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ABSTRACT

Title of Thesis:

DON'T THEY JUST TURN LEFT?

NASCAR'S HERITAGE RACE TRACKS AND

PRESERVING STOCK CAR CULTURE

Degree Candidate: Melissa A. Bleier

Thesis directed by: John C. Larson

Welch Center for Graduate and Professional Studies

Goucher College

This thesis examines the hypothesis that early NASCAR race tracks play an important role in the history of the United States and that they need to be evaluated and recognized as such. This thesis also identifies the heritage and traditions which are a part of the collective stock car culture and the ways in which heritage race tracks are the most significant places for this culture. In order to fully understand the cultural contribution of stock car racing, after an introduction to the history of stock car racing, a brief exploration of the formative years of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing follows. This thesis explores the Southern roots of stock car racing and the ways in which NASCAR moved the sport from a Southern regional pastime to a national sport. It also examines the people and traditions that come together at a culturally significant space, the race track, and why preserving these race tracks is essential for stock car culture to thrive. ii These heritage race tracks are the pivotal element for NASCAR's cultural continuity and provide excellent examples for future preservation efforts focusing on the heritage of stock car racing outside of NASCAR. The research for this thesis examined three tracks within the larger framework of the development of stock car racing. Martinsville Speedway, in Martinsville, Virginia; Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina, and Rockingham Speedway in Rockingham, North Carolina represent the best preservation opportunities for heritage race tracks and were chosen for their close connection to NASCAR's heritage. Heritage race tracks are dynamic resources and require a preservation approach which can successfully address both the individual race tracks and the cultural significance of stock car racing heritage. An exploration of the available preservation methods to determine the best options for heritage race tracks is included in this thesis. Research for this thesis concludes that the best preservation option for NASCAR's heritage race tracks is the development of a stock car themed national heritage area. A national heritage area offers a comprehensive approach to preservation, providing preservation resources not only to major components, like NASCAR's heritage tracks, but also to the other elements of stock car heritage in the region.

DON'T THEY JUST TURN LEFT?

NASCAR'S HERITAGE RACE TRACKS

AND PRESERVING STOCK CAR CULTURE

Melissa A. Bleier

Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Goucher College in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts in Historic Preservation

2009

Advisory Committee

John C. Larson, Chair

_____________________________

Kenneth C. Breslauer

______________________________

Hugh C. Miller, FAIA

_______________________________ i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My heartfelt thanks go to all the people who have supported and encouraged me. Especially to my family, without whose love and support this would not have been possible. Thank you to my Browncoats who understood every time I said, "I can't, I need to write." Thank you to Mr. Clay Campbell for allowing me to hold my defense at Martinsville Speedway. I am proud to feel like a part of the track. Thank you to all of those at Martinsville Speedway, Darlington Raceway, and Rockingham Speedway for all of your time and support. Buz McKim, Eddie Roche, and Greg Fielden you are my inspiration, thank you for sharing NASCAR's wonderful history with me. Thank you to Bud Moore, Cotton Owens, and Dot Owens for having lunch with me; it was the highlight of this experience. Thank you to NASCAR, to the drivers, team members, owners and wrenchers who were willing to listen to a girl talk about old race tracks. Eternal thanks to Vance Howell and Randy Heffner, who let me dog their heels in the garages. Thank you Sterns, for standing in front of the computer while I typed. Frederic Knapp, thank you for letting me run off to North Carolina once a month, and letting me return to a job. Donna, thank you for editing and making this look like a thesis. Ken, thank you for putting up my enthusiasm for stock car racing. John, thank you for being my preservation mentor all these years and for my little scholar's loft. The greatest thank you goes to Hugh Miller, Richard Wagner and the entire Goucher faculty, who, when I said that I wanted to preserve historic race tracks, responded with enthusiasm. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements i

List of Figures iv

Chapter I: Stock Car Racing and Heritage: 1

Introduction 1

Research Methods 3

NASCAR and Stock Car Racing 6

Chapter II: A Brief History of Stock Car Racing 10

Introduction 10

Faster! Faster Would Be Better: Racing in America 12

A Southern Sport 17

Stock Car Racing after World War II 31

The Tracks of NASCAR 43

Conclusion 48

Chapter III: Race Tracks as Heritage Places 50

Introduction 50

Terms and Definitions 50

What Makes a Place Special? 54

What Makes a Race Track a Heritage Place? 56

The Race Track 59

Cultural Continuity and the Folklore of NASCAR 74 Race Week and the Three Day City 83

Race Day 90

Where is the Home Team? 96

Conclusion 100

Chapter IV: An Exploration of Heritage Tracks 102

Introduction 102

Martinsville Speedway: The Last of the First 103 The Lady in Black: Darlington Raceway 116

