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Handbook of

hydrocolloids

Second edition

Edited by

G. O. Phillips and P. A. Williams

Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park,

Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK

www.woodheadpublishing.com Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road,

Daryaganj, New Delhi ± 110002, India

Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW,

Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA

First published 2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited and CRC Press LLC

ß2009, Woodhead Publishing Limited

The authors have asserted their moral rights.

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors and the publishers cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors nor the publishers, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited. The consent of Woodhead Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from Woodhead Publishing Limited for such copying. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Woodhead Publishing Limited ISBN 978-1-84569-414-2 (book) Woodhead Publishing Limited ISBN 978-1-84569-587-3 (e-book)

CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-0820-7

CRC Press order number: N10074

The publishers' policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp which is processed using acid-free and elemental chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publishers ensure that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Typeset by Godiva Publishing Services Limited, Coventry, West Midlands, UK Printed by TJ International Limited, Padstow, Cornwall, UK The first edition of theHandbook of Hydrocolloidswas published in 2000 and was exceptionally well received. It has been used as the substantive reference book in the subject. It was not meant to be a textbook, but a convenient reference to provide the relevant information readily and at the same time authoritatively. The chapters were all written by top specialists in their fields. Since the year

2000, the subject has moved on with remarkable speed. The dominant industrial

influence has been the succession of mergers and acquisitions. The names of very many of the companies which participated over the years have either disappeared or now form part of bigger amalgamations. The specialist single product producer has given way to the global multi-ingredient suppliers. Now it is the global giants who dominate the ever increasing technological industry. While such progress is, I suppose, inevitable, it has taken its toll on individuals who are finding it increasingly difficult to keep pace with changing materials, technologies, loyalties and names. Much corporate memory has been lost in these frantic changes. In this Second Edition we have kept this in mind and now provide a single and reliable reference volume where hydrocolloids structure,functionality, synergistic behaviour, applications and regulatory aspects are brought together. These are the new improvements we have taken to ensure that we fully meet the core and developing hydrocolloid areas: ·First, all chapters in the first edition were re-visited and, where necessary, these chapters were up-dated. ·Now there is a much greater emphasis on the protein hydrocolloids. New chapters have therefore been included on egg proteins and vegetable proteins (soybean, pea, wheat, and other related protein isolates) and the more recent information about fish gelatin has been added.

Preface

·We have increased the coverage of microbial polysaccharides, with a new chapter on the newly emerging microbial polysaccharides such as pullulan, scleroglucan, elsinan, levan, alternan, etc., which are now moving out of the scientific novelty area into practical use. The developing role of the exudate gums has been recognized, with a new chapter on gum ghatti included. This old gum is rapidly making a resurgence, particularly as a clean label natural emulsifier and adhesive. New sections have been added also on mesquite gum and larchwood arabinogalactans. Protein-hydrocolloid complexes are now extensively studied in order to gain synergy from both components. A new chapter is, therefore, included to chart these new developments. There is a new chapter on the function of hydrocolloids as emulsifiers and the factors which determine the stabilization and long-term stability of the emulsions. The customer is now not only demanding convenience but also healthier foods. The functional foods, or nutraceuticals, have now come of age. Sales of such foods have risen exponentially. Obesity, calorific value, fat replacement, glycaemic index and dietary fibre are at the forefront of the medical and political platform. A new chapter has been added to acknowledge this vital new emphasis in using hydrocolloids in foods. Information has also been added about health aspects where relevant to other updated chapters. ·There is a complete new chapter on the extraction, structure, analysis, physical chemical properties, technology, applications and health benefits of arabinoxylans. Without question it can prove rewarding to become well aquainted with the hydrocolloids described in this book. The tumultuous growth associated with the revolution already referred to is both confusing and perplexing. The choice of hydrocolloids is larger but fewer and fewer companies are in a position to provide them because, as they become larger, each company tries to provide the widest possible range of hydrocolloids. Due to the rash of recent mergers, a single company can now provide galactomannans, guar and locust bean gum, pectins, alginates, carrageenans, xanthan and gelatin. Added to this, the technological developments are leading to the crossing of traditional boundaries. Carrageenan is challenging the functionality of gelatin. Starch is trying to replicate the behaviour of gum arabic, and so on. Therefore, there is no substitute for studying the hydrocolloids individually and objectively, in order to avoid this over-concentration of expertise and supply. We hope that this handbook in its new and enlarged form will assist in this respect. We welcome any comments or suggestions. We certainly hope that it will assist all levels of reader, from the student to the experienced scientist, to understand this rapidly growing, enjoyable yet challenging subject.

