[PDF] Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
OTEC offers one of the most benign power production technologies since the handling of hazardous substances is limited to the working fluid (e g ammonia)
[PDF] Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Technology
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a technology for generating renewable energy that uses the temperature differential between the deep cold and
[PDF] OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC)
State of the Technology OTEC power systems operate as cyclic heat engines They receive thermal energy through heat transfer from surface sea water warmed
[PDF] Ocean Thermal Energy Technology Brief - IRENA
» Process and Technology Status – Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technologies use the temperature difference between warm seawater at the surface of
[PDF] Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) - OAPEN
human engineering and Mother Nature This book shares state-of-the-art OTEC technology especially from the 7th Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
[PDF] ocean thermal energy conversion (otec) and Derivative technologies
ocean thermal energy conversion (otec) and Derivative technologies: Status of De- velopment and prospects Gérard c nihous hawaii natural Energy Institute
[PDF] Ocean thermal energy conversionpdf
The unit cost of 100 MW OTEC plant in Indian conditions is calculated as Rs 2 93/kWh (fig 4) These three ocean energy forms are in a stage of technology
[PDF] OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC
published and reviewed as the "Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Draft In preparing this initial Environmental Analysis of OTEC technology
BOOKCITATIONINDEX
C L A R IV ATE ANA
L Y T IC S IN DEXED 4 Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
4 Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
interconnected geoscience phraseInterconnected geoscience
alone. 7 Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
interconnected geoscience phraseInterconnected geoscience
alone. 7 Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
4. PacificIslands geographyand geology
Figure 2
8Figure 2.
GeographyofthePa cifi cIslan dsregion.Noteth earchipelagona tureofmostPSIDS withisla ndsscat teredover
largearea sofocean.AS ,A mericanSamo a;AU,Au stralia;CI,CookIs lands;FM,Fe deratedSt atesofMicronesia;
FJ,Fi ji;PF,Fre nchPoly nesia;GU,Guam; KI,Kiribati;MH,Ma rshall Islands;NR, Nauru;NC ,New Caledonia;NU,Niue; NZ,New Zealand;MP, Marianas Islands ;PG,PNG;PN,P itcairn; PW,Palau;WS, Samoa;SB, Solomon Islands;TK,Toke lau;TO,Tonga;TV, Tuvalu;VU,Vanuatu ;WF,WallisandFutun a. Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
4. PacificIslands geographyand geology
Figure 2
8Figure 2.
GeographyofthePa cifi cIslan dsregion.Noteth earchipelagona tureofmostPSIDS withisla ndsscat teredover
largearea sofocean.AS ,A mericanSamo a;AU,Au stralia;CI,CookIs lands;FM,Fe deratedSt atesofMicronesia;
FJ,Fi ji;PF,Fre nchPoly nesia;GU,Guam; KI,Kiribati;MH,Ma rshall Islands;NR, Nauru;NC ,New Caledonia;NU,Niue; NZ,New Zealand;MP, Marianas Islands ;PG,PNG;PN,P itcairn; PW,Palau;WS, Samoa;SB, Solomon Islands;TK,Toke lau;TO,Tonga;TV, Tuvalu;VU,Vanuatu ;WF,WallisandFutun a. Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
13 13 Summary ofthe developmentand energycontext ofKiribati (UN[16], WorldBank [20],NZMFAT [21],United Nations[22]) .
Many atollPSIDS havedeveloped high-densityconcentration urbancentres whichattract populationsfrom the
outer islands.These islandsare characterisedby highdensities ofhousing, manyof whichare traditionalhouses
and someof lower-qualityinformal style.Examples ofurbanised centresinclude Funafuti(Tuvalu), South Tarawa (Kiribati),and Ebeye/Majuro(Marshall Islands). Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Summary ofthe developmentand energycontext ofKiribati (UN[16], WorldBank [20],NZMFAT [21],United Nations[22]) .