The Rock: Rockingham Speedway 134

Conclusion 147

iii Chapter V: Preservation Options for NASCAR's Heritage Race Tracks 150

Introduction 150

A Listing in the National Register 151

Museums and Exhibits 155

Historic Sites 157

The National Heritage Area Program 162 Guidelines for a National Heritage Area 164 Heritage Race Tracks and the National Heritage Area Program 168 Successful National Heritage Areas 177

Conclusion 180

Chapter VI: NASCAR'S Heritage Race Tracks and the Preservation of Stock Car

Culture 183

Introduction 183

NASCAR's Historic Impacts 184

The Southern Stock Car National Heritage Area 187

Future Research 189

Appendices: 193

Appendix I: Outlining a Southern Stock Car National Heritage Area 193 Appendix II: Southern Stock Car National Heritage Area Brochure 197

Endnotes: 199

Bibliography: 215

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Checking the board track 13 Figure 2: North Wilkesboro Speedway, 1949 14 Figure 3: NASCAR's 1948 Logo 16 Figure 4: MGM's Theatrical Poster for Thunder Road 19 Figure 5: Johnny Reb at Darlington Raceway 22 Figure 6: Daytona's Beach-and-Road Course 24 Figure 7: Junior Johnson, H. Clay Earles and Darrell Waltrip pose in a publicity photo for the 1981 Old Dominion 500 29 Figure 8: Raymond Parks talks with Red Byron . 32 Figure 9: Charlotte Speedway, 1949 37 Figure 10: North Wilkesboro Speedway, 2009 43 Figure 11: Martinsville Speedway, 1960 61 Figure 12: Front yard parking at Martinsville Speedway 63 Figure 13: Martinsville's neighbors sell ice and firewood to fans 63 Figure 14: The grandstands at Martinsville Speedway 64 Figure 15: Chicken Bone Alley at Martinsville Speedway 66 Figure 16: The author demonstrates track banking at Rockingham Speedway 68 Figure 17: Rockingham Speedway, 1967 69 Figure 18: A Darlington pitstop 72 Figure 19: 1953 Darlington infield 74 Figure 20: Post race inspections 79 v Figure 21: Smokey Yunick hides out at Darlington Raceway 80 Figure 22: A group of fans prepare for the race at Martinsville Speedway 86 Figure 23: Martinsville Speedway's midway 88 Figure 24: A race fan meets driver Robby Gordon . 89 Figure 25: The Martinsville High School marching band plays the National Anthem . 92 Figure 26: Richard Petty gets some instructions from the pits 94 Figure 27: Martinsville Speedway 104 Figure 28: A crew member carries fuel past the outhouse at Martinsville Speedway 106 Figure 29: Martinsville Speedway, paved 107 Figure 30: Martinsville Speedway and its concrete corners, 1990 108 Figure 31: The Campbell Family home . 109 Figure 32: Martinsville fans parking 110 Figure 33: Fans watch as the cars head for Martinsville's Turn 1 111 Figure 34: The Danville Cheer Force Booster Club hosts one of the many stalls selling the Famous Martinsville Hotdog 113 Figure 35: Fred Lorenzen and one of his six Martinsville

Grandfather clocks 114

Figure 36: Fans at Martinsville Speedway, 2008 115 Figure 37: Aerial view of Darlington Raceway, 1950 119 Figure 38: Advertisement for the Southern 500 120 Figure 39: Even the dogs love Darlington's infield 122 Figure 40: Darlington Raceway, c. 1956 123 Figure 41: Fred Lorenzen and his Darlington Stripe 125 Figure 42: The Darlington Stripe at the Southern 500, 2009 125 vi Figure 43: Darlington Raceway, 1943 126 Figure 44: A Granite Goodyear tire commemorates David Pearson's career 129 Figure 45: The 2009 Southern 500's new- retro paint job 132 Figure 46: Darlington Raceway, 1953 infield 133 Figure 47: North Carolina Motor Speedway, a few weeks before the inaugural race 137 Figure 48: A reproduction of the Inaugural American 500 Official Program 138 Figure 49: Racing at North Carolina Motor Speedway, 1967 140 Figure 50: Promotional poster for 2008 Carolina 500 142 Figure 51: Rockingham's two Rocks stand at the entrance to the Speedway 143 Figure 52: The Papa Joe Hendrick Garage 144 Figure 53: Turn Two, Rockingham Speedway 145 Figure 54: A crew member gives some helpful advice at North Carolina Motor