Glyn O. Phillips and Peter A. Williams

Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Ltd and the Centre for Water Soluble Polymers,

Glyndwr Universityxxiv Preface

(* = main contact)

Chapters 1 and 11

P. A. Williams

Glyndwr University

Plas Coch

Mold Road

Wrexham LL11 2AW

UK

E-mail: p.a.williams@glyndwr.ac.uk

G. O. Phillips

Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Ltd

45 Old Bond Street

London W15 4AQ

E-mail: Phillipsglyn@aol.com

Chapter 2

E. Dickinson

Procter Department of Food Science

University of Leeds

Leeds LS2 9JT

UK

Chapter 3

C. A. Edwards* and A. L. Garcia

Human Nutrition Section

Division of Developmental Medicine

University of Glasgow

Yorkhill Hospitals

Glasgow G3 8SJ

UK

E-mail:

c.a.edwards@clinmed.gla.ac.uk

Chapter 4

R. ArmiseÂn*

Hispanagar S. A. R & D Director

(Retired)

Independent Chemistry Consultant

Calle Sierra Ovejero 8

Pozuelo de AlarcoÂn

28224 Madrid

Spain

E-mail: armisen.consulting@

armisen.e.telefonica.net

Contributor contact details

E-mail: e.dickinson@leeds.ac.uk

F. Galatas

Hispanagar S.A.

Calle Pedro de Valdivia 34

28006 Madrid

Spain

Chapter 5

P. Taggart

National Starch Food Innovation

Prestbury Court

Greencourts Business Park

333 Styal Road

Manchester M22 5LW

UK

E-mail: pauline.taggart@nstarch.com

J.R. Mitchell*

Division of Food Sciences

Sutton Bonnington Campus

University of Nottingham

Loughborough LE12 5RD

UK

E-mail:

John.Mitchell@nottingham.ac.uk

Chapter 6

I. J. Haug* and K. I. Draget

Norwegian University of Science and

Technology (NTNU)

N-7491 Trondheim

Norway

E-mail: ingvild.haug@biotech.ntnu.no

kurt.draget@biotech.ntnu.no

Chapter 7

Alan Imeson

FMC Biopolymer

12 Langley Close

Epsom

Surrey KT18 6HG

UK

E-mail: alan.imeson@fmc.com

Chapters 8 and 9

Graham Sworn

Danisco France SAS

20 rue Brunel

75017 Paris

France

E-mail: graham.sworn@danisco.com

Chapter 10

W. Wielinga

Hinterdorfstrasse 41

8274-TaÈgerwilen

Switzerland

E-mail:

willemcor.wielinga@bluewin.ch

Chapter 12

Hans-Ulrich Endreû*

Herbstreith & Fox KG Pektin-Fabrik

Neuenbu

Èrg

75305 Neuenbu

Èrg

Germany

E-mail: h.u.endress@herbstreith-

fox.de

Steen Hoejgaard Christensen

CP Kelco ApS

4621 Lille Skensved

Germany

E-mail:

steen.hoejgaard@cpkelco.comxvi Contributors

Chapter 13

J. O'Regan, M. P. Ennis and

D. M. Mulvihill*

Department of Food & Nutritional

Sciences

National University of Ireland Cork

University College Cork

Cork

Ireland

E-mail: d.mulvihill@ucc.ie

Chapter 14

M. Anton*

INRA Nantes Unite 1268 BiopolymeÁres

Interactions Assemblages

BP 71627 44316

Nantes cedex 3

France

E-mail: marc.anton@nantes.inra.fr

F. Nau and V. Lechevalier

DeÂpartement AgroAlimentaire ±

Agrocampus Ouest

UMR INRA Science et Technologie

du Lait et de l'Oeuf

65 rue de Saint Brieuc

CS 84215

35042 Rennes cedex

France

E-mail: francoise.nau@agrocampus-

ouest.fr lecheval@agrocampus-ouest.fr

Chapter 15

S. GonzaÂlez-PeÂrez* and J. B. Arellano

Institute of Natural Resources and

Agrobiology

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones

CientõÂficas (IRNASA-CSIC)

