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UNIVERSITE DE PAU ET DES PAYS DE L'ADOUR

Ecole Doctorale Sciences Sociales Et Humanites (Ed 481)

Les Afriques dans le Monde (LAM)

LES DETERMINANTS SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES ET CULTURELS

DE LA JEUNESSE DANS LE KENYA RURAL ; REGION DE MASABA

EN PAYS KISII

Thése pour le Doctorat en Sociologie présentée et soutenue publiquement Par :

Monsieur AKUMA Joseph Misati

Le 8 décembre 2016

Thése dirigée par Monsieur Christian THIBON et Monsieur Paul Nyaga MBATIA

Jury :

M. THIBON Christian : Professeur d'Histoire contemporaine à l'Université de Pau et des pays de l'Adour (Directeur de thèse) M. MBATIA Paul Nyaga : Professeur de Sociologie à l'université de Nairobi et le Vice - recteur, Multimédia Université du Kenya (Co - directeur de thèse) Mme GOLAZ Valérie : Chargée de recherche, Institute National d'études démographiques, France (Rapporteur) M. DROZ Yvan : Senior Lecturer, Graduate Institute, Genéve (SUISSE), Professeur associé Universite Laval, Canada (Rapporteur) M. MAUPEU Herve : Maitre de conférences en Science Politique à l'Université de Pau et des pays de l'Adour M. COMI Toulabor : Directeur de Rechereche CNRS, Universite Bordeaux 4 ii

ABSTRACT

The subject of youth socialization is a concern for all societies worldwide. The future of communities rests, in part on how effectively they accomplish the tasks of preparing this important component of their population to become productive adults. In developing countries, characterized by rapid social change, the adaptation and unconventional life patterns of future generations, whose growth trajectories will occur in an entirely different context, calls for careful explication of the determinants of the socialization young people. In Kenya, the societal shifts and behavioral patterns, exacerbated by the unique developmental vulnerabilities often create a confluence of factors that put youth at great risk. Hence, the need to transform the ordinary institutions of society, as socializing contexts to make them relevant in preparing young people for the challenges of the future role taking is inevitable. Set in a society in rural Kisii, Masaba South - Wester Kenya, the study sought to establish how the changes in the family and that of other key social institutions such as education, religion and the media impact the socialization of the youth in the community. The ecological model for human development by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1994) and the life course framework have been adopted as the conceptual model for the study. The results of the study offer an unusually nuanced view of socialization challenges in a time of unprecedented change in Kenya's rural setting. It is shown that socio- cultural values and community norms that influence the socialization process are not constant, but always changing and sometimes contradictory and are perceived differently by young people and older members of society, thereby adversely affecting the capacity of parents and other elders to regulate the youth. In addition, it is shown that the adoption of new social structures though leading to the

disruption of the transmission of specific behaviors, do not result to failure in effective

socialization, but offers greater pathways for imparting positive behavior.At national level, the policy with regard to youth development is full of gaps, in terms of policy and reality, especially since the interventions are not predicated on informed assessment. Similarly, youth programs have consistently been guided by the philosophy of deficit and problem oriented approaches. Thus, the ideology that underpins the development of young people often focuses on projects focusing on imparting vocational skills and access to financial services for young people that have already "fallen off the cracks". More critical, the country lacks an explicit family policy on whose lenses issues affecting the family and its various population segments, especially the youth could be examined. The study makes an important contribution to the understanding of the emergent area of research aimed at understanding the structural obstacles to young people's transition to adulthood by creating new channels and orientation for seeking pathways to personal development based on new ways and attitudes of human interaction. Keywords: Socialization, Sociology of family, Cultural Change, Youth Development, Kenya

