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Post-Roman Towns,

Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium Vol. 1

Millennium-Studien

zu Kultur und Geschichte des ersten Jahrtausends n. Chr.

Millennium Studies

in the culture and history of the first millennium C. E.

Herausgegeben von / Edited by

Wolfram Brandes, Alexander Demandt, Helmut Krasser,

Hartmut

Volume

5/1

Walter de Gruyter " Berlin " New York

Post-Roman Towns,

Trade and Settlement in Europe

and

Byzantium

Vol. 1

The Heirs of the Roman West

Edited by

Joachim Henning

Walter de Gruyter " Berlin " New York

Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

ISBN 978-3-11-018356-6

ISSN

1862-1139

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http: //dnb. d-nb. dc. © Copyright 2007 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ- ing photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed

in Germany Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin

Foreword

From local town archaeology to medieval European urban history This subtitle is the motto of a fruitful archaeological cooperation between the Town

Council

Frankfurt am Main that started in the year 2000 with urban excavations and research in Bad Homburg. This work recently culminated in the organization of an international conference on "Post-Roman Towns and Trade in Europe, Byzantium and the Near-East: New methods of structural, comparative and scientific analysis in archaeology", which was held from Tuesday, November 30 to Sunday, October 3,2004 in the Kur- and Kon- gresshaus of Bad Homburg (Fig. 1). 38 papers were presented by an international schol- arly community from three continents: from Austria (2), Bulgaria (4), Czech Republic (2), France (3), Germany (12), Greece (1), Israel (1), Italy (3), Norway (1), Poland (1),

Serbia

(1), Spain (1), The Netherlands (1), UK (2) and USA (2). The studies presented in Bad Homburg which dealt with western and central Europe were included in this first volume of papers dedicated to "The Heirs of the Roman West". Two papers from the

Pliska

conference in Ebernburg (see volume 2) have been incorporated into this volume on the grounds that their subject matter is more compatible. Most papers covering east- ern Europe, to Byzantium and to the Near East are to be found in the second volume. The resumes of the Bad Homburg papers were published ahead of the conference. 1 Driven by broad public interest, and after the signing of a joint agreement between the University of Frankfurt and Bad Homburg Town Council on cooperation in the promotion of research on the history of the medieval town of Homburg, the Town

Council

provided a substantial initial budget to instigate archaeological and interdis- ciplinary efforts to research into the earliest roots of the development of settlement in the town. Earlier there had been intense public discussions of what was assumed to be first mention of historical urban occupation: this referred to a place called Dietigheim which in the late medieval period lay close to but outside the town fortifications, and was traditionally related to a villa Tidenheim referred to in a charter (deed of donation) of the Carolingian abbey of Lorsch dating to March 20,782 AD. The question arose as to whether this was sufficient evidence for dating the origins of settlement in the town.

1 Henning 2004.

2

Cod. Laur. No. 3405.

VI

Foreword

Fig. 1. Participants at the international Bad Homburg conference Furthermore, doubts were expressed about the localization of the Carolingian village in the existing old town quarter of Dietigheim, since not a single early medieval find had come to light during many decades of modem construction activity, and despite bustling local archaeological research and observation work from the early nineteenth century, above all by Louis and Heinrich Jacobi, citizens of the town and famous for their work at the Roman fort at the Saalburg camp in the immediate vicinity of Bad Homburg. A series of trial trenches were dug in key areas of the medieval town, such as in

Dietigheim

near the "Untergasse" (2002), in the presumed suburb of the medieval castle on the elevated spur at the "Schulberg" (2003), and finally in the inner courtyard of the medieval castle near the keep (2005-2006) (Fig. 2). These excavations were com- plemented by systematic drilling of cores and soil sampling, large-scale geomagnetic and ground-penetrating radar prospecting, sediment floating, analysis of wood remains, dendrochronological dating of elements from timber houses in the medieval town, as well as the analysis of botanical macroremains, pollen analysis, micromorphological and chemical sampling and investigation of soil samples, ceramic studies, radiocarbon dating and the analysis of the written evidence. The results and a detailed description of these interdisciplinary investigations were documented in two internal research reports 3

