei- Abrah on Unsplash (page 9-); Mikey Struik on Unsplash -(page 114). UNFPA thanks the following people for sharing glimpses of -their lives and work for this report: Anonymous "virginity inspector," South Africa; Ayim, Kyrgyzstan; Dr. Mozhgan Azami, Afghanistan; Enkhjargal Banzragch, Mongolia; Dr. Wafaa Benjamin Basta, -Egypt; Víctor Cazorla, Peru; Daniyar, Kyrgyzstan; Dr. Mouna Farhoud, Syria; Isabel Fulda, Mexico; Dr. Caitríona Henchion-, Ireland; Josefina (not a real name), Mexico; Liana, Indonesia-; Lizzie Kiama, Kenya; Olga Lourenço, Angola; José Manue-l Ramírez Navas, El Salvador; Monika, North Macedonia; Leidy Londono, USA; Dr. Ahmed Ben Nasr, Tunisia; Chief Msinga-phansi, South Africa; Sarojini Nadimpally, India; Dr. Nuriye Ortayli, Turkey; Dipika Paul, Bangladesh; Dr. Sima Samar, Afghanistan; Jay Silverman, USA; Dr. Suraya Sobhrang, Afghanistan; Maeve Taylor, Ireland; Alexander Armando Morales Tecún, Guatemala; Romeo Alejandro Méndez Zúñiga, Gu-atemala. Chief of the UNFPA Media and Communications Branch, Selinde Dulckeit, provided invaluable insights to the draft, and Gunilla Backm-an and Jo Sauvarin from the UNFPA Asia and the Pacific Regional Office supported research and commented on drafts. UNFPA colleagues and others around the world supported the development of feature stories and other content or provided technical guidance: Samir Aldarabi, Iliza Azyei, Lindsay Barnes, Dr. Shinetugs Bayanbileg, Esther Bayliss, Shobhana Boyle, Warren Bright, Ikena Carreira, Cholpona Egeshova, Jens-Hagen Eschenba-echer, Usenabasi Esiet, Rose Marie Gad, Irene Hofstetter, Matt Jackson, Kinda Katranji, Daisy Leoncio, Guadalupe Natareno, Ziyanda Ngoma, Claudia Martínez, Subhadra Menon, Rebecca Moudio, Rachel Moynihan, Jasmine Uysal, Dalia Rabie, Zaeem Abd-ul Rahman, Patrick Rose, Mindy Roseman, Alvaro Serrano, Ramz Shalbak, Avani Singh, Irena Spirkovska, Walter Sotomayor, Sabrina Morales Tezagüic, Nahid Toubia, Sujata Tuladhar, Roy Wadia, Irene Wangui, Asti Setiawati Widihastuti,

Renato Zeballos.

The editors are grateful to the Population and Development Branch of UNFPA for aggregated regional data in the i-ndicators section of this report and for overall data guidance. Source data for the report"s indicators were provided by the Population Division o-f the United Nations Department of Economic and Social A-ffairs, the United Nations Educational, Scientif-ic and Cultural Organization and the World Health Organization. Publication and web interactive design and production: Prographics, Inc. The designations employed and the presentation of material in maps do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNFPA concerning the legal status- of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities,- or concerning the delimitatio-n of its frontiers or boundaries.

© UNFPA 2021

BODY IS MY OWN

TO AUTONOMY AND

SELF-DETERMINATION

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THE RIGHT TO SAY NO

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OUR LIVES

CLAIMNG TLHIAERLOILUIGORIYLDERLIAGLSIF-LL

THDERETLIrLDERLYhrE

We have the inherent right to choose

what we do with our body, to ensure its protection and care, to pursue its expression.

The quality of our lives depends on it.

In fact, our lives themselves depend on it.

The right to the autonomy of our bodies

means that we have the power and agency to make choices, without fear of violence or having someone else decide for us. It means being able to decide whether, when or with whom to have sex. It means making your own decisions about when or whether you want to become pregnant. It means the freedom to go to a doctor whenever you need one.

Saying no, saying yes, saying this is my choice

for my body)this is the foundation of an empowered and digniCed life. We can realize who we are, fully. We do not have to shrink to Ct choices that are not ours, to be in any way Jless than(. Further, since claiming bodily autonomy is fundamental to the enjoyment of all other human rights, such as the right to health or the right to live free from violence, institutions in our societies are obligated to extend all the support and resources required for us to carry out our choices in a meaningful way (PWN, n.d.).