RESUME

Le thème de la socialisation des jeunes est un sujet de préoccupation pour toutes les sociétés

du monde entier. Ceci est dû principalement au fait que l'avenir des communautés repose, en

partie, sur l'efficacité avec laquelle elles accomplissent les tâches de préparation de cette

iii composante importante de leur population, à devenir des adultes productifs qui contribueront

au bien-être de leurs communautés. Dans les pays en voie de développement, caractérisé par

un changement social rapide, une adaptation à des modes de vie non conventionnelles de la

part des générations futures, dont les trajectoires croisent des contextes entièrement

différents, l'explication minutieuse des déterminants de la socialisation des jeunes est

incontournable. Au Kenya, les changements sociétaux et les comportements, exacerbés par

les vulnérabilités associées au développement, créent souvent une confluence de facteurs qui

placent les jeunes devant de grands risques. Par conséquent, la nécessité de transformer les

institutions sociales ordinaires de la société, en tant que cadres de socialisation, pour les rendre pertinentes dans la préparation des jeunes aux défis de l'avenir, est inévitable.

Portant sur une société du Kisii rural, Masaba Sud - Ouest, l'étude a cherché à établir

comment le changement de la famille et celui d'autres institutions sociales clés, telles que

l'éducation, la religion et les médias, ont un impact sur la socialisation de la communauté des

jeunes. Le modèle écologique pour le développement humain (Urie Bronfenbrenner, 1994) et

l'examen des parcours de vie ont été adoptés comme modèle conceptuel et méthodologique

de l'étude.

Les résultats de l'étude offrent une vue particulièrement nuancée des défis de socialisation

pour une période de changement sans précédent dans un cadre rural du Kenya. Il est

démontré que les socio-valeurs culturelles et les normes communautaires qui influencent le processus de socialisation ne sont pas constantes, mais qu'elles changent toujours et d'une

façon parfois contradictoire et qu'elles sont perçues différemment par les jeunes et les

membres plus âgés de la société, affectant ainsi négativement la capacité des parents et des

autres anciens de réguler les jeunes. En outre, il est démontré que l'adoption de nouvelles structures sociales, conduisant à l'interruption de la transmission de comportements

spécifiques, ne donne pas lieu à l'échec de la socialisation, mais offre de plus grandes voies

pour favoriser un comportement positif. Au niveau national, la politique en charge du développement de la jeunesse est pleine de

lacunes, en termes de politiques suivies, d'autant que les interventions n'ont pas été fondées

sur une évaluation éclairée des problèmes. De même, les programmes pour les jeunes ont

constamment été guidés par la philosophie du déficit et par des approches orientées. Ainsi,

l'idéologie qui sous-tend le développement des jeunes, a souvent mis l'accent sur les projets

centrés sur la transmission des compétences professionnelles et l'accès aux services financiers

des jeunes, alors que fait défaut une politique familiale explicite.

L'étude apporte une contribution à une recherche qui vise à comprendre les entraves

structurelles, les nouvelles voies et transitions des jeunes à l'âge adulte et les chemins de

développement personnel basé sur de nouvelles façons et attitudes, marquées par l'interaction

humaine. Mots clés: Socialisation, Sociologie de la famille, changement culturel, développement de la jeunesse, Kenya iv QUOTE Every Society must somehow solve the problem of transforming children into (meaningful) adults, for its survival depends on that solution.

Selznick and Darroch (1981)

v

DÉCLARATION

Cette thèse est un travail original fait par moi-même. Elle n'a jamais été présentée dans une autre université pour l'obtention d'un diplôme quelconque. CANDIDATE : -----------------------------------------------------------

AKUMA Joseph Misati

Cette thèse a été présentée pour examen avec votre approbation en tant que directeur d'études. DIRECTEUR DE THÈSE : --------------------------------------------------

Prof. Christian THIBON

Professeur d'Histore contemporaine

Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour

CO-DIRECTEUR DE THÈSE : ---------------------------------------------

Prof. Paul Nyaga MBATIA

Professor of Sociology

Department of Sociology and Social Work

University of Nairobi

Deputy -Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs, Research & Innovation)

