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www.credoc.frN° 282

DÉCEMBRE 2011

LES CLASSES MOYENNES

EN EUROPE

Régis BIGOT (Credoc)

Patricia CROUTTE (Credoc)

Guillaume OSIER (Luxembourg Income Study et STATEC, Luxembourg)

ABSTRACT?

Middle?classes?in?Europe?

and? neglected? by? the? welfare? state?? Moreover?? it? would? risk? to? implode? what? would? France??the?Netherlands?? Norway??the?United?Kingdom??Spain?and?Italy?middle?classes? has? steadily? increased? over? the? last? years? although? their? growth? rate? was? often? less?

Sommaire?

Note?de?synthŽse?

Les? classes? moyennes? sont? souvent? au? cÍur? des? dbats? publics?? Elles? seraient? en? dclin??

sur? deux?? les? classes? moyennes? sont? aujourdÓhui? moins? nombreuses? quÓelles? ne? lӍtaient? il? y? a?

importante???

La? France? est? un? des? pays? dÓEurope? ooe? les? classes? moyennes? sont? les? plus? nombreuses??? elles?

Moins de???????‡? ???Plus? de?

chaque? pays??? en? France?? on? parlera? de? AE?classes? moyennes?Ç? ?au? pluriel? ou? au? singulier??? de? AE?couches?Ç?

des?professions?librales???

Certains? abordent? la? question? sous? lÓangle? des? statuts? sociaux?? des? mtiers?? des? professions? ou? du? capital?

une? large? majorit? de? la? population? dit? appartenir?aux? classes? moyennes?? cette? notion? est? une? surface?de?

units? de? consommation? sont? dtermines? par? la? racine? carre? du? nombre? de? personnes? dans? le? foyer?? La?

???Ù?et??????Ù??

la? plupart? des? travaux? sociologiques? ou? conomiques? sur? les? classes? moyennes??? ‡? toutes? les?

moyennes??? est?encore?plus?faible???

Rpublique? TchŽque?? Pologne?? et? dans? quelques? pays?du? Nord? ?Finlande?? SuŽde?? Allemagne? et?

Belgique??? l‡? ooe? les? classes? moyennes? taient? particuliŽrement? importantes? historiquement?? En?

longue?priode?depuis????ans??? vingtaine?d?anne? ??en?points?de????

Fin?des?annes??????Î

Italie? ????? ????? ?????

NorvŽge? ????? ????? ?????

Pays?Bas? ????? ????? ?????

Danemark? ????? ????? ?????

France? ????? ????? ?????

Royaume?Uni? ????? ????? ?????

Irlande? ????? ????? ?????

Hongrie? ????? ????? ?????

dans? la? tourmente?? dtruisant? des? millions? dÓemploi? et? portant? un? srieux? coup? de? frein? ‡? la?

tensions? relatives? au? pouvoir? dÓachat? nÓont? fait? que? cro"tre??? alors? que? le? pouvoir? dÓachat? par?

nos?concitoyens???

?????? le? niveau? de? vie? moyen? des? classes? moyennes? sӍlŽve? ‡? ??????Ù? par? mois? pour? une?

pauprisation???

pass? de? ?????Ù? ‡? ??????Ù?? soit? une? progression? de??????? contre? ????? pour? les? classes?

moyennes? et? ????? pour? les? bas? revenus?? Depuis? trente? ans?? les? classes? moyennes? se? font?

?en?Ù?mensuel??

Moyenne Bas

revenusClasses moyennesHauts revenus

Si? lÓon? constate? un? dclin? en? effectifs? des? classes? moyennes? dans? un? grand? nombre? de? pays?

dÓEurope?? on? nÓenregistre? aucune? diminution? de? leur? niveau? de? vie?? quelle? que? soit? la? nation?

de? lÓEst?? lӍlvation? du? niveau? de? vie? des? classes?moyennes? est? trŽs? vive??? ?????? en? Estonie??

?????? en? Pologne?? ?????? en? Slovnie?? Dans? dÓautres?pays? comme? la? Suisse?? la? France?? le?

On? constate? galement? que? les? classes? moyennes?? dans? la? grande? majorit? des? pays?? sont?

peine?? si? bien? que?? globalement?? les? ingalits? de?revenu? ont? plut˜t? tendance? ‡? progresser? en?

dÓautres?nations???

Priode?de?

rfrence?

Taux?de?croissance?annuel?moyen??

des?niveaux?de?vieÈ??