3 Henning (u. Mitarb. ) 2003; ibid. 2006.

Foreword

Fig. 2. Archaeological trial trench in the courtyard of Bad Homburg Castle VII A monograph is in preparation. 4 Information for a broader public has also been pub- lished. 5 Thanks to this extremely broad archaeological and scientific spectrum of applied methods the consequences for the early town history are now quite clear: The wetland area in the old town quarter called Dietigheim (Pl. 1) was first occupied from the middle Bronze Age to about the pre-Roman Iron Age. No occupation can be attested for the Roman period or the early Middle Ages. Radiocarbon dating attests a new period of occupation starting in the thirteenth/fourteenth centuries, that continues to the present day. An early medieval occupation phase can also be excluded on the elevated spur were the stone castle was built. Here, however, it was possible to identify eleventh century occupation activity consisting of timber post buildings and sunken features. After a fire a more solid half-timbered building was constructed already in the late eleventh century, or shortly thereafter. Although it is a matter of speculation, these eleventh century activities can probably be related to a nobleman named Wortwin von Hohenberch known from contemporary written sources. If this is correct, it must be assumed that the first aristocratic settlement, probably involving the construction

Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn.

5 Henning 2006a; ibid. 2006b.

VIII Foreword

of a light wooden keep, to be dated to this period. However, this activity on the spur certainly was not of a proto-urban character, but related to settlement by a rural nobil- ity. Not until AD 1330 does written evidence testify to an urban character for the site. Bad Homburg was anything but an early flourishing European town. In the shadow of the castle it was a typical late developer, which probably always suffered from prob- lematic relations with the local power structures that were always present nearby. The

Carolingian

village of Tiedenhehn has to be looked for elsewhere, and not in the area of the old town of Bad Homburg. It cannot be excluded that inhabitants of the earlier village were resettled to the direct vicinity of the later town in the thirteenth/fourteenth centuries, and that they brought the village name with them. The results of this research, the complexity of which is the direct result of the support offered by the Town Council, were presented at the conference in two public lectures. We

are grateful for the patronage of the Minister of State Udo Corts (Ministry of Science and Cultural Affairs of Hessia) and Prof. Dr. Rudolf Steinberg, President of

the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main. In 2007 two prominent scholars who had participated at the Bad Homburg conference passed away, and we sadly remember Riccardo Francovich (Siena) and Yizhar Hirschberg (Jerusalem), out- standing researchers and friends. We wish to thank all those who made the Bad Homburg town research program the success it was, and the international conference possible. Together both events suc- cessfully built a memorable bridge between local archaeology and central questions of Europe's history. 'k. [&ýý I*

Joachim Henning Michael Konvisi

University of Frankfurt

Foreword ix

Bibliography

Darmstadt: Historischer Verein für Hessen 1929.

Henning

(u. Mitarb. ) 2003: Joachim Henning und Mitarbeiter, "Die Untersuchungsergebnisse der

Frankfurt

Henning

(u. Mitarb. ) 2006: Joachim Henning und Mitarbeiter, "Zwischenbericht über die geo- physikalischen 28
pp.

Henning

2004: Joachim Henning, Post-Ronran Towns and Trade in Europe, Byzantium and the

Near-East:

New methods of stnuctural, comparative and scientific analysis in archaeol- ogy (Papers of the International Conference in Bad Homburg/Frankfurt a. M. September 30

2004,80

pp. zu

In. Alt Homburg 49/5,2006, pp. 7-12.

Henning

Bad

39J3,2006,

p. 9.

Acknowledgements

The editor wishes to express his gratitude first and foremost, and in equal measure, to the citizens and to the Town Council of Bad Homburg v. d. H. They all took an extra- ordinarily great interest in the urban excavations and scientific research activities by Frankfurt University, as well as in the international congress which was held in the town. The Town Council, private persons and enterprises located in the town offered support in many ways in order to secure the necessary funding. We are no less grateful for the countless kinds of technical help the town provided. It was above all, however, the unflagging enterprise and support of Michael Korwisi, then alderman of the Town

Council

and until recently Deputy Mayor of Bad Homburg, which made this successful cooperation between town and university possible. We are also indebted to Rüdiger