Cordel de Merinas 40-52

37008 Salamanca

SpainE-mail:

sergio.gonzalez@irnasa.csic.es juan.arellano@irnasa.csic.es

Chapter 16

C. Schmitt*

Department of Food Science and

Technology

Nestle Research Center

Vers-chez-les-Blanc

CH-1000 Lausanne 26

Switzerland

E-mail:

christophe.schmitt@rdls.nestle.com

L. Aberkane

Laboratoire d'IngeÂnierie des

BiomoleÂcules

INPL-ENSAIA

2 Avenue de la Fore

Ãt de Haye

F-54505 Vandoeuvre-leÁs-Nancy

cedex 5

France

C. Sanchez

Laboratoire Biocatalyse BioproceÂdeÂs

INPL-ENSAIA

2 Avenue de la Fore

Ãt de Haye

F-54505 Vandoeuvre-leÁs-Nancy

cedex 5

France

Chapter 17

Saphwan Al-Assaf,* G.O. Phillips and

V. Amar

Phillips Hydrocolloids Research

Centre

Glyndwr University, Wrexham

Mold Road

Wrexham LL11 2AW

UK

E-mail: alassafs@glyndwr.ac.uk

Phillipsglyn@aol.comContributors xvii

Chapter 18

Y. LoÂpez-Franco

Laboratory of Biopolymers

Centro de InvestigacioÂn en

AlimentacioÂn y Desarrollo A.C.

P.O. Box 1735

Hermosillo

Sonora 83000

Mexico

I. Higuera-Ciapara

Laboratory of Natural Polymers

Centro de InvestigacioÂn en

AlimentacioÂn y Desarrollo A.C.

P.O. Box 284

Guaymas

Sonora 85440

Mexico

F. M. Goycoolea*

Department of Pharmacy and

Pharmaceutical Technology

Universidad de Santiago de

Compostela

Campus Sur s/n

A Corun

Äa 15782

Spain

E-mail: fm.goycoolea@usc.es

and

Laboratory of Biopolymers

Centro de Investigacion en

Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A. C.

P.O. Box 1735

Hermosillo

Sonora 83000

Mexico

E-mail: fmgoyco@ciad.mx

Weiping Wang

Andi-Johnson Konjac Co Ltd.

1-504 Long Spring Gardens

118 Yang Bridge West Road

Fuzhou

China 350002

E-mail: wwang50650@hotmail.com

Chapter 19

K. Nishinari* and M. Takemasa

Department of Food & Nutrition

Faculty of Human Life Science

Osaka City University

Sumiyoshi

Osaka 558-0022

Japan

E-mail: nishinari@hydrocolloids.org

and

Phillips Hydrocolloid Research

Centre/Glyndwr University

Plas Coch

Mold Road

Wrexham LL11 2AW

UK and

Department of Polymer Science &

Engineering

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Shanghai 200240

People's Republic of China

K. Yamatoya and M. Shirakawa

Dainippon-Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd

1-5-51 Eble, Fukushima

Osaka 553-0001

Japan

Chapter 20

K. Nishinari*

Department of Food & Nutrition

Faculty of Human Life Science

Osaka City University

Sumiyoshi

Osaka 558-0022

Japan E-mail: nishinari@hydrocolloids.orgxviii Contributors and

Phillips Hydrocolloid Research

Centre/Glyndwr University

Plas Coch

Mold Road

Wrexham LL11 2AW

UK and

Department of Polymer Science &

Engineering

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Shanghai 200240

People's Republic of China

H. Zhang

Department of Polymer Science &

Engineering

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Shanghai 200240

People's Republic of China

T. Funami

Hydrocolloid Laboratory

San-Ei Gen F.F.I. Inc.

Toyonaka

Osaka 561-8588

Japan

Chapter 21

J. K. Park

Department of Chemical Engineering

Kyungpook National University

Sankyuk-dong 1370

Buk-ku

Daegu 701-702

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