Èdes?bas?

revenus?Èdes?classes? moyennes?Èdes?hauts? revenus?

Ède?

lÓensemble? de?la? population? Comment? expliquer? que? certains? pays? disposent? de? classes? moyennes? plus? importantes? que?

lÓAutriche?? la? Belgique? et? la? France? sont? des? pays?plus? riches? quÓen? moyenne? et? les? classes?

quÓen? moyenne? ?en? dehors? de? lÓEurope?? la? situation?est? similaire? en? Russie? ou? au? Brsil???

Nanmoins?? la? corrlation? nÓest? pas? parfaite? ?R ?=? ??????? le? Royaume?Uni?? lÓIrlande?? lÓItalie? et? ?R

revenus? sont? davantage? taxs? que? les? bas? revenus? et? les? classes? moyennes??? les? prestations?

sociales? vont? plut˜t? vers? les? mnages? ‡? bas? revenus? ?minimas? sociaux?? allocations? logement??

sous? silence? le? fait? quÓune? partie? importante? des? populations? prcaires? intŽgrent? les? classes?

obligatoires?sont?importants?

Canada

Core?du?SudSuisse

Etats?Unis

AustralieNorvŽge

AllemagneAutriche

BelgiqueDanemark

Espagne

Finlande

France

GrŽce

Hongrie

IrlandeItalie

Luxembourg

Pays?Bas

Pologne

Bulgarie

Islande

Lettonie

LituanieMalte

Portugal

Roumanie

SlovaquieEstonieChypre

Rč?=???????

La? corrlation? entre? lÓimportance? des? classes? moyennes? et? le? montant? des? dpenses? sociales?

maladie??? les? licenciements? collectifs?? le? harcŽlement? moral?? etc?? Plus? AE?lÓindice? de? protection?

dmocratie? AE?sociale?Ç?? Le? politologue? allemand? Manfred? G?? Schmidt? a? tabli? un? indicateur?

corrlation??R ?=??????entre?ces?deux?dimensions???

CanadaSuisse

Etats?Unis

AustralieNorvŽge

AllemagneAutriche

BelgiqueDanemark

Espagne

FinlandeFrance

GrŽceIrlandeItalie

Pays?Bas

Royaume?UniSuŽde

Rč?=???????

dmocraties? AE?consensuelles?Ç? se? caractrisent? par?une? rpartition? du? pouvoir? excutif? au? sein?

scrutin? proportionnel? ?vs? majoritaire??? une? organisation? fdrale? ?vs? un? tat? centralis??? une?

banque? centrale? dpendante? de? lÓexcutif??? etc?? Il?appara"t? que? les? classes? moyennes? sont? plus?

dans? les? rgimes? politiques? AE?consensuels?Ç? plut˜t?que? AE?majoritaires?Ç?? On? peut? dÓailleurs??

pays? qui? contribue? ‡? renforcer? les? rgimes? dmocratiques? de? cette? nature?? Une? socit? ooe? les?

concertation??? tensions????

Classes?moyennes?et?confiance?en?autrui?

BrsilCanada

Taiwan

Core?du?SudRussieSuisse

Etats?Unis

AustralieNorvŽge

Allemagne

AutricheDanemark

Espagne

EstonieFinlande

France

GrŽce

HongrieIrlande

Italie

LuxembourgPays?Bas

Pologne

Rpublique?tchŽqueRoyaume?Uni

SlovnieSuŽde

Rč?=???????

de? lÓOuest? et? du? Nord? plus? investis?? Pour? certains? sociologues?? les? structures? familiales?

lÓEst? de? lÓEurope?? LÓanalyse? de? la? stratification? sociale? montre? galement? que? lÓon? sÓengage?

La? participation? active? dans? un? syndicat? ?Rč=????? ou? un? parti? politique? ?Rč=????? est? un? peu?

beaucoup? plus? souvent? que? AE?la? dmocratie? est? trŽs? importante?Ç? ?Rč=?????? ni? que? AE?la?

?Rč=??????

entrent? bien? videmment? en? ligne? de? compte? dans? la?qualit? du? AE?vivre? ensemble?Ç?? Mais? ces?

analyses? exploratoires? montrent? nanmoins? que? les? classes? moyennes? constituent? un? socle? de?

stabilit??? elles? font? tampon? entre? les?plus? riches?et? les? plus? pauvres??? leur? importance? plus? ou?

moins? grande? tmoigne? de? la? volont? des? rgimes? politiques? de? mieux? rpartir? les? ressources?

sont?plus?nombreuses??