Kurth,

long-standing secondary-school history teacher and organizer of the archaeo- logy project group at the Kaiserin-Friedrich Gymnasium, Bad Homburg, not only for having developed the initial idea of organizing excavations in the town, but also for his restless supporting for the editor's subsequent proposition that a congress be organized. Furthermore I wish to thank the following persons for their support and help on the part of the town: Guntram Bay and Jasmin Heuckeroth for their organizational assis- tance; Dr. Astrid Krüger, director of the municipal archive, for competent advice on the written evidence concerning the town's early history and for giving the evening pu- Planck Institute of European History of Law), chairperson of the Historical Society of Bad Homburg; and last but not least Dr. Ursula Jungherr, Mayor of Bad Homburg, who kept a careful and strict eye on the use of resources offered by the town. She provided a warm welcome to the participants of the congress at the Saalburg Museum, and toge- ther with Prof. Dr. Egon Schallmayer, director of the museum and at the same time head of the Hessian Archaeological Heritage Service, kindly provided an introduction into the museum in Mainz its director, Priv. -Doz. Dr. Falko Daim, offered a cordial reception to the congress participants. I This joint paper on "Charlemagne or Frederick Barbarossa? The "Bad Homburg Method»: archaeology, scientific methods and medieval studies on the origins of Bad Homburg" is to be included in an enlarged and revised form in the monographic publication of the Bad Homburg research project prepared by the editor (see foreword, footnote 4).

XII Acknowledgments

The following enterprises kindly helped in funding the congress: Stadtwerke Bad Homburg, DC Immobilien Projekt Bad-Homburg GmbH, Spielbank Bad Homburg,

Boyden

global executive search and Naspa-Stiftung Initiative and Leistung" (a foun- dation of the Nassauische Sparkasse). We owe our sincere thanks to Jürgen Banzer, Head of the Hochtaunus District Authority, for supporting the practical organization of the congress. Furthermore we are extremely grateful to Karl Weber, director of the State Ad- ministration of Hessian Castles and Gardens for permitting excavations in the inner courtyard of Homburg Castle, and for his general promotion of this important section of the Bad Homburg research program, which was primary funded by private donations (R.

Kurth and his archaeology program team).

The cooperation program enjoyed important support from the president of Frankfurt University, Prof. Dr. Rudolf Steinberg, who acted as patron to the conference (jointly with the State Minister of Hessia, Udo Corts) and also invited the participants for a visit to Frankfurt University, which ended with an evening reception in the Frauenlobstrasse guesthouse. Among the many who helped organize the conference, carry out the excavations, and above all prepare the conference volumes, we are especially grateful to Petra Hanauska M. A., who was involved into nearly all aspects of the Bad Homburg program and deserves a particular mention for supporting the conference organization, coordi- nating much of the technical editorial activities and for preparing the print layout. I am also most grateful to my staff members Angela Ehrlich (computer design and tation), Eyub F. Eyub M. A. (geophysical prospection), Katja Rosier M. A. (editorial group: print layout) and Thorsten Sonnemann M. A. (conference organization, editorial group: digital enhancement, geophysics), and to Katrin Weimann, Sebastian Huther and many others of my students. I also thank John F. Romano (Cambridge MA), David

Toalster

(Frankfurt) and Dr. David Wigg-Wolf (Academy of Science and Literature,

Mainz)

for carrying out the revision of English texts written by non-native speakers. My sincere thanks also go to Dr. Sabine Vogt and her colleagues of the De Gruyter Ver- lag and to Prof. Dr. Wolfram Brandes, member of the editorial board of the Millennium

Studies,

for their technical support and the excellent cooperation. The conference community very much enjoyed the impressive presentation of Frankfurt's dendrocronological program dealing not only with the town of Bad Hom- burg, but also many other regions of Germany and abroad, provided in a second pub- lic lecture at the congress by Dr. Thorsten Westphal, then director of the university's dendrochronological laboratory. ' I am grateful for the inspiring scientific cooperation within the framework of the Bad Homburg program with Prof. Dr. Heinrich Thiemeyer and Dipl. -Ing. Agr. Oliver Wegener (soil sciences), Dr. Arie Joop Kalis and Dr. Astrid

Schweitzer

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