Intertwined with bodily autonomy is the

right to bodily integrity, where people can live free from physical acts to which they do not consent. While many women and girls in the world today have the power to make autonomous decisions about their own bodies, many more still face constraints, some with devastating consequences to their health, well-being and potential in life. oe

For many people, but especially women

and girls, life is fraught with losses to bodily integrity and autonomy linked to a lack of agency in making their own decisions. These losses manifest when a lack of contraceptive choices leads to unplanned pregnancy. They result from terrible bargains where unwanted sex is exchanged for a home and food. They run through violations such as female genital mutilation and child marriage. They arise when people with diverse sexual orientations and gender identities cannot walk down a street without fearing assault or humiliation.

They leave people with disabilities stripped

of their rights to self-determination, to be free from violence and to enjoy a safe and satisfying sexual life.

There are many dimensions to the forces that

prevent women and adolescent girls from enjoying bodily autonomy and integrity.

But a root cause is gender discrimination,

which reLects and sustains patriarchal systems of power and spawns gender inequality and disempowerment.

Where there are gender-discriminatory social

norms, womenVs and girlsV bodies can be subject to choices made not by them, but by others, from intimate partners to legislatures. When control rests elsewhere, autonomy remains perpetually out of reach. While gender- discriminatory norms are by themselves harmful, they become even more so when they are compounded by other forms of discrimination, based on race, sexual orientation, age or disability, among other issues.

Discriminatory norms are perpetuated by the

community and can be reinforced by political, economic, legal and social institutions, such as schools and the media, and even by health services, including those that provide sexual and reproductive health care. These services may, for example, undermine autonomy by being poor in quality and constrained in meeting all of the needs of women and adolescent girls.

Despite constitutional guarantees of gender

equality in many countries, worldwide, on average, women enjoy just 75 per cent of the legal rights of men (United Nations

Secretary-General, 2020). Women and girls

in many instances lack the power to contest these disparities because of still low levels of participation in political and other forms of decision-making. Economic marginalization can detract from a womanVs Cnancial

ENJOY JUST

75%
of the legal rights

OF MEN

her authority to make autonomous decisions about sex, health care and contraception.

The hardships brought on by the COVID-19

pandemic have only made matters worse.

For some women and girls, the impact of

gender inequality is ampliCed by multiple sources of discrimination based on age, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability or even geography. When diverse types of discrimination intersect, they leave women and girls even more at risk of not realizing bodily autonomy, not enjoying their rights, and even further away from gender equality.

No country in the world today can claim to

have achieved gender equality in its totality. If it had, there would be no violence against women and girls, no pay gaps, no leadership gaps, no unfair burden of unpaid care work, no lack of quality and comprehensive reproductive health services, and no lack of bodily autonomy.

Voice, choice and agency

have direct bearing on bodily autonomy and integrity for women and girls, with the body the locus of all sexual and reproductive functions and choices. These choices are subject to powerful, discriminatory subjugations of the rights of women and girls. It is here where their bodies are all too often bartered, bought and sold.

From a perspective of patriarchy, control of

sexual and reproductive choices effectively becomes control in many other areas of life. A woman who cannot deCne whether, when or how many children to have, or choose to stay in school instead of marrying at a young age, or who accepts domestic violence as her fate, stands little chance of gaining empowerment in the workforce or community decision-making or anywhere else.

She essentially loses rights not just in one part

of her life, but in many or even every part.

Interests in sustaining patterns like these can

be deeply entrenched in how societies and economies function. In some parts of the world, i2-592B 78 ls7sB. i2-EH money, property or other assets to essentially

Jpurchase( a wife, is a critically important

economic mechanism for exchanging power and wealth (Shetty, 2007).

When women and adolescent girls have more

choice in sexual and reproductive health care, multiple positive health outcomes result, including greater understanding of how to prevent HIV, and a greater likelihood of having the number of prenatal visits recommended by the World Health

Organization as well as giving birth with the

help of a doctor, nurse or midwife.

Failures to uphold bodily autonomy thus

result Crst and foremost in profound losses for individual women and girls.

But they also add up to broader deCcits,

potentially depressing economic productivity, undercutting valuable skills, and imposing extra costs for health-care and judicial services, including for responding to violence against women and girls (UN Women, 2013).

A mixture of low levels of bodily autonomy

and the losses in human capacity associated with it can undermine social stability and resilience, leaving societies less equipped to confront and recover from crises and challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.quotesdbs_dbs12.pdfusesText_18

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