Many atollPSIDS havedeveloped high-densityconcentration urbancentres whichattract populationsfrom the
outer islands.These islandsare characterisedby highdensities ofhousing, manyof whichare traditionalhouses
and someof lower-qualityinformal style.Examples ofurbanised centresinclude Funafuti(Tuvalu), South Tarawa (Kiribati),and Ebeye/Majuro(Marshall Islands). Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Graph ofGDP/capita vs.electricity usageper capita.See textfor details[23]. Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Graph ofGDP/capita vs.electricity usageper capita.See textfor details[23]. Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Installed electricitygeneration forselected PacificIsland countries(data, UnitedNations [22]). Notethe
logarithmic scaleon theY-axis.Graph ofinstalled electricitycapacity perhead versusGDP/head forselected PacificIsland countries.Note how
Kiribati andSolomon Islandsare theleast energizedcountries andFiji/Marshall Islandsthe mostenergized from thisanalysis. Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Global mapof OTECactivities andresource interms ofthe temperaturedifference betweensurface seawater and seawaterat adepth of1 km.The highesttemperatures (andhighest potentialOTEC energyresources) are situated NEand Eof PapuaNew Guinea,Indonesia, andthe Philippines.Significant thermalresources are present withintropical andsubtropical watersin alloceans andcan benefitSIDS andcontinental countrieswithin thisarea. Kiribatiand itscapital townshipof SouthTarawa liewithin the'bulls eye'of thermalenergy
resources. Aminimum temperaturedifference of17 °C betweensurface watersand watersat 1km depthare required forOTEC atthe presenttime (acknowledgementsKRISO) . Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Installed electricitygeneration forselected PacificIsland countries(data, UnitedNations [22]). Notethe
logarithmic scaleon theY-axis.Graph ofinstalled electricitycapacity perhead versusGDP/head forselected PacificIsland countries.Note how
Kiribati andSolomon Islandsare theleast energizedcountries andFiji/Marshall Islandsthe mostenergized from thisanalysis. Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Global mapof OTECactivities andresource interms ofthe temperaturedifference betweensurface seawater and seawaterat adepth of1 km.The highesttemperatures (andhighest potentialOTEC energyresources) are situated NEand Eof PapuaNew Guinea,Indonesia, andthe Philippines.Significant thermalresources are present withintropical andsubtropical watersin alloceans andcan benefitSIDS andcontinental countrieswithin thisarea. Kiribatiand itscapital townshipof SouthTarawa liewithin the'bulls eye'of thermalenergy
resources. Aminimum temperaturedifference of17 °C betweensurface watersand watersat 1km depthare required forOTEC atthe presenttime (acknowledgementsKRISO) . Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Principles ofOTEC. Aworking fluid(R32 withinclosed cycleOTEC plantsuch ason Kiribati)is vaporised, with thevapour turninga turbineto createelectricity. Thevapour iscooled fromdeeper seawaterand then heated viaheat exchangesto bevaporised oncemore. OTECplants canalso providedesalinated drinkingwater and watersfor agriculture/aquacultureat downstream(acknowledgements ScientificAmerican [25]). Temperature-entropy (heattransfer dividedby thetemperature) .Diagram ofan OTECcycle(after[5, 6]). Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and ProgressFigure 14
ParameterValueUnit
Table 3.
Analysis resultof Rankinecycle OTECdemonstration plant. 21Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Principles ofOTEC. Aworking fluid(R32 withinclosed cycleOTEC plantsuch ason Kiribati)is vaporised, with thevapour turninga turbineto createelectricity. Thevapour iscooled fromdeeper seawaterand then heated viaheat exchangesto bevaporised oncemore. OTECplants canalso providedesalinated drinkingwater and watersfor agriculture/aquacultureat downstream(acknowledgements ScientificAmerican [25]). Temperature-entropy (heattransfer dividedby thetemperature) .Diagram ofan OTECcycle(after[5, 6]). Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and ProgressFigure 14
ParameterValueUnit
Table 3.
Analysis resultof Rankinecycle OTECdemonstration plant. 21Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Figure 17.
Operation sceneof barge-mounted1 MWOTEC plant(L) andmonitoring system(R) . Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Figure 17.
Operation sceneof barge-mounted1 MWOTEC plant(L) andmonitoring system(R) . Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 22.
Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Figure 22.