RussieSuisse

NorvŽge

Allemagne

AutricheBelgiqueDanemark

Espagne

EstonieFinlande

France

GrŽce

HongrieIrlande

ItalieLuxembourg

Pays?Bas

Pologne

Rpublique?tchŽque

Royaume?UniSlovnieSuŽde

Rč?=???????

Introduction?

Les? classes? moyennes? sont? souvent? au? cÍur? des? dbats? publics?? Au? moment? des?

lections?? elles? sont? les? destinataires? privilgies? du? discours? politique?? Il? sÓagit? de?

les? classes? moyennes? constituent? la? plus? grande? partie? du? corps? social??? leur? de?lӍchelle?sociale???

les? garantes? de? la? cohsion? sociale?? Pour? la? paix? sociale?? il? est? prfrable? que? les?

classes? moyennes? chtives? tmoignent? dÓune? socit?fortement? polarise?? menace?

dӍclatement???

La? peur? de? la? fragmentation? sociale? est? au? cÍur? de?la? thŽse? du? dclin? des? classes?

???nous?avons? rappel? que? les? classes? moyennes? franOEaises? ne? sÓeffritent? pas?? Elles? sont? aussi?

longue? priode?? Nous? avons? souhait? largir? ces? analyses? ‡? lÓensemble? des? pays?

arriŽre?? dans? six? pays??? la? Grande?Bretagne?? lÓAllemagne?? la? Belgique?? la? France?? lÓEspagne?et?lÓItalie?? Dans? un? second? temps?? nous? nous? attacherons? ‡? comparer? les? classes? moyennes? en?

La? troisiŽme? partie?? plus? exploratoire?? sÓintressera? aux? dterminants? conomiques? et?

politiques? de? lÓexistence? des? classes? moyennes?? Comment? expliquer? quÓelles? sont? plus?

??Rgis?Bigot??Les?classes?moyennes?sous?pression??cahier?de?recherche?n ?????CREDOC??dcembre???????

http???www?credoc?fr?pdf?Rech?C????pdf?? classes?moyennes? Aborder? le? sujet? des? classes? moyennes? soulŽve? ncessairement? la? question? de? leur?

dfinition?? Mais? cÓest? l‡? que? les? difficults? commencent?? en? raison? du? caractŽre?

moyennes? dpend? largement? de? son? acception? dans? diffrentes? langues? ou? diffrents?

intellectuelles?de?chaque?pays??? combler? ce? manque? mais? il? est? nanmoins? envisageable? de? retracer? pralablement? la?

trajectoire? historique? de? quelques? reprsentations?sociales? lies? au? concept? de? classes?

presque? inpuisable?? Klaus?Peter? Sick? voque? le? chiffre? impressionnant? de? ???? ‡? ????

et?de?catgorisations

dfinitions? contingentes?? mais? ‡? cette? partie? ‡? gomtrie? variable? sÓadjoint? une? autre??

plus? prenne? dans? le? temps?? de? caractristiques? qui? apparaissent? de? maniŽre? plus? ou?

tenterons? de? dgager? des? lments? de? convergence?? mais? on? peut? dire? dÓemble? quÓil?

Notre? travail? vise? surtout? ‡? rendre? compte? de? la? diversit? des? usages? historiques??

politiques?? sociaux? et? scientifiques? du? concept? dans? quelques? pays? europens?? Nous?

chercherons? bien? sr? ‡? dgager? des? traits? communs??mais? nous? nÓocculterons? pas? les?

spcificits? propres? ‡? chaque? poque? ou? chaque? pays?? Il? sÓagit? principalement? ici? de?

resituer? chaque? dfinition? des? classes? moyennes? dans? son? contexte? historique? et?

gographique?? LÓide? consiste? ‡? viter?? autant? que?possible?? dÓoprer? une? abstraction?

risquant?dÓenfreindre?la?comprhension??LÓobjectif?de?ce?chapitre? est? de?prsenter?une?

vision? extensive? des? classes? moyennes? enrichie? par?un? regard? longitudinal? et? comparatiste???

pari? assum? est? donc? de? mettre? ‡? lӍpreuve? de? lÓhistoire? la? AE?figure?Ç? de? classes?