Speedway 146

1

CHAPTER I

STOCK CAR RACING AND HERITAGE

Introduction

By 1949, Bill France organized the multitude of local stock car races held throughout the South and formed a structured national racing series. Dubbed NASCAR by one of the greatest racing mechanics of the era, The National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing has more than sixty years of tradition and heritage. Stock car racing developed out of the American South into the national sport that it is today. Today, it is the second most popular sport in the United States, bested only by professional football. NASCAR holds races at twenty-two race tracks throughout the United States yet in 2009, the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series races at only two tracks which hosted races during the formative years of the sport. These tracks are a tangible part of stock car history; it is imperative to act now and create a preservation program suitable for protecting these resources. NASCAR could not have developed into the organization it is today without its race tracks. The race tracks give the stories of NASCAR a place and a place value. It is the races won, the drivers who battle against each other, the exciting finishes of the race which mark the history of the sport but it is the place where these historic moments happen which make them significant. It is at the race tracks where NASCAR's history is made. The earliest tracks ensure that the tangible connection between the history of stock car racing and the future of the sport remains intact.

2 I believe that the early NASCAR race tracks play an important role in the history

of the United States and that they should be evaluated and recognized as such. My thesis hypothesis will examine how early NASCAR race tracks can be defined as heritage sites. The thesis research will examine three tracks within the larger framework of the development of stock car racing as NASCAR moved the sport from an early regional start in the Southern United States to a nationally popular sport. By exploring the continuum of culture and the living tradition associated with these tracks, my thesis will identify the value of NASCAR's heritage race tracks as culturally significant places in terms which can be understood and appreciated by those involved at all levels of stock car racing. This thesis research will examine how early NASCAR race tracks can be defined as heritage resources and the ways that the community associated with stock car racing is a culture with identifiable heritage and traditions. That NASCAR and stock car racing are culturally significant is another supposition explored in this thesis research. The supposition that stock car racing and the tracks which have defined its growth are valid heritage resources was the foundation of the research for this thesis. While historic preservation in the United States is slowly beginning to explore what makes the vernacular landscape significant, the idea of a sporting venue as a valid cultural resource is still a relatively unfamiliar concept. After a brief examination of the available preservation methods used in the United States, my thesis research will explore the preservation opportunities which a national heritage area can offer. My thesis findings will explain why the National Heritage Area Program is the best preservation program for heritage race tracks. This will establish a

3 framework for the preservation of significant NASCAR race tracks as well as encourage

the future preservation of other stock car related heritage cultural resources. An additional supposition for this thesis research is that a race track's physical integrity should not be the basis for determining significance within the preservation methodology, that the changeable and dynamic physical elements of the track are less significant than the ability of the race track to convey cultural meaning through continued use. The last supposition of this thesis research is that race tracks as heritage resources require a preservation approach which emphasizes the holistic nature of active and changing heritage resources. Race tracks are not isolated sites of history; they are instead interconnected by their relationships with the local community and the complex culture of NASCAR and stock car racing.

Research Methods

My thesis research examines the history of stock car racing using several different approaches. Research was conducted in person in North and South Carolina and Virginia to find primary sources. The internet was used to delve into archives, find publications and access sources which would not have been otherwise available. To ensure the research for this thesis research will address both historic and current cultural contributions, personal interviews with members of the NASCAR community were an important part of the research process. The interviews were all conducted informally and were conversational in tone. Bud Moore, Cotton Owens, and his wife Dot Owens shared their stories of the early days of NASCAR and stock car racing. Vance Howell, who works for Stewart-Haas Racing as a transport hauler driver, gave an account of what

4 NASCAR is like in 2009. At Martinsville Speedway, President Clay Campbell was on

hand to give an informal tour and answer questions about the track. At Darlington Raceway, Harold King, who has been involved with the track since its first years, recounted a history of the track. Chris Browning, President of Darlington Raceway, and Jacob Harris, the public relations representative, also added their thoughts on the track. Andy Hillenburg, President of Rockingham Speedway and Charles Hudson, public relations representative talked about what it was like to reopen a heritage race track. This thesis examines the cultural presence at a NASCAR race weekend. To gain first hand knowledge of this experience the author, though very familiar with NASCAR races, attended the October 2008 Tums QuickPak 500 at Martinsville Speedway in Martinsville, Virginia and the May 2009 Southern 500 at Darlington Raceway in

Darlington, South Carolina.

Site visits to each of the three proposed heritage tracks explored in this thesis research provided familiarity with each track's architecture and unique features. These visits also provided the opportunity to speak with individuals directly involved with the track and to gain a greater understanding of the significance of each race track. The three tracks used as case studies provided insight on the ways in which the modern requirements of a working sporting facility complement the active heritage of a cultural resource. The archives of the major racing publication, The National Speed Sport News provided opinions contemporary to the developing years of stock car racing. The archives for The Richmond County Journal (Rockingham, North Carolina) and The Darlington News and Press (Darlington, South Carolina) were invaluable and provided informationquotesdbs_dbs10.pdfusesText_16

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