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A GRAMMAR AND LEXICON OF HAKKA

HISTORICAL MATERIALS FROM THE BASEL

MISSION LIBRARY

by

Hilary Chappell and Christine Lamarre

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Collection des Cahiers de Linguistique

Asie Orientale

8 ÉCOLE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES

Paris ± 2005

Directeurs de la Collection

Viviane Alleton

Alain Peyraube

EHESS

54, Bd Raspail

75006 Paris

© Paris, 2005, CRLAO

École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales

CONTENTS

xvii xxi xxiii xxv xxxi xxxiii

INTRODUCTION

1. THE HAKKA PEOPLE AND THEIR LANGUAGE 3

2. THE STANDARD VARIETY OF MEIXIAN HAKKA 5

3. LANGUAGE USE ± SPOKEN AND WRITTEN 6

4. SOCIAL CUSTOMS 7

PART ONE: THE BASEL MISSION IN CHINA AND ITS LINGUISTIC OPUS

1. CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN THE HAKKA FIELD OF THE 19TH CENTURY 11

1.1. The Basel Evangelical Missionary Society 11

1.2. Other Protestant missionary organizations in the Hakka field 16

1.2.1. English Presbyterian Mission 16

1.2.2. American Baptist Mission 17

1.3. Missions Etrangères de Paris 18

2. THE LINGUISTIC VALUE OF THE BASEL MATERIAL 19

2.1. Appraisals from various scholars and the question of authorship 19

2.2. Early comments on the Basel material: which dialect of Hakka? 21

2.3. Internal evidence: certain phonological and grammatical features 23

x CONTENTS

3. ON THE LEPSIUS SYSTEM OF ROMANIZATION 28

3.1. Karl Richard Lepsius (1810±1884) 28

3.2. The Lepsius system of romanization and its use in the Chinese curriculum 29

3.3. Problems of the Lepsius system for use in publication 31

4. THE TRANSLATION AND EDITING OF HAKKA BIBLES 33

4.1. The process of translation and revision 33

4.2. Romanized transliteration versus Chinese characters 34

4.3. Corresponding romanized and Chinese character versions 37

5. AN OVERVIEW OF THE HAKKA WRITTEN CORPORA AVAILABLE TO SCHOLARS 37

PART TWO: A CONCISE GRAMMAR OF HAKKA: A TRANSLATED AND

ANNOTATED EDITION OF (1909)

