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CALIFORNIA

STYLE

MANUAL

Fourth Edition

A HANDBOOK OF LEGAL STYLE

FOR CALIFORNIA COURTS

AND LAWYERS

By

EdwardW.Jessen

Reporter of Decisions

for the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal . W

4-23370-9

©1942, 1961, 1977, 1986,2000

by the Supreme Court of California

Page composition by Imagelnk, San Francisco

Cover design by Side by Side Designs, San Francisco

Editiorial preparation and manufacturing

West Group, California"s Official Legal Publisher

FOREWORD

For almost 60 years, the legal community of California has benefited from the publication of the California Style Manual. The manual provides a guide to standard legal style in the appellate courts, and benefits litigants and jurists alike by establishing a common stylistic base that permits read- ers to focus readily on substance rather than form. In the 14 years since publication of the third edition of the Style Manual, much has changed in the processes used for creating legal docu- ments. A personal computer on the desk is now the rule rather than the exception for most lawyers and judges. At the same time, the availability of diverse reference resources has expanded the ease and scope of research. This latest revision of the manual reflects and responds to many of the changes that the legal profession has experienced, while maintaining a steady hold on the practices that have served the courts and the profession so well. I extend my appreciation to the Reporter of Decisions and those who have assisted him in the task of revising this valuable reference tool.

Ronald M. George

Chief Justice of California

iii

SUPREME COURT APPROVAL

To the Reporter of Decisions:

Pursuant to the authority conferred on the Supreme Court of Cali- fornia by Government Code section 68902, the California Style Manual, Fourth Edition, as submitted to this court for review is approved and adopted as the official organ for the styles to be used in the publication of the Official Reports.

Dated: December 21,1999

Ronald M. George

Chief Justice of California

iv

PREFACE

The fourth edition of the California Style Manual endeavors to con- tinue a tradition started in 1942 by Bernard E. Witkin, as Reporter of Deci- sions, with the first edition of the manual. In the subsequent 58 years, the California Style Manual has evolved from a guide primarily intended for court staffs, the Reporter of Decisions Office, and the Official Reports pub- lisher to become the standard for legal office style in California. In addition to Bernard E. Witkin, the contributors to this tradition have been William Nankervis, who wrote the second edition in 1961, and Robert E. Formichi, who edited the second revised edition (1976) and the third edition (1986). Since publication of the third edition in 1986, revolutionary changes have occurred in the nature and sources oflegal reference material (e.g., the Internet and other modes of legal research by computer) and in how legal documents are produced by computer. Reflecting these changes and main- taining the style manual as a comprehensive, convenient, and current refer- ence for California appellate styles required a collaborative effort drawing on the experience and expertise of many. Listed below are those who reviewed drafts of various chapters, and those who otherwise contributed to the editing of this fourth edition. Special thanks, however, for the enthusi- astic contributions of the Reporter"s staff, and for the careful review of all chapters by Peter Belton, the Supreme Court"s senior attorney with 40 years of service.

Peter Belton, Supreme Court Attorney

Hal Cohen, Supreme Court Attorney

Guy Colburn, Supreme Court Attorney

Brenda Cox, Reporter"s Office Legal Editor

Sheila D"Ambrosio, Reporter"s Office Legal Editor

Irene Dieter, Court of Appealjudicial Assistant

Robert Dobbs, West Group Copyeditor

Steve Gilmartin, Contract Copyeditor

Blair Hoffman, Supreme Court Attorney

v

CALIFORNIA STYLE MANUAL

Robin D. Kojima, West Group Attorney Editor

Edith V. Lavin, Reporter"s Office Legal Editor

Levin, Court of Appeal Attorney

Terry Mead, Supreme Court Attorney

Bennett N. Miller, West Group Editor

Herbert F. Miller, West Group Attorney Editor

Christine Miklas, Administrative Office of the Courts

Iris Okura, West Group Editor

Eric Ratner, Supreme Court Attorney

Geraldine Rausch, Assistant Reporter of Decisions

Robert Reichman, Supreme Court Attorney

Milton Roberts, Reporter"s Office Legal Editor

Victor Rowley, Administrative Office of the Courts

Carol D. Sakamoto, Reporter"s Office Legal Editor

Jeffrey Shea, West Group Attorney Editor

Alma Sifuentes, Court of Appeal judicial Assistant Cynthia Sletto, West Group Director and Managing Editor

