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MANUAL OF

ARMED

FORCES

LA W

DM 69 (2 ed) Volume 4

Law of Armed Conflict

Volume 4uncontrolled copy

CONTENTS

i

CONTENTS

Volume 4

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION........................................................................ ......1-1 ......1-3 section 2 - purpose and scope of this manual section 3 - application of this manual .....1-6 CHAPTER 2 - NEW ZEALAND DEFENCE FORCE COMPLIANCE WITH LAW OF AR MED CONFLICT ........................................................................ .........................2-1 section 1 - introduction ........................................................................ .............................2-3 .....................................2-8 ................................2-11 engagement 3 CHAPTER 3 - INTERNATIONAL LAW AND LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT ...........3-1 section 1 - introduction ........................................................................ .............................3-3 section 2 - General outline of int ernational law section 3 - t reaties ....................................3-8 section 4 - Customar y international law 3-15 section 5 - the nature of general principles of la w 8 ................3-1 9

CHAPTER 4 - BASIC PRINCIPLES .......................................................................4-1

section 1 - introduction ........................................................................ .............................4-3 section 2 - militar y necessity ....................4-4 section 3 - humanity .................................4-5 section 4 - pr oportionality .........................4-6 section 5 - distinction ...............................4-7 section 6 - non-discrimination .................4-8 4-9 CHAPTER 5 - MATERIAL FIELD OF APPLICATION .............................................5-1 section 1 - introduction ........................................................................ .............................5-3 ...5-9 0 section 5 - time and place .....................5-12 ...5-1 3 ....................5-1 7 CHAPTER 6 - HOW LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT APPLIES TO PERSONS AND ORG

ANISATIONS (PERSONAL FIELD OF APPLICATION)

....................................6-1 section 1 - introduction ........................................................................ .............................6-3 persons ...................................6-4uncontrolled copy

DM 69 (2 ed) Volume 4

CONTENTS

iiAmdt 1

Section 3 - Combatant status ........................................................................

...................6-6

Section 4 - Civilian status

........................6-11

Section 5 - Direct par

ticipation in hostilities

Section 6 - Mer

cenaries ..........................6-20

Section 7 - Spies

Section 8 - Priv

ate military and security companies ......................6-28 CHAPTER 7 - WEAPONS AND MUNITIONS ........................................................7-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ .............................7-3

Section 2 - F

undamental rules .................7-4

Section 3 - New Zealand Def

ence Force weapons policy

Section 4 - W

eapons and munitions review

Section 5 - W

eapons of mass destruction 1 Section 6 - Weapons and munitions that are the subject of a comprehensive prohibition ....7-2 4 ......................7-35 Section 9 - Explosive remnants of war and cluster munition remnants ......................7-39 CHAPTER 8 - METHODS OF COMBAT ................................................................8-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ .............................8-3

Section 2 - F

undamental rules .................8-4

Section 3 - Distinction in attack

...............8-6

Section 4 - P

eople and objects immune from attack

Section 5 - Objects and people open t

o attack

Section 6 - Propor

tionality in attack .......8-1 4 Section 7 - Precautions for the protection of the civilian population, protected persons and objects .................................8-1 6

Section 8 - Prohibited methods of combat

1

Section 9 - Deception, treachery and espionage

8-34

Section 1

1 - Protection of the environment

CHAPTER 9 - OCCUPATION OF FOREIGN TERRITORY ......................................9-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ .............................9-3

Section 2 - Legal ef

fect of occupation .....9-4

Section 3 - The obligations of an occup

ying force

Section 4 - P

owers of an occupying force 3

Section 5 - Administration of justice

......9-22

Section 6 - The pr

otection of the population and property Section 7 - Conduct of hostilities in occupied territ ories CHAPTER 10 - FURTHER RULES IN THE MARITIME AND AIR EN VIR ON MENT ........................................................................ .............................1 0-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ ...........................10-3uncontrolled copy

DM 69 (2 ed) Volume 4

CONTENTS

iii environments 0-4

Section 3 - Legal regime of the sea and airspace

0-6

Section 4 - Protected vessels and aircraft

0-13

Section 5 - Blockades

............................1 0-19 Section 6 - Interception, visit and search, diversion and capture ..............................1 0-22 Section 7 - Further rules relating to air operations 0-32 CHAPTER 11 - WOUNDED, SICK AND SHIPWRECKED; DEAD AND MISSING; MEDIC

AL AND RELIGIOUS PERSONNEL,

MEDIC

AL UNITS, TRANSPORTS AND

ESTABLISH

MENT S .......................1 1-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ ...........................11-3 Section 2 - Protection and care of the wounded, sick and shipwrecked .....................1 1-4

Section 3 - Human remains

.................1 1-12

Section 4 - Missing persons

..................1 1-15

Section 5 - Medical and religious personnel

1-16

Section 6 - Medical units and establishments

1-20 Section 7 - Hospital ships, medical transports and medical aircraft ........................1 1-23

Section 8 - Protective emblems

...........1 1-29 CHAPTER 12 - PERSONS DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY, PRISONERS OF WAR,

RETAINED PERSONNEL, INTERNEES AND DET

AINEES

...................................1 2-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ ...........................12-5