1. ON THE LEXICON, PHONOLOGY AND TONES 41

1.1. Only monosyllabic words 41

1.2. The possible sounds 41

1.3. The Lepsius script 42

1.4. The tones 42

2. MORPHOLOGY 44

2.1. Nouns 44

2.1.1. Noun formation 44

2.1.2. Numeral determiners [Classifiers] 48

2.1.3. Collectives (Four character phrases) 58

2.1.4. The diminutive 58

2.1.5. Case formation 58

2.2. Pronouns 62

2.2.1. Personal pronouns 62

2.2.2. Possessive pronouns 63

2.2.3. Demonstrative pronouns 64

2.2.4. The anaphoric pronoun 64

2.2.5. Interrogative pronouns 65

2.2.6. Indefinite pronouns 66

2.3. Adjectives 68

2.3.1. General 68

2.3.2. Comparison 71

2.3.2.1. The comparative 71

71
CONTENTS xi 71

2.3.2.2. The superlative 76

76
78

2.4. Numerals 79

2.4.1. Definite numerals 79

2.4.1.1. Cardinal numerals 79

2.4.1.2. The ordinals 84

2.4.2. Indefinite numerals: see §2.2.6. on indefinite pronouns 86 .

2.4.3. Complex numerals 86

2.4.3.1. Distributives 86

2.4.3.2. Multiplicatives and iteratives 86

2.4.3.3. Special items 87

2.4.3.4. Fractions 87

2.4.3.5. Some technical expressions 87

2.5. Circumstantials (or Adverbial phrases) 88

2.5.1. Locative 88

2.5.2. Temporal 91

2.5.3. Manner 94

2.6. Prepositions 95

2.7. Conjunctions 97

2.8. Verbs 102

2.8.1. Present 102

2.8.2. Past 104

2.8.3. Future 109

2.8.4. Imperative 110

2.8.5. Other postverbal particles (directionals and completives) 111

2.8.7. Various German auxiliary verbs 118

2.8.8. Composite expressions 123

2.8.9. Negation 123

3. ON SYNTAX 130

3.1. General rules 130

3.2. Indirect speech 132

3.3. Questions 132

3.4. Indirect questions 135

3.5. Modal clauses 135

3.6. Exclamation forms 136

3.7. Subordinate clauses 136

xii CONTENTS

3.7.1. Locative sentences 137

3.7.2. Temporal sentences 137

3.7.3. Adverbial clauses of manner 139

3.7.4. Comparative sentences 140

3.7.5. Proportional or relational sentences 140

3.7.6. Restrictive clauses 141

3.7.7. Consequence clauses 141

3.7.8. Causal clauses 142

3.7.9. Purposive clauses 143

3.7.10. Conditional clauses 144

3.7.11. Concessive clauses 145

PART THREE: A CONCISE LEXICON OF HAKKA FOR BEGINNERS: A

TRANSLATED AND ANNOTATED EDITION OF

(1909)

1. PREFACE TO THE ANNOTATED ENGLISH EDITION OF THE LEXICON 149

1.1. On the two editions of the Lexicon 149

1.2. Format and conventions 150

1.3. Modifications to spelling and punctuation 151

1.4. Addition of Chinese characters 153

1.5. Dialectal words in the German original 153

2. GERMAN-ENGLISH-HAKKA EDITION 155

2.1. Religion 155

2.2. The universe 161

2.3. Weather 163

2.4. Town and country 165

2.5. Times and measures 169

2.6. Tools and utensils (used in the home) 174

2.7. The house and its parts 181

2.8. Furniture and similar things 183

2.9. The body 184

2.10. Illnesses and medicines 187

2.11. Food and drink 192

2.12. Clothing 199

2.13. Relatives 201

2.14. Title and office 208

2.15. The animal world 211

CONTENTS xiii

2.16. Plants 215

2.17. Minerals 217

2.18. Occupations 219

2.19. Geographical names 221

2.19.1. General 221

2.19.2. Chinese 223

2.19.3. Outside China 226

2.19.4. Biblical 229

2.20. Names of people in the Bible and in history 231

2.21. All kinds of nouns 236

2.22. Adjectives 250

2.23. Verbs 257

2.24. Adverbials 275

2.25. Prepositions 281

2.26. Conjunctions 283

2.27. Travelling 285

2.27.1. Overland 285

2.27.2. On water 294

2.28. Polite turns of phrase 297

PART FOUR: SAMPLES OF THE ORIGINAL TEXTS 303

1. A DIGRAPHIC EDITION OF RELIGIOUS TEXTS: HAKKA CATECHISM FOR 305

CONFIRMATION (1884)

2. KLEINE HAKKA-GRAMMATIK (1909)

2.1. Table of Contents 306

2.2. Page 16 from Part II.A.5 on Case 307

3. KLEINES DEUTSCH-HAKKA WÖRTERBUCH FÜR ANFÄNGER (1909)

3.1. Table of Contents from the First Edition 308

3.2. Table of Contents from the Second Edition 309

3.3. First Edition, p.46 (extract from Section 21: Travelling) 310

3.4. Second Edition, p. 69 (extract from Section 25: Verbs) 311

4. ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, CHAPTER 5

4.1. Hakka edition in Chinese characters (1883), p. 12a 312

4.2. Hakka edition in Lepsius romanization (1892), p. 20 313

4.3. Mandarin edition (1910), p. 268 314

4.4. English and French edition (n.d.), p. 366 315

xiv CONTENTS

5. FIRST BOOK OF READING

5.1. First page of the edition in Chinese characters (1880) 316

5.2. First page of the romanized edition (1879) 317

5.3. Chinese character edition, section 85, p. 22b, (1880) 318

5.4. Lepsius romanized edition, section 85, p. 44, (1879) 319

5.5. Title page of the romanized edition, (1879) 320

PART FIVE: HAKKA DIALECT WRITING: REPRESENTATION IN CHARACTERS

VERSUS ROMANIZATION

1. THE CONTROVERSY OVER ROMANIZATION AND THE SHIFT TO CHINESE 323

CHARACTERS

2. DIFFERENCES IN CHARACTER USE AMONG VARIOUS TRANSLATIONS OF 327

THE HAKKA BIBLE

3. A SHORT GLOSSARY OF HAKKA DIALECTAL WORDS 331

PART SIX: A DESCRIPTION AND LIST OF THE HAKKA MATERIAL HELD IN

THE BASEL MISSION LIBRARY

1. HAKKA BIBLES AND OTHER WORKS IN HAKKA HELD BY THE BASEL 338

MISSION LIBRARY

1.1. The Chinese Collection of the Basel Mission Society 338

1.2.Correspondence of our bibliographical information to works in other collections 339