Multimedia University of Kenya

vi

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to my sister, late Joyce Kemunto Akuma (1967 - 1987), who during our childhood was fond of me and often carried me in her back. The vagaries of illness which struck early and throughout her lifetime deprived her the opportunity of navigating the youthful years of her life which are prone to the challenges of growing up in Gusii, the subject which forms the core of the thesis in this study. vii

SUMMARY

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... ii

RESUME ................................................................................................................................... ii

QUOTE ..................................................................................................................................... iv

DÉCLARATION ....................................................................................................................... v

DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... vi

SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... xiii

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... xv

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ xvi

LIST OF MAPS ..................................................................................................................... xvii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ xviii

GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1

2. The agents of the socialization of young people .................................................................... 4

3. The family as the primary socialization agent in Kenya ........................................................ 6

4. Statement of the problem ....................................................................................................... 8

5. Purpose and objectives of the study ....................................................................................... 9

6. Justification for the study ....................................................................................................... 9

7. Definition of key terms and study concepts ......................................................................... 11

PART ONE .............................................................................................................................. 13

YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE ............................................................................................ 13

CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 14

STATE OF THE ART AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................ 14

1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 14

1.1 Global demographic landscape and young people ............................................................. 14

1.2 African youth and the tri-crisis .......................................................................................... 15

1.3 Socialization of young people in the contemporary societies ............................................ 17

viii

1.4 Adolescence and youth as transition .................................................................................. 19

1.5 Socialization of young people among African indigenous societies ................................. 20

1.6 Adolescence and youth in the contemporary African context ........................................... 21

1.7 Social contexts of adolescent and youth socialization ....................................................... 22

1.8 Family and the socialization of young people ................................................................... 23

1.9 Education and socialization of young people .................................................................... 26

1.10 Religious institutions and the socialization of young people........................................... 28

1.11 Social change and the socialization of young people ...................................................... 31

1.12 Adolescent socialization as a collective process .............................................................. 34

1.13 The mass media and socialization of young people......................................................... 36

1.14 The youth sub - culture and young people. ..................................................................... 37

1.15 The peers and socialization of young people ................................................................... 38

1.16 The inter- generational challenge and the socialization of young people ........................ 41

1.17 The study conceptual framework .................................................................................... 49

CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 50

CONTEXTUALIZING THE STUDY: YOUTH AND ADOLESCENCE IN KENYA ......... 50

2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 50

2.1. Brief background information on Kenya .......................................................................... 50

2.2 Population and Age-structure in Kenya ............................................................................ 51

2.3 The Youth crisis in Kenya ................................................................................................. 56

2.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 85

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 86

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ......................................................................................... 86

3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 86

3.1 Theories of socialization .................................................................................................... 86

3.2 Theoretical approaches for studying the socialization of young people ............................ 91

3.3 Theories of deviance .......................................................................................................... 94

3.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 97

ix

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 98

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 98

4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 98

4.1 Research site description.................................................................................................... 98

4.2 Methodological approach and research design ................................................................ 100

4.3 Study target population .................................................................................................... 103

4.4 Sampling .......................................................................................................................... 103

4.5 Design of data collection tools ......................................................................................... 105

4.6 Organization of the study ................................................................................................. 107

4.7 Pilot study ........................................................................................................................ 108

4.8 Field work experience ...................................................................................................... 109

4.9 Techniques of data analysis and interpretation ................................................................ 113

4.10 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 115

PART TWO ........................................................................................................................... 117

CULTURE, TRADITIONS AND MODERNITY: CONFRONTATION AND

COMPLEMENTALITY ........................................................................................................ 117

CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................... 118

CONCEPTUALIZING CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON SOCIALIZATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN RURAL KENYA: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE ........................................ 118

5.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 118

Section I: Cultural influences on the socialization of young people among the Abagusii, rural

South Western Kenya ............................................................................................................ 118

5.1 Socio-cultural values and influences among the Gusii: constant, changing and /or

contradictory .......................................................................................................................... 118

5.2 Socialization of adolescent and young people and the traditional Abagusii culture ....... 123

5.3 Principles guiding the socialization of young people among the Abagusii: Divergence and

convergence ........................................................................................................................... 130

