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CANADIANCATALOGUINGINPUBLICATIONDATA

C94-960207-B5B2.1609711

Covertitle.

Acknowledgements

FRDAII."Cf.Versooft.p.

Previous'ed.writtenbyGarthCoward.0.

Co-publishedbyCanadianForestService,

ISBN0-7726-2159-4

r r r r ofBritishColumbia.

Parish,Roberta,194B-

OK4B5.2.B7C6B1994

Additionalcopiesavailablefrom:

CanadianForestService

506W.BurnsideRd.

Victoria,BC

VBZlM5

MinistryofForests

PublicAffairsBranch

Suite300-1675DouglasSf.

Victoria,BC

VBW3E7

CanadaBC;;J

LearningtoRecognize

Treesof

BritishColumbia

Acknowledgements

ColumbiaPartnershipAgreement

onForestResource

Development:

FRDAII.

individualshave beeninvolvedinrewritingandrevisingthe secondedition.EmmaMcMillanand

JohnHorchikcompletedan

of

PublicAffairsBranch;JolmPinn,

B.C.Parks;NancyTurner,

University

Station,Ministry

LesJosa,

Nicholson,

ServicetranslatedtheTreeBookintoFrench.

TreeBookCommittee:

PaulNystedt,ResearchBranch,Ministry

ofForests

RobeltaParish,ResearchBranch,Ministry

ofForests

JillPeterson,CanadianForestService

ofForests

SandraThomson,ResearchBranch,Ministry

ofForests

Ministry

ofForests

Typesetting:LaserWorks

Illustrations:EmmaMcMillanandA.R.Ratsoy

PhotoCredits:ForestService(printcollection)-p.16, 17,18,

22a,25,44, 48, 49,50,52,53,54, 55, 56,58,60,61,63a+b,64,

65,66,69,70a+b,75,77,81,82a,84,85,87b,88, 89,94,96,

100,

105,108,109,114,115,116,117,119a+b,122,126, 128,

133, 134,135, 142, 146, 147, 152, 153, 154,158, 160,164,168,

169,171b.

ForestService(slidecollection)-p.

19,20,22b,26,27,29,34,

38,42,43,SIb,62a+b,74,79a,87a,90, 91,95a,104,110,

Ministry

24,31a,

31b,36,39,57,67,71a,71b,72, 73,79b,92, 98,101,

107,lIz',

)25,130,132,138,151,170,172,175.

BillMcMillan-p.28,33,86,99b,156,157,159, 164,165,

166a,166b.

DonCarson(Ministry

ofForests,CowichanLakeResearch

Station)-p.21,78.

C.Thomson(NelsonForestRegion)-p.37,41.

144.
-p.80 -p.102 ].Parminter(Ministry ofForests,ResearchBranch,Victoria) -p.177

B.Swan-p.30

DaveFraser-p.31c,

ll1b.

A.1nselberg-p.32,68,118, 120,178

E.McMillan- p45, 46, 47,82b,97,99a,106b,124,127, 139,

148, 149, 150.

R.B.Dickens-p.51a,59.

R.Norton- p106

A.Ceska-p.121,137

F.Boas-p.141,145

M.McPhee-p.167

Thephoto

BritishColuinbiaMuseumcollections

CAT.NO.9974

Introduction

plantsandanimals.When wevisitdifferentpartsofour province, weencounteradiversityofclimatesandland andplantcommunities. trees,butyou won'tfindallofthemeverywhereyougo. adapted redcedargrowsmostly onthecoastandinthewetterpaltsof theInterior, wherethereisabundantrainfallandtempera whythey growwheretheydo. bethe firststep toopeningthedooronthenaturalworld,which alsoincludes otherplants,animals,insectsandfungi-all I

HowtoUsetheTreeBook

Columbia.

The firstfewpages oftheTreeBookgiveyousometipsonhow features,turn forgroupingtreeswithsinlilarfeatures isthesameasthe colouredbackgroundinthe upperrightcornerofthesecond pageforeachtreedescription. asbark, anddescriptions.

Besuretocheckthedistributionmaptofmd

out ifthetreegrowsinyourarea. There eachtreespecieslikes togrow,theothertreesandplantsthat partoftheirhabitat. as,\Vhatis ecosystemsalwaysstaythesame? useparts oftreesformedicine.Wedonotrecommend consumptionwithout fullknowledgeofpossibleside effects.