Kayko Sonoda, Court of Appeal judicial Assistant

Ted Stroll, Supreme Court Attorney

Norm Vance, Supreme Court Attorney

Sue Walenta, Supreme Court Judicial Assistant

Katie Willsey, Court of Appealjudicial Assistant

San Francisco

January 2000Edward W. Jessen

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Case Authority1

A. General Rules of Citation4

§1:1 Initial references; full citations4

§1:2 Subsequent references6

§1:3 Citing recently filed opinions; computer-based sources8 §1:4 Introductory signals: see; cf.; compare with; accord 9

§1:5 Order of cited authority10

§1:6 Parenthetical description of case11

§1:7 Punctuation in series of citations12

§1:8 Citation to footnote12

§1:9 Citation to appendix13

§1:10 Citation oflead, plurality, concurring, or dissenting opinion13 §1:11 Noting subsequent history of cited case14

B. California Opinions16

1. Basic citation styles16

§1:12 Official Reports and parallel citations16

§1:13 California Supreme Court opinions17

§1:14 California Court of Appeal opinions17

§1:15 Superior court appellate division opinions17

§1:16 Trial court case references18

§1:17 Cases pending on appeal; related subsequent history18 §1:18 Citing recently filed California opinions20

§1:19 Advance pamphlet citations20

§1:20 Citation to opinion modifications in advance pamphlets21 §1:21 California Unreported Cases and other early reports21 §1:22 California administrative adjudications22

§1:23 Attorney General opinions25

§1:24 State Bar Court opinions25

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CALIFORNIA STYLEMANUAL

2. Effect of California publication rules: . 25

§1:25 Overview25

§1:26 Citation styles for exceptions26

§1:27 Conforming references to superseded opinions;

Reporter"s Notes28

C. Cases From Other States29

§1:28 Official reporters and regional reporters; universal citations29

§1:29 Citation styles30

§1:30 State and reporter abbreviations31

§1:31 Early, renumbered, and reprinted state reports 32

D. Federal Cases32

§1:32 United States Supreme Court opinions32

§1:33 Intermediate federal appellate opinions34

§1:34 Federal trial court opinions35

§1:35 Federal agency adjudications37

E. International Cases38

§1:36 English decisions38

§1:37 Other nations" court decisions39

Chapter2Constitutions, Statutes, Rules, and Related Materials41

A. Constitutions45

§2:1 General considerations; abbreviations45

§2:2United States Constitution and amendments45

§2:3 California Constitution45

§2:4 New, former, amended, or redesignated provisions 46

B.California Codes, Statutes, Regulations,

Ordinances, and Charters47

§2:5 General guidelines47

§2:6 California code sections48

§2:7 California code subdivisions and other

enumerations49

§2:8 Code abbreviations51

§2:9 Annotated codes53

§2:10 Recent enactments; advance legislative services 53

§2:11 Statutes and Amendments to the Codes;

session laws54

§2:12 Uncodified initiative acts55

§2:13 Uncodified statutes56

§2:14 Repeals, reenactments, and amendments56

§2:15 Statutory titles and headings57

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

§2:16 Regulatory material58

§2:17 Local ordinances, codes, and charters60

C. California State and Local Court Rules; State Bar Rules 61

§2:18 California Rules of Court61

§2:19 Local appellate court rules, policies, and practices62

§2:20 Local trial court rules62

§2:21 Standards of Judicial Administration, Code of

Judicial Conduct, and Commission on Judicial

Performance policies and rules63

§2:22 Judicial Council reports and comments63

§2:23 State Bar rules and standards64

D. California Legislative History and Governmental

Materials65

§2:24 General guidelines65

§2:25 Bills and subsequent legislative action65

§2:26 Senate and Assembly resolutions66

§2:27 Constitutional amendments67

§2:28 Legislative committee reports and analyses67 §2:29 Legislative Counsel opinions, reports, and digests 69