Can OceanThermal EnergyConversion andSeawater UtilisationAssist SmallIsland Developing...DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91945
Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and Progress e? hC ??he?he????h ahe?h??peI?h ?? C?hee?I
eI Chh C ????tIp?hh...It?C??hee?t??peI?t ?? C? ? ?It?C??? I?e?I eI ChpC h??? teI Cha ?hhC Ct ????tIp?h? ???rh? I
he?h ?IICp?hI?h? ????htIe? h 5252
c u
Schematic diagramof turbinepneumatic structure.
The wheeldiameter ratiorefers tothe ratioof impelleroutlet diameterto inlet diameter, andthe wheeldiameter ratiodetermines theturbine workingability, which isgenerally selectedbetween 0.35and 0.55.Degree ofreaction refersto the ratio ofthe isentropicenthalpy dropin impellerto thetotal isentropicenthalpy drop in turbine,which representsthe distributionof energywhen gasexpands innozzle and impeller.A largerdegree ofreaction meansa fastervelocity ofthe airflow discharged fromimpeller andmore residualvelocity loss.When thedegree of reaction istoo small,deceleration motionwill occur.For turbine,it isgenerally selected between0.3 and0.5. Thevelocity ratiois theratio ofcircular velocityat impeller inletto theideal velocityunder isentropiccondition, whichreflects the influence ofrotational speedon turbine,generally selectedbetween 0.5and 0.8. There aremany waysto determinethe thermodynamicparameters ofturbine, such astrial method,optimal velocityratio method,and screeningmethod. Thetrial method refersto thecalculating wheelefficiency usingselected parameterssuch as degree ofreaction, wheeldiameter ratio,velocity ratio,inlet nozzleflow angle,and impeller outletflow anglein orderto determinethe optimaldesign. Thismethod has greatblindness andrequires alot ofwork. Theoptimal velocityratio method determines themain designparameters suchas thevelocity ratioand thedegree of reaction byinterpretation method,such as"zero tailvortex "analysis methodand specific velocityanalysis method.The screeningmethod isused toanalyze the effect ofthe mainparameters suchas pressureratio, Machnumber, angleof attack, and allowablestress ofwheel indetermining turbinevelocity ratioand degreein detail. Thismethod hashigh efficiencyand canprevent largechanges. In thischapter, thedesign ofa turbineusing ammoniaas workingfluid for7.5 kWOTEC isshown asan example.According tothe calculationresult ofcycle,
the giventhermodynamic designparameters ofturbine areshown inTable 1. In orderto obtain1-D designparameters, theimportant parametersto bedeter- mined includewheel diameterratio D 2 , degreeof reaction, velocityratio u 1 velocity coefficient,and bladeangle. Velocitycoefficient includesthose ofimpeller and nozzle. Bladeangle includesimpeller inletmounting angle 1 and nozzle outlet mountingangle 2 in [16].The valuesof theseseven basicparameters are selected bythe abovevarious methodsin properrange. Finally,the rangeand values of theseven basicparameters selectedare listedin Table 2. Basedon design parameters, thermodynamicparameters inturbine arecalculated and1-D thermo- dynamic designis completed.The resultis shownin Table 3. In theprocess of1-D designabove, theparameters aredetermined byusing traditional methods.There are,however, limitationsin themethods, suchas time-Figure 3.
Velocity triangleof radialturbine impeller.
55Current Developmentand Prospectof Turbinein OTEC
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90608
c uSchematic diagramof turbinepneumatic structure.