Thissymbolindicatescaution.

I

WhatarethePartsofaTree?

Theupperpartofthetreewiththebranches

iscalledthecrown. andwater.Theydothis byachemicalprocesscalledphotosynthesis waterrecombinetoformsugarsandoxygen. entersandleavesthetree. insidetheplant'scellswhere chloroplastsabsorbthesun's energyforphotosynthesis. The trunkhasseverallayers. The insulatesitfromextremeheatandcold. The sugarsfromtheleavestotherestofthetree.

Asthesecells

die,theybecomepartoftheouterbark. The cambiumproduces newphloemandsapwood.Thesecells producesthetree'sannualrings.These a1U1Ualringscanhelp isalways ontheinside. The fromtherootsuptotheleaves.

ASnewlayersdevelop,the

innerlayersdieandbecomeheartwood. treeitsstrength. absorbwaterandnutrientsfromthesoil. thetree. I

Stomates

Chlorophyll------.,

Heartwood

Root Soil I

Phloem

Cambium

Sapwood

Scaly?

WhattoLookFor

starttorecognizedifferences,especially ifyouknowwhatto lookfor.

Whatistheshapeoftheleaf!

Needle-like?

Inbundles?Ifso,howmanyineachbundle?

Not inbundles? I

Broadleaves?

Leavesoppositeeachotheronthetwig?

Leavesalternating?

I I

Leaveswithout

indentations (notlobed)?

Leavesirregularly

shaped(lobed)?

Wherearetheseeds?

Berry-likefruit?Catkins?(structures

withmanyflowers) I

Cones?

Bracts?

I

FeaturetoLookFor

Treeswithscale-likeleaves

Conesegg-shaped

Conesround

Conesfleshyandberry-like

TreeSpedes

westernredcedar yellow-cedar

RockyMountain

juniper Page I limberpine westernwhitepineNeedlesinbundlesof

5,small

cones,growsathighelevations

Needlesinbundles

of5, largecones,growsathigh elevations

Needlesinbundles

of5, largecones,notathigh elevations

Treeswithneedlesinbundlesof2,3or5

Needlesinbundlesof2lodgepolepine

Needlesinbundles

onponderosaor yellowpine whitebarkpine

Treeswithbundlesofmanyneedles

Bundlesof15to30needles,

growsinsouthern B.C.

Bundlesof15to25needles,

growsinnorthern B.C.

Bundlesof30to40needles,

growsinsubalpineareaswesternlarch tamarack alpinelarch

FeaturetoLookForTreeSpeciesPage

Treeswithneedlesnotinbundles

Needleswithfoursidesandstalks

Growsatlowerelevations,whitespruce

needlessharpandstiff,edge ofconescalesround Grows higherelevations,Engelmannspruce edgeofconescalesragged

Growsincoastalareas,Sitkaspruce

needlesslightlyflattened

Growsinnorthernareas,blackspruce

clump ofbranchesonthe topoftree

Needlesflat,usuallywithanotchattheend;