Section 2 - General application

..............12-6

Section 3 - F

undamental protections of all persons deprived of liberty or controlled by the New Zealand Defence Force ......12-1 1

Section 4 - Duties at the outbreak of hostilities

6 Section 5 - Duties commencing at the point of capture 1

Section 6 - Questioning and interrogation

Section 7 - Ev

acuation from the combat zone............................................................ 12-29 1 Section 9 - Status determination and reason for detention

Section 1

0 - Holding persons deprived of their liberty

Section 1

1 - Transfer of persons deprived of their liberty to other forces or

authorities 1

Section 14 - End of captivity

................12-73

Section 1

5 - Rights and obligations of members of the New Zealand Defence Force

when deprived of liberty .........................12-7 7 CHAPTER 13 CIVILIANS AND CIVILIAN OBJECTS ............................................13-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ ...........................13-3 3-4 Section 3 - Protection of civilians affected by operations 3-7

Section 4 - Enemy nationals in New Zealand

3-14uncontrolled copy

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CONTENTS

iv CHAPTER 14 - SPECIFICALLY PROTECTED PERSONS AND OBJECTS .........14-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ ...........................14-3 Section 2 - United Nations and associated personnel and United Nati ons property ...1 4-4 Section 3 - Humanitarian relief personnel and property 4-8

Section 4 - Civil defence personnel and property

Section 5 - W

omen ................................14 -14

Section 6 - Children

...............................1 4-16

Section 7 - Journalists

...........................1 4-21 Section 8 - Cultural property, educational and charitable institutions and places of worship 4-22 Section 9 - Installations containing dangerous forces 4-28 Section 10 - Places established for humanitarian purposes......................................14-30

Section 11 - Protection of the environment

4-34 CHAPTER 15 - RELATIONS BETWEEN OPPOSING PARTIES TO THE

CONFLICT

.....................................1 5-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ ...........................15-3 Section 2 - Communications between opposing parties 5-4 5-9

Section 4 - Surrender

...........................1 5-12 CHAPTER 16 - NEUTRAL STATES, PERSONS AND ORGANISATIONS ............16-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ ...........................16-3

Section 2 - General principles

................1 6-4 Section 3 - Obligations in respect of neutral States where New

Zealand is a

...................................1 6-5

Section 4 - New Zealand as a neutral State

6-10

Section 5 - Protecting powers

...............1 6-12

Section 6 - Neutral organisations

.........1 6-15 CHAPTER 17 - PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT OF BREACHES OF LAW OF AR

MED CONFLICT AND O

THER INTERNATIONAL CRI

MES ............................1

7-1 Section 1 - Introduction ........................................................................ ...........................17-3 Section 2 - Measures for prevention and punishment of breaches of Law of Armed ...1 7-4 Section 3 - Jurisdiction over international crimes 7-5

Section 4 - Criminal responsibility

........1 7-14

Section 5 - War crimes

..........................1 7-17

Section 6 - Other international crimes

.1 7-28 7-33

Section 8 - Fair trial

...............................1 7-39

Section 9 - Punishment of international crimes

7-41

Section 10 - Reprisals

...........................1 7-44 CHAPTER 18 - LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT TRAINING PROGRAMME AND

LEGAL AD

VICE F

OR CO MMANDERS .................................................................1

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CONTENTS

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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1-1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter 1

SECTION 1 - THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT ...................................................1-3

SECTION 2 - PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS MANU

AL ....................................1-4 scope principles order s .....................................1-4 SECTION 3 - APPLICATION OF THIS MANUAL ...................................................1-6

all operational environments ........................................................................

.....................1-6 ...........................1-6 members of the armed f orces ...................1-6 member s of the Civil staff ..........................1-6 other civilians accom panying a new Zealand force other per sons ANNEX A - ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................1-8

ANNEX B - GL

OSSARY

OF TERMS ....................................................................1-1 1

ANNEX C - TREA

TIES ..................1-1 3

ANNEX D - NEW ZEALAND LEGISLA

TION

ANNEX E - C

ASES .......................1-22

ANNEX F - RESOL

UTIONS

, REPORT S , MANU ALS AND O THER INSTR U MENT S .............................1-30

ANNEX G - BOOKS AND ARTICLES ...................................................................1-33uncontrolled copy

DM 69 (2 ed) Volume 4

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1-3

SECTION 1 - THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT

1.1.1 DM 69 (2 ed) manual of armed forces law, Volume 4 is

promulgated for use by members of the New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF). This volume replaces DM 112 . 1.1.2

The contents of this v

olume are Defence Force Orders (DFO) issued pursuant to the Defence Act 1990 (DA) s 27, and come into force on the date of signature. 1.1.3

The te

xt is authoritative to the extent that it is consistent with treaties to which New Zealand is a party, rules of customary international law, Acts of Parliament, statutory instruments and relevant judicial decisions. In the event of any inconsistency, the provision of the treaty, customary law, Act, statutory instrument or judicial decision is to prevail. However, where a minimum standard of conduct has been established in law, these orders may require a higher standard of behaviour of members of the NZDF than that prescribed elsewhere. No provision of this volume is to be taken to prevail over the direction or order of a judge. 1.1.4quotesdbs_dbs46.pdfusesText_46

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