moyennes? afin? dÓen? tablir? une? topographie? europenne? toujours? sensible? aux? conclusions?principales???? ?? Le?discours?relatif?aux?classes?moyennes?commence?‡?poindre? au?moment?ooe?les? en?puissance?et??en?son?sein??la? bourgeoisie? industrielle? et? commerOEante? occupe? une?place? importante? dans? les? et? au? Luxembourg?? mais? galement? un? peu? en? France??? la? notion? de? classes? artisanat?et?du?commerce?? voire?aux? travailleurs?indpendants??? classes? moyennes ??LÓidal?marxiste??par?dfinition??nie?leur?existence? car?une?

enclines? non? plus? ‡? nourrir? le? dbat? autour? des? couches? intermdiaires? car? le?

moyennes? sont? souvent? instrumentalises? dans? les? discours? politiques?? ?lӍlecteur?mdian Cette? instrumentalisation? est? aise? ‡? mettre? en? Íuvre? puisque? les? classes? moyennes? sont? une? adquate? surface? de? projection? dans? laquelle? chacun? se?

?? En?lien?avec?lÓindustrialisation?et?lӍlvation?des?niveaux?de?vie??la?classe?moyenne?

moyennes? au? moment? des? Trente? glorieuses? en? France?ou? du? AE?miracle? ses? parents?? Ce? nÓest? pas? par? hasard? si? aujourdÓhui?? les? sociologies? chinoises?? sur? le? sentiment? de? dclassement??Dans? la? plupart? des? pays? frapps? par? la? dsindustrialisation? et? soumis? ‡? la? concurrence? internationale?? prospŽre? une?

?? DÓun? point? de? vue? politique?? et? depuis? lÓAntiquit?? les? classes? moyennes? sont?

souvent?perOEues?comme?les? pauprisation? des? classes? moyennes? sont? alors? perOEus? comme? une? menace? riches?et?les?pauvres?rappara"t??? ?? DÓun?point?de?vue?smantique??on?parle?de?classes?moyennes? au?pluriel?ou?au? singulier ? lorsquÓon? cherche? plut˜t? ‡? mettre? en? avant? lÓide?de? diversit? ou? dÓunit?? Le? pluriel? est? plus? courant?? Le? mot? AE?classe?Ç? renvoie? parfois? aux? issus? de? paradigmes? diffrents? de? se? rapproprier? le? mot? AE?classe? moyenne?Ç? depuis? deux? siŽcles?? En? France?? tout? se? passe? comme? si? en? tant? accol? ‡? sous?lÓangle?des? si?lÓide?de?couche? endroit??? selon? les? auteurs?? les? classes? moyennes? peuvent? se? situer? soit? au?

Constitutional?Democracy??

groupes?dӍgale?importance???

Mais? ce? court? rsum? ne? reflŽte? pas? la? diversit? des? problmatiques? et? des?

reprsentations? qui? gravitent? autour? des? classes? moyenne?? Les? sections? suivantes? slogan? politique ??? Ainsi? lÓapparition? des? classes? moyennes? brise? le?vieux? paradigme? les?pauvres???

non? pour? accder? ‡? la? culture??? AE?La? richesse? a? amen? le? loisir?? le? loisir? a? donn? les?

lumiŽres?Ç ??? Engagement? politique?? sentiment? patriotique? et? convictions? dmocratiques?

lӍgard? de? ce? nouveau? concept? auquel? recouraient? les? collŽgues? de? son? propre? parti

du? pass? survivent? encore??? la? bourgeoisie? et? le? peuple?? La? classe? moyenne? ne? serait?

ce?sujet???

Claude?Henri?de?Rouvroy?de?Saint?Simon??

Say?? composent?les?richesses??

?AE?Ne? nous? laissons? pas? abuser? par? ce? mot??? classes?moyennes?? Le? terme? demeure?? la? chose? sÓest?vanouie??Ç

Mais?ce?quÓAlletz?entend?par?ralit?sociale?nÓa?pas?de? rapport?avec? une?ralit?socio?

universel? aurait? rendu? ncessaire? que? lӍgalit? politique? se? reflŽte? dans? la? smantique?

rpublicaine??? Ce?scepticisme?ne?se?limite?pas?‡?la?droite??Le?concept?de?classes? moyennes? est?tout?