Section II: Change, social institutions and socialization of young people among the Abagusii

................................................................................................................................................ 135

x

5.4. The changing nature of life and the key social institutions among the Abagusii ........... 136

Section III: Impact of change on older individuals, key social institutions and the

socialization of young people among the Abagusii ............................................................... 148

5.5 The changing attitudes towards children and young people ............................................ 149

5.6 The impact of changes within the family and the educational institutions on the

socialization of young people among the Abagusii ............................................................... 155

5.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 159

CHAPTER SIX ...................................................................................................................... 160

SOCIALIZATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE AMONG THE ABAGUSII, SOUTH WESTERN

KENYA: VIEWS OF THE GUSII YOUTH ......................................................................... 160

6.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 160

6.1 Background characteristics of the youth component of study respondents ..................... 160

6.2 Transition to adulthood in the contemporary Gusii society ............................................. 161

6.3 Young people's perception on role of parents in care provision in the gusii .................. 164

family ..................................................................................................................................... 164

6.4 Parents' and adolescents' rights and obligations in the socialization process among the

Abagusii ................................................................................................................................. 167

6.5 Other social institutions and the socialization of young people among the Abagusii ..... 182

6.6 The mass media and adolescent and youth socialization among the Abagusii ................ 203

6.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 210

CHAPTER SEVEN ............................................................................................................... 211

NATIONAL YOUTH POLICY INITIATIVES IN KENYA: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

................................................................................................................................................ 211

7.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 211

7.1 Youth policy initiatives in Kenya: missing the "focal target" or "token indulgence" ..... 211

7.2 Past youth policy initiatives (1970- 2007): A brief historical overview ......................... 213

7.3 National youth policy initiatives: current programmes and projects ............................... 214

7.4 Pitfalls in the national youth policy formulation and implementation in Kenya ............. 220

7.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 224

xi

PART THREE ....................................................................................................................... 225

PREPARATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE FOR THE FUTURE: POLICY AND PRACTICE

................................................................................................................................................ 225

CHAPTER EIGHT ................................................................................................................ 226

DETERMINANTS OF SOCIALIZATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE AMONG THE

ABAGUSII ............................................................................................................................ 226

8.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 226

8.1 The outcomes of Socialization of young people among the Abagusii............................. 226

8.2 Cultural value of children and the ability of care: The paradox ...................................... 229

8.3 Social institutions and their role in the socialization process: Ideal and actual practice . 230

8.4 The family in changing times: implications for socialization .......................................... 232

8.5 Religious institutions and the wellbeing of young people ............................................... 239

8.6 Education and the wellbeing of young people among the Abagusii ................................ 241

8.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 243

CHAPTER NINE ................................................................................................................... 244

RE - CONCEPTUALIZING CONTEMPORARY YOUTH DEVELOPMENT AND ADOLESCENT SOCIALIZATION IN RURAL KENYA: A SYNTHESIS ....................... 244

9.0. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 244

9.1 Exploring the interdependencies among the young people and the society .................... 244

9.2. Operational conceptualization of "positive youth development" ................................... 245

9.3. Principal ingredients of youth development in contemporary rural Kenya .................... 245

9.4. Transforming the micro - level settings for positive youth development ...................... 246

9.5. Transforming the macro - level environment for positive youth development .............. 248

9.6. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 251

CHAPTER TEN..................................................................................................................... 252

SUMMARY, GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................... 252

10.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 252

10.1 Synopsis of the thesis ..................................................................................................... 252

xii

10.2 Summary of the study .................................................................................................... 253

10.3 General conclusions ....................................................................................................... 254

10.4 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 258

REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 263

APPENDIX 1 ......................................................................................................................... 303

MASABA YOUTH WELLBEING STUDY - SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE .................... 303

END ....................................................................................................................................... 323

APPENDIX 2 ......................................................................................................................... 324

