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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Urban and Spatial Planning (STeR*)

EXPLORING FARE-FREE PUBLIC

TRANSPORT IN BRAZIL

Rationales and characteristics of policies in small

Brazilian municipalities

MARIJKE VERMANDER

2020-2021

-engineering Science 2 spread of the COVID- 3

Abstract

Mass manifestations in June 2013 put fare-free public transport

Tarifa Zero or Passe Livre)

why financial and pol first attempt to bring

Keywords

4 A utopia está lá no horizonte. Me aproximo dois passos, ela se afasta dois passos. Caminho dez passos e o horizonte corre dez passos. Por mais que eu caminhe, jamais alcançarei. Para que serve a utopia? Serve para isso: para que eu não deixe de caminhar. Utopia is on the horizon. I move two steps closer; it moves two steps away. I walk ten steps and the horizon runs ten steps. No matter how far

I walk, I will never reach it. So

what is utopia for? It is there to make sure

I never stop walking.

-Eduardo Galeano 5

Acknowledgements

I to an in

Ybrought this thesis to a

Of team Cosmopolis I

and 6

Table of contents

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................10

1.1 WHY STUDY FFPT (IN BRAZIL)? 14

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................16

2.1 WHAT IS FARE-FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORT (FFPT)? 16

2.2

RATIONALES BEHIND FFPT IMPLEMENTATION 17

2.3

URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN BRAZIL 23

23

IPT 24

THE PT 25

2.4 ‘TARIFA ZERO": THE FIRST CALL FOR UNIVERSAL FFPT IN SÃO PAULO 28 2.5

LOCALITIES WITH FFPT IN BRAZIL 30

3. FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY ....................................................31

4. RESULTS: BRAZILIAN MUNICIPALITIES WITH FFPT .........................37

4.1 MUNICIPALITIES WITH FFPT IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO 42

P: ? 42

G GUDOS 44

M: FFPT 49

OFFPT SÃO P 51

4.2 MUNICIPALITIES WITH FFPT IN THE STATE OF MINAS GERAIS 57

FFPT : MC(MG) 57

OFFPT MG 61

4.3 MUNICIPALITIES WITH FFPT IN THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO 65 4.4 MUNICIPALITIES WITH FFPT IN THE SOUTHERN REGION 70 4.5 MUNICIPALITIES WITH FFPT IN THE STATE OF GOIÁS 74 4.6

FFPT IN FORTALEZA"S METROPOLITAN REGION 76

4.7

COVID-19 AND FFPT 79

4.8

DISCONTINUED CASES 81

7

5. MUNICIPALITIES WITH FFPT IN BRAZIL: DISCUSSION ....................84

RTZERO 85

CTZERO 90

ITZERO 92

RTZERO 92

6. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................94

BIBLIOGRAPHY .....................................................................................97 8

List of Tables

36
38

List of Figures

11 Figure 2 Share of income spent on public transport per income decile 27

Figure 3

-related uprisings and policies 40 41

Figure 5 Map detail:

FFPT localities in the state of São Paulo 42

Figure 6

53
Figu 55

Figure 8

56

Figure 9

Map detail: FFPT localities in the state of Minas Gerais 57

Figure 10

58

Figure 11

Map detail: FFPT localities in the state of Rio de Janeiro 65 67
70
71
Figure 15 Map detail: FFPT localities in the state of Goiás 74

Figure 16

Map detail: FFPT localities in the state of Ceará 76
9

List of abbreviations

FFPT - Fare-free Public Transport

- Movimento Passe Livre

PT - Public Transport

Brazilian states

(mentioned in this thesis)

CE - Ceará

GO - Goiás

MG - Minas Gerais

PR - Paraná

RJ - Rio de Janeiro

RS - Rio Grande do Sul

SP - São Paulo

10

Introduction

to as Jornadas de JunhoThe June Manifestações dos 20 centavos20 cents protestsNova Revolta do Vintémthe

Revolta do Vintém -1880 in

and is often referred to as the first public transport (PT) related learned vintém"PT - including acts political culture PT related quebra-quebra" in 1947

Revolta das Barcas" Revolta do Buzu" in

Revolta da Catraca"

1 (2019) in the beginning of the 2000s a shift happen ed in the struggles for PT being their actions

The topic gained

Revolta do Buzu students

Movimento Passe Livre"

Free Pass )

2 1

Catraca" turnstileis a

Catracas

as a profit-generating business catraca" 2 11 Figure 1: Fee collectors and turnstiles in Brazilian urban buses Image credits: César Ogata/Secom (left) and Mauro Schaefer/CP Memória (right)

PT related discontent are thus

increase from R$3 3

PT is the

PT

To raise PT

another slap in the face of

2013 protests

acted as a of mass protests

During

FFPT for students (Gregori

Claiming

partial been drafted to meet these demands Tarifa Zero (discussed in ) 3 in this thesis 1 EUR on 01/01/2021 1 EUR (calculated at -- 12 universal ed from the

FFPT for all

in 2005 Its discourse therefore fighting for PT indeed

The demand for FFPT call for change

4 to control populations) neoliberalism and en 4

Droit à la ville"

13 9 th 5 the most unequal nation in the 6 the 10 th most equal nation in the list) apitals 2020)

Paulistas" (São Paulo inhabitants) spend

this time - due to real estate speculation and other forces - - fighting for FFPT from a broader understanding of source of inspiration and point o 5 6 2020)
14 7 research project the transport

FFPT - Tarifa Zero or Passe Livre - is cu

lite (see FFPT the proposal for Tarifa Zero

30 municipalities

hel policies and Tarifa Zero on FFPT and the right to re the impacts 7 political--fare 15

The main The

outsourced -

Information about FFPT

the first research question rd for this thesis is: where in Brazil has FFPT been fully 8 applied, and why? this research to find what are the operational, economic and politica l aspects of FFPT in Brazilian municipalities?quotesdbs_dbs46.pdfusesText_46

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