Proudhon

AE?Messieurs?? jÓai? dit? les? nouvelles? couches?? non? pas? les? classes??? cÓest? un? mauvais? mot? que? je? nÓemploie? jamais??Ç

conception? marxiste? qui? ne? conna"t? quÓune? seule? classe??? le? proltariat?? La? thorie?

marxiste? accorde? le? r˜le? politique? central? ‡? la? classe? ouvriŽre? et? ne? reconna"t? dans? la?

rapide? des? systŽmes? conomiques? capitalistes ???? Contrairement? ‡? ces? pronostics?? la? classe? moyenne? nÓa? cess? dÓaugmenter? en? nombre? tout? au? long? du? ?? e? siŽcle?? Les?

processus? de? modernisation?nÓont? pas? conduit? ‡? une?disparition? de?la? classe? moyenne?

mais? ont? contribu? ‡? sa? croissance? et? ‡? sa? sdimentation?? Ce? fait? social? important?

centre?ou?des?libraux?? En???????lӍconomiste? libral?Paul?Leroy?Beaulieu?apporte?une?prcision?en?cherchant?? fois?modernes?et?nouvelles

cadres?Ç?? Emprunt? ‡? la? nomenclature? militaire?? le?terme? voque? chez? Leroy?Beaulieu?

une? stratification? interne? de? la? classe? moyenne? et?dsigne? une? tendance? ‡? la? bureaucratisation?qui?touche?une?partie?de?ce?nouveau?groupe?? La?classe?moyenne?se? subdivise? en? diffrentes? catgories? socio?professionnelles?? La? classe? moyenne? qui? se? ?Ibid???p??????? discours?dÓAuxerre??????? dÓhistoire??

?limitait? aux? petits? et? moyens? entrepreneurs?? est?? par? consquence?? largie??? elle? se?

dcline? dsormais? en? cadres? ?administratifs? ou? bureaucratiques?? et? petit? et? moyen? entrepreneuriat??? La? question? de? la? ventilation? socio?professionnelle? se? trouve? au? cÍur? des? discussions?

le? patrimoine?? Ainsi?? la? dtention? de? titres? de? proprit? mobilier? et? immobilier? et? la?

pratique? dÓune? culture? propre? ‡? la? petite? bourgeoisie? taient? considres? comme? un?

marqueur? dÓappartenance? ‡? la? AE?vraie? classe? moyenne?Ç?? SÓy? opposait? une? approche?

salaris?? Cette? derniŽre? conception? peinait? ‡? sÓimposer? ne? serait?ce? quÓen? raison? de? la?

de? vie? quÓ‡? la? classification? socio?professionnelle? ou? encore? ‡? lÓimpact? des? politiques?

publiques? sur? les? classes? moyennes?? On? se? proccupe? notamment? des? effets? des? ????Dans?cette?optique??les?classes? moyennes? deviennent? davantage? le? laboratoire? des? politiques? publiques?? Conna"tre?

stabilisent?? sont? un? tampon? entre? les? riches? et? les? pauvres? et?? par?l‡?? attnuent? les?

ingalits? perceptibles? et? les? tensions? sociales?? devient? le? paradigme? dominant? des? pouvoirs? publics?? La? thŽse? est? simple??? plus? les? classes? moyennes? sont? importantes?? AE?La? modration?? crit? Etienne? Fournol? en? ?????? est? la? vertu? politique? propre? du? pays? des? classes? moyennes??? ?les? plus? douces? et? les? gradations? les? plus? nuances?? AE?La? question? des? classes? moyennes? en? France? est? troitement? lie? aux? circonstances? particuliŽres? de? ce? pays?? Il? nÓy? a? pas? de? pays? au? monde? ooe? les? classes? richesse? matrielle? et? morale???? LÓexistence? de? ces? classes? moyennes? nombreuses?? ooe? lÓon? travaille? et? pargne? assidument?? explique? pour? une? large? partie? comment? la? France? a? pu? se? relever? aussi? rapidement? aprŽs?des?coups?rudes??Ç tout?entier?? crise? exerce? sur? ces? groupes?? Ainsi?? on? peut? lire? le? passage? suivant? dans? la?Revue? internationale?de?sociologie??? la? devise? de? nos? classes? moyennes? broyes? dans? leur? par? un? bouleversement? social? issu? de? lÓaprŽs?guerre? et? profondment? que? les? invasions? des? Barbares? au? cours? besoin? de? rappeler???? les? ravages? causs? ‡? la? classe? Edmond? Vermeil? ou? Raymond? Aron? rcusent? la? thŽse? de? la? classe? moyenne? comme? principale? victime? de? la? nation ???? Ils? prfŽrent? mettre? en? valeur? non? le? caractŽre? industrielles?et?commerciales?? slogan?politique?Ç?? parlementaire franOEaise?et?trangŽre?? ??????p?????et? sq??? moyennes? germaniques? au? programme? national?socialiste?? La? recherche? franOEaise? se? ?????Appara"t? Pour? ce? faire?? de? nouveaux? dispositifs? sont? conOEus?pour? rpondre? notamment? aux? du?Front?populaire

