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Late 18thcenturyto circa1900(includingmarks onBritannia metal, iron, steel,copperalloysandsilver-platedgoods) .,¥t..

EILEENWOODHEAD

EnvironnementCanada

Servicedespares

EnvironmentCanada

ParksService

TRADEMARKS

ON

BASE-METALTABLEWARE

~RIFFIN tw

TRADEMARKS

ON

BASE-METALTABLEWARE

Late 18thcenturyto circa1900(includingmarksonBritannia metal,

EILEENWOODHEAD

Studies inArchaeology,ArchitectureandHistory

NationalHistoricSites

Parks Service

EnvironmentCanada

AvailableinCanadathroughauthorizedbookstore agentsandotherbookstores,orby mail

Ottawa,Ontario,CanadaKIAOS9.

Publishedundertheauthority

oftheMinisterof theEnvironment,

Ottawa,1991

Theopinionsexpressedin thisreportarethoseof theauthorand notnecessarilythoseof

EnvironmentCanada.

EditingandLayout:SheilaAscroft

DesktopProduction:SuzanneRochette

CoverDesign:Rod Won

Translation:Department

oftheSecretaryofState Parks publishestheresultsof itsresearchinarchaeology,architecture,andhistory.Alist vironmentCanada,1600LiverpoolCourt,Ottawa,OntarioK1A OH3.

CanadianCataloguinginPublicationData

EileenWoodhead

Trademarkonbase-metaltableware:late 18thcenturytocirca1900(includingmarkson

IncludesanabstractinFrench

Includesbibliographicalreferences.

ISBN0-660-13629-5

DSS cat. no.R61-2/9-50E

1. lectorsandcollecting-Canada.4. Artmetal-work-Collectorsandcollecting- Ca nada.I. Title:Trademarksonbase-metaltablewarefrom thelate18thcenturyto theendofthe

19thcentury.IV.Series.

WII WIll WIll WIll WIll WIll wit filii WIll W!I VII WIll filii filii till "'"will will wI

TABLEOFCONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONv

AVANT·PROPOSv

HOWTOUSETHISGUIDE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...ix MODED'UTILISATIONDECEGUIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...ix

REFERENCESxi

REFERENCESxi

INDEXTONUMBERSUSEDINTRADEMARKS... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...289 INDEXTOSYMBOLSNOTLISTEDELSEWHERE.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...329

Service,EnvironmentCanada,Ottawa.

Division,ParksService,EnvironmentCanada, Ottawa.

III 'fill 'filii WII WIll wII WIll WIll wII filii filii filii

INTRODUCTION

OvertbepastdecadetbeMetalUnitof tbeMaterial

bookis aselectionofmarksonfilethatrelate primarilytotablewareitems,from the late 18tb centuryto about1900.Thesemarkswere used on tablewareandotbersmallbardwaregoodsmade in theUnitedStates.TheParksfile basprovento be usefultoresearcbersandarcbaeologistsfor identifyingtbeorigin andtbe daterangeof tablewareandrelatedmetalartifactsfrom avariety ofarchaeologicalsites.

Tbemanufacture

ofbasemetalsbasneverhad the continuous controltbathasbeenappliedtoprecious

Tbevariety

ofmetalsusedfortablewareproducts andmanufacturingmetbods.

Tbebasemetalsused in tbemanufactureof

andsteel,tin alloys(includingpewter),andcopper alloyssucb as tbebrassesandnickel-silver.Tin and silverwere used asplatingmaterials.Sbeffieldand

Birmingbamwereamongthelargemetal

manufacturingcentresinEnglandtbat badlocal registries ofmarkskeptbytradeorganizations:tbe

Cutlers'CompanyofSbeffieldor theWorsbipful

Company

ofPewterers.Thesecompendiumsonly includemarksused bymanufacturers.Markswere alsoappliedtometalgoodsbywbolesalersor fac tors, andretailers.In someinstancesthere would bavebeen moretban onemanufacturer,as in tbe caseof manyknivesinwhichthebladeswere made by onemanufacturer,tbebandIesbyanotherand yet v

AVANT-PROPOS

Au sein de laDirectiondesrecbercbesarcheo

metalde laSectiondesrecherchessurlaculture pillessur lesartefactsenmetal.Le presentouvrage traite decertainsde cespoinconsretrouvesessentiel lementsur lavaisselle,entrela fin du xvnrsiecleet

1900environ.Cespoinconsont

ereutilisessur la vaisselleet autrespetitsarticlesdequincaillerie fabriquesenmetauxnonprecieuxenGrande

Bretagne,enAllemagne,enFranceet auxEtats

Unis. Cedossierapermisauxcbercbeursetarcheo

I'origineet laperiodedefabricationde lavaisselleet archeologiques.