§2:30 Other legislative sources69

§2:31 Legislative journals, Governor"s messages, and executive orders70

§2:32 Government reports from departments and

agencies70

§2:33 Law Revision Commission reports,

recommendations, and comments71

§2:34 Ballot pamphlets72

§2:35 Letters and memoranda73

§2:36 Internet sources of legislative history information 74

E. Federal Statutes, Rules, and Other Materials75

§2:37 United States Code75

§2:38 Public Laws and Statutes at Large76

§2:39 Popular names77

§2:40 Internal Revenue Code77

§2:41 Congressional bills and resolutions77

§2:42 Congressional reports, documents, hearings, debates, and addresses78

§2:43 Treaties and international agreements80

§2:44 Federal administrative rules and regulations -

Code of Federal Regulations81

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CALIFORNIA STYLE MANUAL

§2:45 Agency documents; topical services81

§2:46 Federal court rules82

§2:47 United States Code Congressional and

Administrative News83

§2:48 Executive orders and presidential proclamations 83

F. Model Codes and Standards; Uniform Laws84

§2:49 Model codes and uniform laws84

§2:50 American Bar Association codes, standards, and opinions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84 Chapter 3 Treatises, Textbooks, Restatements, Periodicals, and Other Secondary Sources87

§3:1

§3:2

§3:3

§3:4

§3:5

§3:6

§3:7

§3:8

§3:9

§3:10

§3:11

§3:12

§3:13

§3:14

§3:15Treatises, textbooks, practice guides, and Witkin ..... 89

Continuing Education of the Bar and Center for

Judicial Education and Research publications94

Legal encyclopedias, Blackstone"s Commentaries 95

Dictionaries96

Jury instructions: CAIJIC and BAJI.96

Restatements98

Annotated reporters98

Law reviews and bar journals100

Topical law reporters and services102

Legal citation manuals103

Magazines103

Newspapers104

Books, essays, pamphlets, reference works, and

interviews104 Miscellaneous studies, reports, hearings, manuals, and speeches107

Computer-based sources108

Chapter 4 Style Mechanics: Capitalization, Quotes, Numbers,

Italics, and PunctuationIII

A. Capitalization116

§4:1 State courts116

§4:2 Federal courts117

§4:3 Judicial officers118

§4:4 Administrative agencies, bodies, and districts 119

§4:5 Executive and administrative officers120

§4:6 Legislative bodies and officers122

§4:7 States, counties, cities, towns, and geographic terms123 x

TABLEOF CONTENTS

§4:8 Proper names, derivative words, numbered items, and labeled items124

§4:9 Headings and subheadings125

§4:10 Constitutions, amendments, statutes, and rules 125

§4:11 Party designations128

B. Quoted Material128

§4:12 Exact correspondence with original; fragments 128

§4:13 Noting omissions129

§4:14 Bracketed substitutions for omissions132

§4:15 Error in quoted source132

§4:16 Explanatory insertions in quoted material134 §4:17 Completing citations within quoted material 134 §4:18 Adjusting quoted sentence for author"s sentence 135 §4:19 Original paragraph formatting not followed 135

§4:20 Line spacing and margins; multiparagraph

quotes and block quotes135 §4:21 Multiparagraph quotes and adopted opinions, for opinion authors136

§4:22 Quotations within quoted material138

§4:23 Quotation marks with other punctuation138

§4:24 Quotation marks for emphasis138

§4:25 Footnotes in quoted material.139

§4:26 Strike-out type in quoted material.140

§4:27 Italics and underscoring in quoted material140

C. Numbers141

§4:28 General rules governing numbers141

§4:29 Dates142

§4:30 Time143

§4:31 Numbers indicating sequence143

§4:32 Percentages, fractions, and ordinals143

§4:33 Money144

D. Italics145

§4:34 Consistent use ofitalics145

§4:35 Indicating italics in manuscript145

§4:36 Italicizing Latin and foreign language words and phrases146

§4:37 Use with anglicized words148

§4:38 Italics for emphasis148

§4:39 Italics with citations148

E. Hyphens149

§4:40 General guidelines149

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