Pleyel?ou?du?Front?populaire

Ce? moment? marque? la? gnralisation? du? concept? de? classes? moyennes? en? tant? que? proltariat instruits? sans? doute? aussi? du? danger? de? certains? mots? d?ordre? par? l?appoint? considrable? qu?en? Italie? et?en? Allemagne? ont? apport? aux? dictatures? des? classes? la? doctrine? et? ‡? la? tactique? du? socialisme? proltarien???? ?des??proltaires??????Ce?sont?ceux?de?toutes?les? classes?

de? cette? alliance?? Le? danger? se? dcline? en? deux? risques??? ??? le? risque? que? la? classe?

se? dtachent? des? classes? populaires? en? gravissant? trop? rapidement? les? chelons? de? la?

hirarchie?sociale???

classes? moyennes? et?? plus? spcifiquement?? aux? cadres?? tait? son? incompatibilit? avec?

particulier? tait? idologiquement? difficilement? justifiable?? La? solution? fut? aussi? simple?

comme?des?acquis?sociaux?pour?lÓensemble?de?la?socit? franOEaise?? La?semaine?de???? AE?La? loi? ???? cÓest? ce? qui? correspond? ‡? la? volont? de? dans? un? corps? de? lois? de? ce? genre?? introduire? des? dispositions? qui? avantagent? une? classe? de? la? nation? simplement? parce? quÓelles? lÓavantagent?? cÓest?‡?dire? en? du? pays? la? conviction? quÓil? ne? sÓagit? pas? seulement? de? Dans? cette? optique?? le? concept? de? classes? moyennes?fonctionne? comme? surface? de? quantitative? sur? les? classes? moyennes ??? tout? en? essayant? dӍtablir? une? classification?

publics? qui? considŽrent? quÓune? classification? catgorielle? renforcerait? lÓesprit? de?

?La? rticence? des? pouvoirs? publics? ‡? lӍgard? dÓune? classification? de? la? socit? franOEaise?

officielle?? de? la? premiŽre? nomenclature? socio?professionnelle? ?CSP??? Louis? Chauvel? et? AE??Cette? nomenclature?? permet? de? parler? de? classes? sociales? sans? jamais? avoir? ‡? prononcer? le? nom? Î? en? sont? pas? des? classes?Ç?? qui? prouvent? bien? que? la? confusion?est?vite?produite?Ç

avant? son? htrognit? aboutira? ‡? la? fin? des? annes? ????? ‡? une? remise? en? question?

AE?La? notion? de? classes? moyennes???? plus? encore? que?la? notion? des? autres? classes?? para"t? correspondre? assez? souvent?? plut˜t? ‡? un? dsir? de? certains? partis? ou? de? AE?LÓhtrognit? des? classes? moyennes? souffre? ?Mais?? une? situation? analogue? entre? ?ces?? classes? opposes? suffit? parfois? ‡? faire? na"tre? une? certaine? la? mesure? ooe? elle? se? dcouvrirait? une? volont? nue??Et? pleinement? justifi?? LÓidologie? de? la? classe? moyenne? crerait?lÓunit??Ç La? parenthŽse? au? cours? de? laquelle? les? classes? moyennes? taient? au? cÍur? de? la?

essentielle? des? travaux? de? recherche? de? cette? poque? sont? les? AE?cadres?Ç? du? secteur?

France?Ç??in?

?symboliques? et? politiques ???? Ce? qui? constituerait? les? classes? moyennes? ne? sont? ni? des? critŽres? conomiques?? ni? un? comportement? de? consommation? spcifique?? mais? une? identification?avec?le?groupe??? des?frontiŽres?des?classes?moyennes priode? pendant? laquelle? on? observe? un? certain? recul? des? approches? purement? lis? au? niveau? de? vie ???? Cette? nouvelle? topographie? des? classes? moyennes? permet? fin? du? ??

e? siŽcle? utilisent? plut˜t? une? catgorisation? qui? dcoupe? la? socit? en? cinq?

parties??? la? noblesse?? la? bourgeoisie?? le?Mittelstand? ?moyen?tat???les? ouvriers? et? les? paysans?? La?frontiŽre? entre?la?bourgeoisie?et?le?Mittelstand?sont?permables?alors?que?

tanches???

lÓinvention?des?cadres?Ç??in?