Lafabricationd'objetsenmetauxnonprecieuxn' a

le cas duplacage d'argent.Vu ladiversitedes metauxutilisespourlafabricationde lavaisselle, cbacunepossedantses propresmethodesdefabri cationet satecbnologie.

Lesmetauxnonprecieuxquientraientdansla

metauxferreux,le fer et I'acier,lesalliagesde fer blanc(ycompris l'etain)et lesalliagesdecuivre, tels lelaitonet l'argenton.Le ferblancet I'argent fabrication d'articlesenmetalenAngleterreou on corpsdemetiers locaux:laCutlers'Companyof

Sbeffieldou laWorshipfulCompanyofPewterers.

Cesregistresne

comprennentque lespoinconsutili lesdetaillants apposaientegalementdespoincons surlesarticlesenmetal.Danscertainscasil peut y avoireuplusd'unfabricant;pourdenombreux athirdmanufacturermay havefinishedorplatedthe finalproduct.Theretailfirmsellingthe knives may alsohavehadits ownregisteredmark. In theearly

19thcentury,beforetherewas a viablesteel

industryinAmerica,knifebladeswere often importedfromGreatBritain,but thehandleswere made byAmericanmanufacturers.Thus even the originof the item isconfusing.In the late 19th centurymanyAmericanretailerscommissioned appliedtheirowntradenames,as they do to the complexities,were commonthroughouttheperiod concerned,but the mark on the finalproductusually providessomeindicationof thesourceof the artifact.

Manycompaniesmanufacturingsmallhardware

items,such as handtoolsandtableware,were in existencefor a longperiodof time, using the same mark ormarks.Manymarksused by firms with establishedreputationswereboughtby asuccessor whocontinuedtheiruse longaftertheoriginal companyhadceasedoperation.Thus, it mayappear thatthe same mark was used by more than one manufactureruntilthedatesof the twocompanies arecompared.When amarkhas been in use over a prolongedperiod,as it has in manyBritishfirms, thedatingof aparticularpiece may have to be determinedonstylisticgrounds,or on ananalysisof themetalormetaltechnologyused in its manu facture.

InCanadaalltablewarein basemetalswasimported

fromGreatBritain,Europeor theUnitedStates untilthefinalyears of the 19thcentury.Several citiesduringthe 1880s.Althoughsomecastingand stampingwas done in a few of theseplants,much of the work was in thefinishingorplatingof items thatweremadein theUnitedStates.A few silvergoods,often made smallquantitiesofbase metalitemsthat weresilver-plated. vi couteaux, les lames etantfabriqueespar une entre prise et lesmanchespar une autre et la finition ou le placage se faisant chez une troisieme. Ledetaillantqui vendait ces couteauxpouvaitegalementy apposer son proprepoinconhomologue.Au debutdu XIX e siecle avant quel'industriede racierne soit viable en

Amerique, les lames de couteauxetaientsouvent

importeesdeGrande-Bretagneet lesmanchesfabri ques auxEtats-Unis.Il est doneparfoisdifficilede determinerI'origine d'unarticle.Ala fin du XIX e desproduits adesfabricantsbien connus, puis y faitencorede nosjours.Malgre toutes ces com plexites,frequentes au cours de laperiodeetudiee,le poincon quiapparaitsur unarticledonne genera lement une bonneindicationde saprovenance.

Bien desentreprisesquifabriquaientdepetits

a main et de lavaisselle,etaientenactivitedepuis longtemps etutilisaientle ou lesmemespoincons.Il arrivaitaussique despoinconsutilisespar des entreprises alareputationetablieaientcontinue d'autres.Done ilsembleque le memepomcon puisseavoir eteutilisepar plusd'unfabricant,mais ilsuffitdecomparerlesperiodes d'activitedes deux entreprisespourconstater qu'ils nel'etaientjamais en meme temps.Lorsqu'unpoincona eteutilise durantuneperiodeprolongee,comme c'estle cas d'unepiecedoitparfoisse faire enfonctiondes caracterisuquesstylistiques,du metalemploye,ou de latechnologieutiliseepourlafabrication.