The wheeldiameter ratiorefers tothe ratioof impelleroutlet diameterto inlet diameter, andthe wheeldiameter ratiodetermines theturbine workingability, which isgenerally selectedbetween 0.35and 0.55.Degree ofreaction refersto the ratio ofthe isentropicenthalpy dropin impellerto thetotal isentropicenthalpy drop in turbine,which representsthe distributionof energywhen gasexpands innozzle and impeller.A largerdegree ofreaction meansa fastervelocity ofthe airflow discharged fromimpeller andmore residualvelocity loss.When thedegree of reaction istoo small,deceleration motionwill occur.For turbine,it isgenerally selected between0.3 and0.5. Thevelocity ratiois theratio ofcircular velocityat impeller inletto theideal velocityunder isentropiccondition, whichreflects the influence ofrotational speedon turbine,generally selectedbetween 0.5and 0.8. There aremany waysto determinethe thermodynamicparameters ofturbine, such astrial method,optimal velocityratio method,and screeningmethod. Thetrial method refersto thecalculating wheelefficiency usingselected parameterssuch as degree ofreaction, wheeldiameter ratio,velocity ratio,inlet nozzleflow angle,and impeller outletflow anglein orderto determinethe optimaldesign. Thismethod has greatblindness andrequires alot ofwork. Theoptimal velocityratio method determines themain designparameters suchas thevelocity ratioand thedegree of reaction byinterpretation method,such as"zero tailvortex "analysis methodand specific velocityanalysis method.The screeningmethod isused toanalyze the effect ofthe mainparameters suchas pressureratio, Machnumber, angleof attack, and allowablestress ofwheel indetermining turbinevelocity ratioand degreein detail. Thismethod hashigh efficiencyand canprevent largechanges. In thischapter, thedesign ofa turbineusing ammoniaas workingfluid for7.5 kWOTEC isshown asan example.According tothe calculationresult ofcycle,
the giventhermodynamic designparameters ofturbine areshown inTable 1. In orderto obtain1-D designparameters, theimportant parametersto bedeter- mined includewheel diameterratio D 2 , degreeof reaction, velocityratio u 1 velocity coefficient,and bladeangle. Velocitycoefficient includesthose ofimpeller and nozzle. Bladeangle includesimpeller inletmounting angle 1 and nozzle outlet mountingangle 2 in [16].The valuesof theseseven basicparameters are selected bythe abovevarious methodsin properrange. Finally,the rangeand values of theseven basicparameters selectedare listedin Table 2. Basedon design parameters, thermodynamicparameters inturbine arecalculated and1-D thermo- dynamic designis completed.The resultis shownin Table 3. In theprocess of1-D designabove, theparameters aredetermined byusing traditional methods.There are,however, limitationsin themethods, suchas time-Figure 3.
Velocity triangleof radialturbine impeller.
55Current Developmentand Prospectof Turbinein OTEC
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90608
u D u D D u uThe designparameters ofturbine.
D uThe rangeand valuesof thebasic parameters.
Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and ProgressParametersUnitsResults
Impeller speedr/min21,000
Nozzle outletvelocity m/s155
Nozzle outletpressure MPa0.802
Nozzle outlettemperature K291.08
Impeller inletheight mm5.8
Impeller inletabsolute flowangle °14
Impeller inletrelative flowangle °86
Impeller inletrelative velocitym/s37
Impeller inletdiameter mm120
Wheel peripheralspeed m/s156
Impeller outletabsolute flowangle °101.22
Impeller outletabsolute speedm/s49.16
Impeller outletrelative flowangle °35
Impeller outletexternal diametermm56.2
Impeller outletinner diametermm31.7
Power generationkW7.8
Efficiency ofthe wheelperiphery - 0.864
Table 3.
The resultof 1-Dthermodynamic design.
ParametersUnitsResults
Impeller speedr/min21,000
Nozzle outletvelocity m/s160.5
Nozzle outletpressure MPa0.785
Nozzle outlettemperature K290
Impeller inletheight mm4.398
Impeller inletabsolute flowangle °16
Impeller inletrelative flowangle °90
Impeller inletrelative velocitym/s40.9
Impeller inletdiameter mm126.8
Wheel peripheralspeed m/s159.4
Impeller outletabsolute flowangle °99.364
Impeller outletabsolute speedm/s49.16
Impeller outletrelative flowangle °35.745
Impeller outletexternal diametermm57
Impeller outletinner diametermm28.8
Power generationkW7.65
Isentropic efficiency - 0.875
Table 4.
The resultsof 1-Dthermodynamic optimization.
57Current Developmentand Prospectof Turbinein OTEC
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90608
u D u D D u uThe designparameters ofturbine.
D uThe rangeand valuesof thebasic parameters.
Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion(OTEC) -Past, Present,and ProgressParametersUnitsResults
Impeller speedr/min21,000
Nozzle outletvelocity m/s155
Nozzle outletpressure MPa0.802
Nozzle outlettemperature K291.08
Impeller inletheight mm5.8
Impeller inletabsolute flowangle °14
Impeller inletrelative flowangle °86
Impeller inletrelative velocitym/s37
Impeller inletdiameter mm120
Wheel peripheralspeed m/s156
Impeller outletabsolute flowangle °101.22
Impeller outletabsolute speedm/s49.16
Impeller outletrelative flowangle °35
Impeller outletexternal diametermm56.2
Impeller outletinner diametermm31.7
Power generationkW7.8
Efficiency ofthe wheelperiphery - 0.864
Table 3.
The resultof 1-Dthermodynamic design.
ParametersUnitsResults
Impeller speedr/min21,000
Nozzle outletvelocity m/s160.5
Nozzle outletpressure MPa0.785
Nozzle outlettemperature K290
Impeller inletheight mm4.398
Impeller inletabsolute flowangle °16
Impeller inletrelative flowangle °90
Impeller inletrelative velocitym/s40.9
Impeller inletdiameter mm126.8
Wheel peripheralspeed m/s159.4
Impeller outletabsolute flowangle °99.364
Impeller outletabsolute speedm/s49.16
Impeller outletrelative flowangle °35.745
Impeller outletexternal diametermm57
Impeller outletinner diametermm28.8
Power generationkW7.65
Isentropic efficiency - 0.875
Table 4.
The resultsof 1-Dthermodynamic optimization.
57Current Developmentand Prospectof Turbinein OTEC
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90608
ParametersUnitsValues
59ParametersUnitsValues
59Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Table 6.
Figure 11.
63Table 6.
Figure 11.
63Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Optimized streamlinediagram ofnozzle andimpeller at50% spanwise. Static pressurecurve at50% spanwiseof impellersurface.Current Developmentand Prospectof Turbinein OTEC
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90608
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Optimized streamlinediagram ofnozzle andimpeller at50% spanwise. Static pressurecurve at50% spanwiseof impellersurface.Current Developmentand Prospectof Turbinein OTEC
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90608
seal flowchannel systemfrom externalsystem atthe shaftduring thehigh-speed rotation ofshafting. Theyhave variousstructural forms,which willbe introduced in detailin thenext part.The staticsealing componentis mainlyan O-ringthat contacts thestationary componentsto isolatethe workingfluid, lubricatingoil, and outside air.If high-speedgenerators areused forpower generation,it canbe driven by turbo-sideshafting togenerate electricityat ahigh speedand thenconverted into 50/60Hz conventionalpower byrectification inversion.While thecontrol part mainly controlsturbine steamvolume, speed,and generatoroperation, italso includes digitalcontrol systemwith emergencyinterruption, whichwill be described inthe nextsection. shows theschematic diagramof turbine.Mechanical sealis usedfor turbine inthis case,and ahigh-speed generatoris usedfor powergeneration. Therefore, theshafting systemmainly includesthe mainshaft, high-speedbearing, and high-speedcoupling. Themain shaftis animportant componentconnecting impeller andhigh-speed motor,which transfersthe workof impellerto ahigh- speed coupling.There aretwo high-speedbearings, whichplay asupporting rolein the mainshaft rotatingprocess andensure thatthe shaftdoes notmove inthe circumferential andaxial directionwhen rotatingat ahigh speed.The high-speed coupling connectsthe mainshaft andhigh-speed generatorto ensurethat thework of themain shaftcan besmoothly transmittedto ahigh-speed generator.Oil circuit seal flowchannel systemfrom externalsystem atthe shaftduring thehigh-speed rotation ofshafting. Theyhave variousstructural forms,which willbe introduced in detailin thenext part.The staticsealing componentis mainlyan O-ringthat contacts thestationary componentsto isolatethe workingfluid, lubricatingoil, and outside air.If high-speedgenerators areused forpower generation,it canbe driven by turbo-sideshafting togenerate electricityat ahigh speedand thenconvertedquotesdbs_dbs46.pdfusesText_46[PDF] La tectonique des plaque !
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