L?Òanne?sociologique??volume?????n ???

Bžrger?in?der?Gesellschaft?der?

Neuzeit??Wirtschaft?Politik?Kultur??

????Max?Weber?introduit?une?nuance?en?

caractristiques? suivantes??? lÓintelligence?? le? talent? et? la? qualification? ?dipl˜me??? les?

privilŽges? ?avantages? fiscaux? et? prrogatives? dans?lÓaccŽs? ‡? des? biens? sociaux?? et? la?

dÓoutre?Rhin? carte? lÓide? quÓon? puisse? identifier?la? classe? moyenne? par? sa? position?

Jžrgen? Kocka? souligne? quÓen? sus? de? ce? vieux?Mittelstand?domin? par? des? professions?

librales? sÓajoute?? ‡? partir? des? annes? ?????? un? nouveau?Mittelstand?plus? htroclite??

que? des? petits? fonctionnaires? administratifs ???? Malgr? cette? diversit? socio? professionnelle?? le? nouveau?Mittelstand?serait? caractrise? par? un? modŽle? dÓauto? reprsentation? commun?? port? par? le? souhait? de? se? dmarquer? du? monde? ouvrier?? Siegfried? Karcauer? parle? galement? dÓune? culture? et? de? modes? de? consommation? communs?au?nouveau?Mittelstand?

laquelle? lÓhistoire? allemande? aurait? suivi? une? voie? singuliŽre? et? spcifique??deutsche?

e?Reich??La? le? dysfonctionnement? et? lÓeffondrement? de? la? Rpublique? de? Weimar?? La? bourgeoisie?

vision? dÓune? bourgeoisie? monolithique? et? lthargique?? Il? semblerait? que? lÓengagement?

????Les?auteurs?font? et? sq??

lÓimportance? de? la? bureaucratie? dans? la? bourgeoisie?? considre? comme? un? pilier? de?

lӍtatisme? prussien?? Outre? lÓaccent? mis? sur? le? lien? avec? les? instances? tatiques?? ces?

sensible? au? programme? national?socialiste?? Ils? soulignent? notamment? le? glissement? ‡? droite? des? ma"tres? artisans?? des? dirigeants? des? petites? et? moyennes? entreprises?? des? petits? commerOEants? mais? aussi? dÓune? partie? des? employs?? Ces? groupes? sont? ????Ce?mouvement?sÓest?opr?

taient? auparavant? au? cÍur? des? politiques? publiques?? Ces? organisations?? fondes? sous?

lÓEmpire?au???

rfugis? vers? le? parti? national?socialiste?? lequel?leur? semblait? la? seule? force? politique?

pas?des?points?communs???

Tout? dÓabord?? en? Allemagne? comme? en? France?? les? mtiers? de? lÓartisanat?? du? petit?

Ces? groupes? bnficient? en? outre? dÓune? certaine? indpendance? financiŽre? grˆce? ‡? la?

europ‰ischen?Vergleich?? ?professionnelle? au? sein? des? familles?? Les? choix? professionnels? des? femmes? et? des? fils? vieux? monde? des? commerOEants? et? petits? entrepreneurs ???? Il? fait? bouger? les? frontiŽres?

cÓest? le? nouveau?Mittelstand?qui? correspond? le? mieux? ‡? ce? que? la? sociologie? franOEaise?

En? Allemagne?? au? cours? des? annes? ?????? le? nouveau?Mittelstand?fait?lÓobjet? dӍtudes?

ses? aspirations?? En? ?????? lÓhomme? politique? Otto? Suhr? publie? ‡? ce? sujet? un? ouvrage?

dpensent? proportionnellement? moins? pour? lÓalimentation? mais? investissent? davantage? moyenne? allemande?? En? sÓinterrogeant? sur? la? culture? politique? du?Mittelstand?au? ?? e?

AE?nouvelles?Ç? et? AE?anciennes?Ç?? Tandis? que? ces? derniŽres? forment? le? noyau? dur? du?

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