Toute lavaisselleenmetauxnonprecieuxretrou

vee auCanadaa eteimporteede laGrande

Bretagne,de

l'Europeou desEtats-Unisjusquala toute fin du XIX e siecle.Plusieursentreprisesame ricainesontouvertdesfilialesdans desvillescana diennesaucoursdesannees1880. Bien qu'onait pratiquela fonte et I'estampillagedansquelques unes de cesusines,ellesservaientsurtout ala fini tion et auplacagedesarticlesfabriquesauxEtats

Unis.Quelquesentreprisescanadiennes,qui fabri

souvent aussi depetitesquantitesd'articlesen metaux nonprecieuxplaquesargent. 'fIJ/J WIll wI 'filii WIll wiI 'filii ""WIll WIll 'filii wI fill 'filii fill 'filii wJI wJI 'filii 'filii 'filii sourcedocumentssuch asretailers'recordsshow thatnearlyalltablewaregoods wereimportedfrom

GreatBritainuntil the 1870s. After the D.S. Civil

rivalsfor theCanadianmarket. During the 19th century,mostof thecommontablewaregoods were soldthroughironmongersorhardwaremen,with the finersilver-platedgoods to be found injewelryor watchmakers'shops.Departmentstoresand mail orderhousessuppliedmany of these wares to the consumertowardsthe end of thecentury.

Astablewarewas often only a smallportionof the

totalproductionof many of thelargermanu facturers,theentrieslistedin this work may also proveusefulinidentifyingmarks on other base metalobjectssuch as edgetools,buildinghard ware,householdutensilsandtoiletryitems. vu

L'etudedesmateriauxarcheologiqueset de docu

ments comme lesregistresdesdetaillantsmontre quepresquetoute lavaisselleetaitimporteede

Grande-Bretagneavantlesannees1870. Apres la

guerre deSecession,lesfabricantsamericainsde viennentdesolidesconcurrentssur lemarchecana dien. Au cours du XIX e siecle,lamajoritede la vaisselleordinairesevendaitchez lesferronniersou lesquincailliers,alorsque lesarticlesplaques

Lesmagasins

arayonset lesentreprisesde ventepar la poste ont fourninombrede cesarticlesaux consommateursvers la fin dusiecle.

Puisquelavaissellene

constituaitsouventqu'une faiblepartiede laproductiontotaledeplusieurs mentscontenusdans lepresentouvragepeuvent egalement etreutilespourlidentificationdes poin consplacessur d'autresobjetsenmetauxnon precieux,notammentlesoutilstranchants,la quin lesnecessairesdetoilette. WIll wII wI wII wII wII WIll WIll WIll WIll vi wiI wI WIll wtI wI 'filii 'filii t.. \w

HOWTOUSETHISGUIDE

Allcompanynames,tradenames, words orletters

used inmarksarelistedinalphabeticalorder and cross-referencedwithillustrationsof the marks. As many of themarksarepictorial,or usegeometric forms ornumerals,twoadditionallists areprovided that arecross-referencedto thealphabeticalindex: a listoftrademarkswithnumbers,and apictoriallist organizedalphabeticallybydescriptionof the importanttoarchaeologistsas the marks onartifacts areusuallypartiallyobscuredbycorrosionor breakage.Thereis afourthindex for those unidentifiablesymbolsthathavenot beenlisted elsewhere.

Theentriesarearrangedin thefollowingmanner:

KEY - the word orlettersused in the mark, or the

key word in the name of thecompanylisted.

NAME - the full name of thecompanywritten

accordingtohistoricalreferencesand the name of the company'splantwhenavailable.

PLACE - thegeographiclocationof the company.

Alllocationsare set inGreatBritainunless

otherwisestated.

DATES - the date the firm wasestablishedand the

date oftermination.When a date is in brackets,itrefersto a year in which the firm wasknownto be inoperationand using the trademark.

GOODS - the type ofgoodsthe firm is known to

havemanufactured.In many cases the referencecitedhasstatedtheclassof goods for which the firm hasobtainedtrademarks underBritishexportregulations.Class 12 included"Cutleryand edge tools, such as ix

MODED'UTILISATIONDECEGUIDE

Tous les noms d'entreprises,lesnomsde com

merces,les mots ou leslettresutilisesdans lespoin cons sontpresentesenordrealphabetiqueet ren voientauxillustrations.