MASABA YOUTH WELLBEING STUDY- FGD GUIDE FOR PARENTS ..................... 324

APPENDIX 3: ........................................................................................................................ 328

MASABA YOUTH WELLBEING STUDY- FGD GUIDE FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ......... 328

APPENDIX 4 ......................................................................................................................... 332

GROSSARY OF EKEGUSII AND KISWAHILI WORDS ................................................. 332

APPENDIX 5 ......................................................................................................................... 333

SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION IN MIXED METHODS RESEARCH ....................... 333

APPENDIX 6 (a) ................................................................................................................... 334

LIST OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS ..................................................................................... 334

APPENDIX 6 (b) Focus Group Discussion Samples ............................................................ 339

APPENDIX 7 ......................................................................................................................... 351

SONG (AKANG'AINA AMANDAZI) ................................................................................ 351

APPENDIX 8 ......................................................................................................................... 353

AUTHORIZATION BY KISII EDUCATION OFFICE ....................................................... 353

APPENDIX 9 ......................................................................................................................... 354

RESEARCH PERMIT BY NACOSTI .................................................................................. 354

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... 355

xiii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The realization of this study resulted from the contribution of many individuals. First and

foremost, i give much gratitude to the almighty God for granting me good health and the peace of mind during the entire period of the study. I acknowledge with many thanks my supervisors Prof. Christian Thibon for believing in me and giving full support, guidance and encouragement throughout the study. Prof. Paul Nyaga Mbatia provided expert advice and insisted on work thoroughly done. Without the incredible mentorship and apt academic counsel of the duo, my thesis work could have turned a frustrating and overwhelming pursuit. The enormous

contribution by Dr. Edward Ontita towards the form and content of this work is gratefully

acknowledged. I am grateful to Dr. Valerie Golaz and Dr. Yvan Droz who were rapporteurs to my thesis work and Dr. Comi Toulabor, the President of the Jury committee. I would like to thank Dr.Herve Maupeu and Dr.Jerome Lafarge, who at different times during the period of my study programme as Directors at UPPA- LAM offered airport reception and provided the working space and reference material at the documentation centre at University of Pau. Mme Celia Guenebeaud was always at hand to ensure that my annual registration was up to date and facilitated the processing of my academic journeys to Paris, Bordeaux and Cologne at various times during the period of my study. Special gratitude goes to the staff at the Doctoral school for great support by Mme Danielle Cacquineau, Veronique and Gaelle Seillade. Tony Cirot was often at hand to assist whenever i encountered technical difficulties in the computer laboratory. I express my gratitude to the staff at Sciences Po Bordeaux: Mme Elizabeth Vignati and Celine Thiriot gave me the welcome reception, while Mme Marie Francoise Palueau organized for study material retrieval. I am thankful to the embassy of France in Kenya for awarding me the generous scholarship that enabled me to travel to the University of Pau to embark on the PhD programme. I would like to specifically point out the efforts of Dr. Severine Fogel, Mme Elisa Riquer and Madame Sarah Ayito - Nguema for their efficiency and dedication in helping with arranging Flight booking and accommodation in France on numerous occasions. In Paris, my Campus France contact persons, namely: Roubert Nathalie and Thellison Edwige were helpful in planning my accommodation and welfare while in Pau and whenever I travelled within France for academic trips. For my fieldwork in Masaba, IFRA, Nairobi provided me with a field Work grant twice and their generosity is gratefully acknowledged. I thank my employer, Maasai Mara University for accepting to grant me study leave to pursue this course and for providing subsistence to my family while I was out of work for the entire study period. xiv Thanks also go to my classmates in Pau: Fabian Kigadye, Naiko Odillon Anderson, Adjilane Abdou, Otiso Wycliffe, David Okello, Joyce Kaguta, Edna Masita, Sidi Traole, Xavier Fonseca Francois, David Mbuthia, Kennedy Gitu, Olivier Provini, Charles Khamala and Idriss Mane forquotesdbs_dbs25.pdfusesText_31

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