1.3. Romanized works 339

2. BIBLES 340

2.1. Romanized Bibles or portions of the Bible in Lepsius script 340

2.2. Hakka Bibles or portions of the Bible in Chinese characters 348

2.2.1. New Testament portions, including portions thereof, in Hakka 348

(Chinese character editions)

2.2.2. The revised versions 352

2.2.3. Old Testament, including portions thereof, in Hakka (Chinese 355

character editions)

2.2.4. Whole Bibles in Hakka (Chinese character editions) 357

3. OTHER RELIGIOUS OR EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS IN HAKKA 358

3.1. Various church books in romanized Hakka (Lepsius script) 358

CONTENTS xv

3.2. Hymn books and other miscellaneous works 359

3.3. Schoolbooks in romanized Hakka (Lepsius) 360

3.3.1. Biblical stories 360

3.3.2. Readers 361

3.3.3. Other schoolbooks 362

3.4. Other religious or educational publications in Hakka (Chinese character editions) 363

3.5. Various undated religious and educational works 367

4. GRAMMAR BOOKS, HAKKA READERS, AND DICTIONARIES 368

4.1. On the 19th century manuscript dictionaries held by the Archives 368

4.2. Dictionaries and grammars published by the Basel Mission Library 369

4.3. Other dictionaries held by the Basel Mission Library 370

4.4. An undated manuscript of a Hakka dictionary held in the British Library 371

4.5. Hakka readers 371

5. A MONTHLY REVIEW IN LEPSIUS SCRIPT: 373

6. OTHER HAKKA BIBLES 373

6.1. The Baptist versions 373

6.2. The Wukingfu versions (English Presbyterian Mission) 374

BIBLIOGRAPHY 377

PREFACE

works of the Hakka corpus held in Basel provides the original inspiration for this book. He was able to examine the manuscripts and publications on Hakka first- hand during a visit to Switzerland in 1971, describing them in a subsequent publication (Hashimoto 1971). This was the motivation for visit to Basel in 19961997 to consult the Basel Mission Library and Archives for the purpose of carrying out research on Hakka. Here she was able to consult original copies of both the Hakka Grammar and its accompanying GermanHakka

Lexicon (first and second editions).1

The presentation of the English edition of the Hakka Grammar in Part 2 of this volume is, to our knowledge, the earliest ever published for any dialect of Hakka. The original volume, a small book (11 x 17.5 cm., 50 pages) entitled Kleine Hakka±Grammatik, was issued in 1909, together with a small lexicon Basel Evangelische Missions-Gesellschaft, a Protestant missionary society based in Basel, Switzerland. The translation into English of this Lexicon is given in Part 3. These two volumes are the output of more than fifty years spent in the Hakka field in Guangdong province during which Basel missionaries, including several native speakers of Hakka, accomplished a huge linguistic opus in the compilation of dictionaries, the translation of the Bible, and the editing of textbooks for Hakka students. republished provided a further strong motivation for us to translate, edit and annotate the two books which constitute the core of the present volume. Therefore, apart from its intrinsic value, the grammar and the lexicon are interesting in that they describe the same language as that reflected in the enormous written corpora of the Basel Mission Library.2 These are available to the

1 We refer readers to the bibliography in this volume for works on Hakka by the late Mantaro

Hashimoto (19321987).

2 The Basel Mission is located at Missionsstrasse 21, Basel. See the Basel Mission Librarys

website for details on access. xviii PREFACE researcher in both romanized and character form, reflecting in the main the variety of Hakka spoken some one hundred years ago in the Hong Kong area, known then as Sin-on.3 Sin-on Hakka, or Xinan 㕘⬱ in Mandarin, is spoken in the present- since been renamed Baoan ⮞⬱. It diverges somewhat from the standard kind of Guangdong province (see §2 of the Introduction, and §2.2 in Part 1). The grammar and the lexicon thus function as a key to this corpus. Combined with research on the contemporary Hakka dialect spoken in the vicinity of Hong Kong, they can provide the researcher with first-hand data for historical studies. Few non-standard Sinitic languages allow for this kind of research, due to the lack of written records, apart from Southern Min for which we possess 16th century materials, and Yue and Wu to a lesser extent (as described in Ramsey

1987; also in the introductory sections in Chappell 1992, 2000).