Etantdonnequenombredes

formesgeometriquesou dechiffres,deuxautres listesont etefourniesquirenvoientaI'Indexalpha betique: unelistedespoinconscomposesde chiffreset unelistedesdessins parordrealpha sur lesartefactsetantsouventpartiellementeffaces par lacorrosionou lebris.Nousavonsinclusun quin'apparaissentpasailleurs.

Les indexsontorganisesde lamanieresuivante:

PAR MOT

CLE- le mot ou leslettresqui

composentlepoinconou lemot-clequi apparaitdans le nom de I'entreprise.

PAR NOM - le nomcompletde I'entreprise,la

graphieretenue etantcellequiapparaitdans les referenceshistoriques,et le nom de la fabrique,lorsquenous leconnaissons.

PARENDROIT-

l'emplacementdel'entreprise.

Lorsquecelan' est pas

precise,lesentreprises sont enGrande-Bretagne.

PAR DATES - lesdatesd'etablissementet de

fermeturede l'entreprise.Lorsqu'unedateest entre parentheses,celasignifiequecette annee-Ia,I'entrepriseetaitenactiviteet utilisaitsonpoincon.

PARARTICLE

-le typed'articlesquel'onsait avoir etefabriqueparl'entreprise.Dansde nombreuxcas, la referencedonneeprecisela classe d'articlespourlaquellel'entreprisea obtenudespoinconsen vertu desreglements d'exportationbritanniques.Laclasse12

Knives, Forks, Scissors, Shears, Files and

Saws." In this book I have listed "Cutlery of all

kinds." A second class, Class 14, included "Goods ofpreciousmetals including alumi nium, nickel,Britanniametal, etc., and ... imitationsof (precious metals)" (Hughes 1892: xvii-xviii).Here this description is interpreted as "Goods in various metal alloys."

REFERENCES- thedatesof sourcereferencesin

whichmoredetailscan be found. The refer ences arelistedbelow inchronologicalorder.

ILLUSTRATIONS - all theillustrationswere

preparedapproximatelyto the same scale for clarity.Themarksmay haveappearedin varioussizesaccordingto the spaceavailable on the goods, e.g. the marks on a spoon handlemay have beenreducedin size from thatappearingon the base of a large serving dish.

Note - When acompanyis known to have used

only its name as atrademarkthere may be no accompanyingillustrationas the mark would beself-explanatory. x comprendlacoutellerieet lesoutilstran chants,tels lescouteaux,lesfourchettes,les ciseaux,lescisailles,leslimeset les scies.

Une autreclasse,laclasse14,comprendles

articlesfabriquesenmetauxprecieux,y compris l'aluminium,lenickel,lemetal anglais,etc.,ainsique lesimitationsdes metauxprecieux(Hughes,1892:xvii-xviii). PAR

REFERENCE- lesdatesdesreferencesqui

fournissentde plus amplesrenseignements. prepareesapeu presala meme echelle, pour des raisons de clarte. La taille des poincons a pu varier, selon l'objetsur lequel ils etaientplaces; par exemple, un poincon appose sur le manched'unecuillerpeut etre beaucoup plus petit que le memepoinconlorsqu'il apparait au dos d'ungrand plat de service.

Note -Lorsqu'uneentreprise

n'utilisaitque sa raisonsocialecommepoincon,nous ne

I'avonspasnecessairementaccompagne

d'une illustration. 'filii 'filiiquotesdbs_dbs46.pdfusesText_46

[PDF] Le trinôme

[PDF] Le triomphe de Bel-Ami

[PDF] le triomphe de la volonté

[PDF] le triple d'un nombre

[PDF] Le trophée de caius marius

[PDF] le troupeau de geryon

[PDF] le tympan de sainte foy de conques hda

[PDF] Le type de relief

[PDF] Le Vainqueur de la

[PDF] le valeurs des temps du récit au passé

[PDF] Le véhicule dans un virage

[PDF] le veilleur du pont au change analyse

[PDF] Le veilleur du Pont-au-Change

[PDF] Le Velcro "Scratch"

[PDF] Le Vélibre