conesupright

NeedlesonuppersideofthegrandfIr

twigpointsideways

Needleson

uppersideoftheamabilisflf twigpointupwards

AllneedlesappearingtopOintsubalpineflf

upwards

Needlesflat,withbluntends

Needlesdifferentlengths,westernhemlock

I topbranchoftreedroops

Needlessamelength,mountainhemlock

curvedupwards,grows athigherelevations

Needlesflatwithpointedtips

Coneswithathree-forkedbractDouglas-flf

Fruitredandberry-likewesternyew

II

KeyforTreeswithBroadLeaves

FeaturetoLookForTreeSpeciesPage

Leavesinappositepairs

showywhiteflowers

Leaves

with5lobes,verylargebigleafmaple

Leaves

with3to5lobesandDouglasmaple coarselytoothededges

Leaves

with7to9lobes,vinemaple almost'circular

Leavesalternating

I

Leavesevergreen,redbarkarbutus

peels inflakes

Leavesoblong,veinsparallelcascara

Leaves

withroundedlobes,Garryoak withacorns

Treeswithfleshyfruit

I

Longcluster

ofdarkpurpleberrieschokecherry

Flat-toppedcluster

ofbrightpincherry redberries

Loosecluster

ofdarkredberriesbittercherry III

FeaturetoLookForTreeSpeciesPage

Treeswithcatkins

Catkinswoody

Leaveswithroundedteethredalder

andedgesrolledunder

Leafedgesaredouble-toothed,mountainalder

smalltree orshrub

Catkinsfoilaparteasily

Leavestriangle-shaped,paperbirch

barkpeelsreadily

Leavesoval-shaped,barkwaterbirch

shinyanddark

Catkinsbead-like

releasingfluffybalsampoplar whiteseedsblackcottonwood

Catkinssmalltremblingaspen

smoothwhitebark,leaves "tremble"inthewind III

Westernredcedar

I

Westernredcedar

Thujaplicata

Alargetree,upto60metrestallwhenmature,

withdroopingbranches;trunkoftenspreading outwidelyatthebase.

Leaves

onepair.but notintheotherandoverlappinglike shingles.Arranged onthetwigsinflat,fan-likesprays.

Verystrongaroma.

Cones

Seedconesareegg-shaped,I

,centimetrelong,withseveralpairs ofscales.Pollenconesaresmalland reddish. Bark

Grey,stringy,tearingoffinlong

strips onmaturetrees.

Wheretofindwestern

redcedar

Ittypicallyoccursatlowto

midelevationsalongthe coastandinthe wetbeltof theInterior,wherethe climate iscool,mild,and moist. II

Habitat

Westernredcedargrowsbestin moisttowetsoils,withlots over

1,000years.

mosses' o,ntheforestfloor. Uses

Thewesternredcedarhasbeen

called"thecornerstone of

NorthwestCoastaboriginal

culture,"andhasgreatspiritual significance.Coastalpeopleused were twisted intoropeandbaskets.Itwasalsousedformany medicines. II f

Thewoodisnaturallydurable

andlightinweight.It isused forhousesidingandinterior paneling aswellasoutdoor furniture,deckingandfencing.

Because

ofitsresistanceto decayandinsectdamage,the woodoflarge,fallentrees Notes name Itis iii

Yellow-cedar

Yellow-cedar

Chamaecyparisnootkatensis

Amedium-sizedtree,upto24metrestalland90

centimetresindiameter;hasabroad,grooved trunkthatspreadsoutwidelyatthebase.The crown issharplycone-shaped,withbranchesthat spreadoutanddroop,andhavesmall,loosely hangingbranchlets.

Leaves

Scale-like,dark,bluish-green,and

slenderwithsharppoints.Unlike •westernredcedar,theleaves ofthe yellow-cedarare allalike,sothat theleaf-coveredtwigsappearfour sidedratherthanflat. Cones

Conesareround,6to12

millimetresindiameter,berry-like inthefIrstyearandbecomingwoody astheymature.Mature coneshave4to6thickumbrella-shapedscales. Bark

Onyoungtrees,thebarkis

thin,greyish-brownand scaly;onmaturetrees,it hasnarrowintersecting ridges.Theinsideofthe barksmellslikepotatoskins.

Wheretofind

yellow-cedar

CommonwestoftheCoast

Mountains,itrarelyoccursin

southeasternBritishColumbia. II

Habitat

usually andotherplantssuch assalalanddeerfern.Itismost andamabilis fir.

Youngbal'k

Uses

Aboriginalpeoplealongthe

coastusedyellow-cedar extensively.Theyusedthe wood forpaddles,masks,dishes,and

Thewood

isused extensivelyforboatbuilding. II Noles

CIJa1l1aecypa1'isisderivedfrom

theGreekwordfortheground cypress,anOldWorldshmb; l100tkatensisreferstoNootka Sound onthewestsideof thetopleaderdies, asdothesidebranchesthattakeover.

Thereasonforthis

isnotreallyunderstood,butitmaybea or II

RockyMounlainjuniper

II

RockyMountainjuniper

Juniperusscopulorum

Ashrubbytreewithawide,irregularlyrounded

crownandknotty,twistedtrunkreaching 13 metresinheight.

Leaves

thetwiginfourrows.Onyoung,fastergrowing intwos oldertwigs. Cones

Seedconesarerounded,small,and

quotesdbs_dbs46.pdfusesText_46

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