Appreciation of the German texts in their original form would be likely to pose obstacles for the majority of contemporary non-Germanophone scholars, even if they are able to read academic German. This is because the texts employ a Gothic calligraphy which is aesthetically pleasing but somewhat difficult to read. The Gothic script employs highly divergent curving forms for the same letter in upper and lower case, paradoxically combined with similar shapes for certain letters of the alphabet, suceasy to confuse.4 In addition to this, the Hakka examples are transcribed in the outdated Lepsius romanization system, loosely based itself on the German alphabet, for example, w in this transcription should be pronounced as [v]. The original fonts for both the

German and the Hakka may be inspected in Part 4.

Alleton and Lackner (1999: 1-9) observe a range of thought-provoking views prevailing in different epochs and literary traditions on the role of the translator to find the delicate balance between fidelity and stylistic elegance, to be a mediator between cultures, to create a new élan in interpretation of the work, to be a magician, and entrance the reader. Our much more modest ambition for these two new translated editions with grammatical notes in the case of the Grammar and annotations for words and lexemes in the case of the Lexicon is to make these documents readily accessible to specialists in Chinese linguistics, including researchers in typology, dialectology and Mandarin syntax, as well as to scholars without any research specialty in Sinitic languages at all ones who

3 See the presentation of the materials held in the Basel Mission Library in §5 of Part 1, the

samples in Part 4, and the annotated list in Part 6 for details.

4 This writing style is called die gotische Schrift or die Fraktur in German.

PREFACE xix would be fascinated, nonetheless, by the description of a non-standard and little- known variety of Chinese.

Paris, Tokyo H. Chappell, C. Lamarre

LIST OF TABLES AND MAPS

Map 1 The sphere of activity of the Basel Mission in 14 the province of Canton, China Table 1.1 Initials in Hakka dialects 24 Table 1.2 Finals in Hakka dialects 24 Table 1.3 Common lexical items in Hakka dialects 25 Table 3.1 A schematic representation of the important 204-205 Table 5.1 Excerpt from Hakka character tables found in 20th 328 century Bibles Insertion at the beginning of the 1931 edition of the

Hakka Bible

Table 5.3 Correspondence between Chinese characters in 333 different documents for Hakka-specific morphemes

NOTES ON THE AUTHORS

HILARY CHAPPELL, La Trobe University (Melbourne), EHESS-CNRS, CRLAO (Paris) Hilary Chappell, formerly a Reader and Associate Professor in the Linguistics Department at La Trobe University in Melbourne, has been appointed to the Études at the Ecole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris. She gained her PhD on Mandarin Chinese syntax from the Australian National University in 1984. Her publications include Sinitic grammar: synchronic and diachronic perspectives (Oxford University Press, 2001); a jointly edited volume with William McGregor, entitled The grammar of inalienability: a typological perspective on body part terms and the part-whole relation (Mouton de Gruyter, 1995) and a large number of articles on the syntax and typology of Chinese languages. She is currently engaged in a large scale typological study of Sinitic languages, with the goal of revealing the extent of their grammatical diversity.

CHRISTINE LAMARRE, University of Tokyo (Komaba)

Christine Lamarre is a Professor in the Language and Information Sciences Department at the University of Tokyo. She gained doctoral degrees from both EHESS, Paris, in 1985 and Tsukuba University, Japan, in 1987. The title of her doctoral thesis is Postverbal DE in Diachrony and the Formation of the Chinese Aspectual System (in French and Japanese). Her major research field is the historical and dialectal syntax of Chinese languages with numerous publications on potential complement structures, adverbials, early Hakka corpora, not to mention syntactic features specific to northern dialects such as Hebei. Her current research focuses on the linguistic encoding of spatial motion, the link between telicity and resultative constructions of various kinds, and grammaticalization pathways leading to modal forms.

CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS VOLUME

The translated editions

As observant readers will notice from the reproductions of sample pages in Part 4, neither of the original books ± Kleine HakkaGrammatik or Kleines Deutsch Hakka examples were simply transcribed by the romanization system named after Dr. Lepsius (see Part 1, chapter 3).1 We have decided to keep the original Lepsius transcription, except for a few adaptations made for technical reasons, explained below. Apart from the idiomatic English translation, certain aspects of the contentquotesdbs_dbs25.pdfusesText_31

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